Search Results for Economic Freedom

...Paul Demeny * Presented as the Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, California, April 3-5, 1986. 12 1 2011 © Population Association of America 1986 1986 Mexico City Economic Freedom Family Planning Program...

...; Jejeebhoy 1998; Mason 1984). They included women s freedom of movement, discretion over earned income, decision making related to economic matters, violence or intimidation by hus- bands, and decision making related to the care of sick children. Ghuman, Lee, and Smith (2002) assessed the measurement...

... (ODDS RATIOS FROM LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS), VARANASI STUDY, INDIA, 1996 (n = 300 WOMEN) Dependent Variables High Control Index of Decision- High Freedom Over Finances Making Powera of Movement Determinants Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Economic Status High 1.73 0.92, 3.29 1.39...

... + MR — — — — — — 37.65*** 0.49 19.47*** 0.25  Year 3 test score — — — — — — — — 0.42*** 0.43  Adjusted R 2 — .04 — .11 — .11 — .33 — .44  Degrees of freedom — 3,905 — 3,904 — 3,903 — 3,902 — 3,901 Reading, Ages 10–11  Intercept 505.38...

... provide more information, log-linear models are equipped to deal with such situations. One limitation of using the small number of racial categories, however, is fewer degrees of freedom for the analysis of racial sorting. Therefore, fewer models are applicable or suitable for analysis of racial...

... are taken from the United Nations. 23 Descriptive statistics on all variables are reported in the appendix (Table 6 ). Table 1 reports the baseline results from estimating Eq. ( 1 ). Model 1 reports estimates of the economic and standard gravity in addition to the freedom-of-movement dummy...

... offered land or the opportunity to purchase it, they might have produced goods independently, as they had in the plantation belt during the Civil War (Bercaw 2003 :125). However, whites associated freedpeople’s acquisition of land with freedom, equality, and economic competition. Whites, fearful...

...)  Structured/unstructured work + 0.044 0.033 –0.240** –0.079 (0.091) (0.073) (0.081) (0.057)  Freedom to make decisions + 0.213* 0.209** 0.064 0.142* (0.091) (0.074) (0.082) (0.058) R 2 .630 .720 Notes: Authors’ calculations from the 1970 census and the 2012 American...

... on emigrant selection . Review of Economics and Statistics , 93 , 72 – 96 . 10.1162/REST_a_00050 Firth D. ( 1993 ). Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates . Biometrika , 80 , 27 – 38 . 10.1093/biomet/80.1.27 Freedom House (FH) . ( 2017 ). Freedom in the world 2017...

... terms in the macro-level equations uses degrees of freedom because the variances and covariances of the contextually varying regression coefficients are also estimated. As a result, more degrees of freedom are used than in a comparable fixed-effects model with no random coefficients. 4 RESULTS We...

... of squares with a loss of 2 degrees of freedom). Model (2) offers clear im- provement in fit over Model (8) for the 1949-1979 data set (a reduction of 206.61 in the residual sum of squares), but the 4 economic indicators capture a large part of the observation-year effect (the resid- ual sum of squares...

... is not well functioning, many “democratic” apparatuses, such as competitive elections and freedom of press, are either underdeveloped or missing. As a consequence, we may expect that malnourished children, poor hygiene, or limited maternal care might not be “picked up” by the press or included in the policy...

... and inclusiveness (Coppedge et al. 2008 ; Munck and Verkuilen 2002 ). The elements of contestation typically include elected offices, the nature of the elections, electoral contestation, free and fair elections, freedom of organization, and expression and pluralism in the media (Alvarez et al. 1996 ; Hadenius...

...- garding how free one could be in discuss- ing such things with a husband. There was obviously more freedom in the lower castes, and freedom increased with the length of time the couple had been mar- ried. As would be expected, it was the formation of a nuclear unit that gave the couple the greatest...

....-Log-linear Models of Association between Current (C) and Preferred (P) Residence, Intentions to Move (M), and Location (L 1 or L2) in the Current-Preferred Classification Likelihood Ratio Degrees of Proba- Model Chi-Square Freedom bility 1. (C) (P) (M) 1547.96 60 <.001 2. (CP) (M) 181.19 32a <.001 3...

... (Caldwell, 1982b). In the words of McDonald (1983), "marriage was freedom." One of the pillars on which this expression of autonomy was built was further rapid progress in First Marriage Trends in Australia 253 the legitimation of marital contraception. Data collected in Melbourne show that whereas 45...

... of respondents) (1,615) (359) (1,532) (467) (1,398) (385) 6 DEMOGRAPHY, volume 18, number 1, February 1981 Table 2.-Loglinear Models for a Contingency Table with Prospective Birth Order (P), Sex of Respondent (S), Country (C), and Value Ranked First (V) Likelihood Degrees of Ratio Model Fitted Margina1s Freedom...

... in decision-making, for example)? While the Indianapolis study has not answered this question, the Puerto Rican study has shown that freedom of the wife and communication between spouses were more closely connected with the success of family planning than were the husband’s level of education or income...

... by the stepwise multiple regres- 261 sion technique. (By using the 48 states of continental United States and the Dis- trict of Columbia, there are 2,352 [49 X 48] interstate migration streams. There- fore, the total degrees of freedom in Tables 1, 2, and 3 are 2,352. Since one degree of freedom is associated...

...- tributed as a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the number of restrictions (see, for example, p. 73 in Goldfeld and Quandt, 1972). It is also worthwhile to briefly touch upon the problem of evaluating the effect of a unit change in the independent vari- able on the probability...