Search Results for Cigarette Smoker

... mortality-related factors are small compared to the causal effects of tobacco consumption itself. 30 12 2010 © Population Association of America 1972 1972 Cigarette Smoker Tobacco Smoking American Cancer Society Residual Term United States Population References Davis K...

... in mortality risk within current and former smoker groups that is due to variation in smoking intensity, duration, and time since cessation. Studies incorporating information on smoking intensity, generally measured as cigarettes smoked per day among current smokers, find that heavy smoking elicits the highest...

... was asked about the age at which someone had become a regular cigarette smoker, and the results were tabulated by birth cohort. No allowance was made for differential mortality by smoking status. Table 4 shows the percentage who reported that they had become regular cigarette smokers by age 35. Both men s...

... states and the United States as a whole to those of other methods for estimating smoking-attributable risk. Studies calculating excess mortality due to cigarette smoking typically use an attributable-risk approach: they estimate the number of deaths that would not have occurred if smokers had...

... large for smokers who quit before middle age (Halpern et al. 1993 ; Oza et al. 2011 ; Peto et al. 2000 ). Compared with whites, blacks smoke fewer cigarettes but inhale more deeply, are more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes and cigarettes with higher tar yields, achieve higher net indexes...

...Fig. 4 Mean number of years spent as a cigarette smoker before age 40 by cohort. Sources : Data are derived from the National Health Interview Survey ...

..., and heavy smokers. Further, smoking intensity is itself a highly heritable phenotype (Boardman 2009 ). Although smoking intensity does not differ by zygosity, we still control for average number of cigarettes smoked by the pair and the difference (absolute value) in the number of cigarettes smoked by each...

... Corn to Poison Pills . Annual Review of Sociology , 24 , 265 – 90 . 10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.265 Thun M.J. , Day-Lally C.A. , Calle E.E. , Flanders W.D. , & Heath C.W. ( 1995 ). Excess Mortality Among Cigarette Smokers: Changes in a 20-Year Interval . American...

...Fig. 2 Smoking typologies during later life, reflecting the number of cigarettes smoked per day by each individual for each respective Health and Retirement Study wave (1992–2018). Smoking intensity is coded as follows: nonsmoker = 0 cigarettes per day, light smoker = 1–5 cigarettes per day...

... smokers were lifelong adult smokers who smoked, on average, approximately 20 cigarettes per day. These CPS-II lung cancer mortality rates for smokers and nonsmokers were then smoothed using a Loess procedure in the modified indirect method, producing results similar to the smoothed nonsmoker lung cancer...

... to plan their pregnancies than are other mothers. He also noted several other differences in life style-nonsmokers are less likely to drink coffee or hard liquor and generally appear to live at a more moderate pace than smokers. Kullander and Kallen (1971), in a prospective study of 4,843 Swedish women...

... smoking, public health campaigns targeted behaviors among the least educated, stigmatizing smokers by framing the behavior as immoral and lower status (Bell et al. 2010 ). Over time, avoiding cigarettes became a way for higher-status individuals to distinguish themselves from less-advantaged peers...

...+ cigarettes (a pack or more) per day), current light smoker (<20 cigarettes per day), former smoker, and never smoker (reference). After controlling for smoking, we estimate models for never smokers. This approach eliminates the possibility that unobserved variability in group-specific smoking duration...

... influences on smoking across nations, ages, and genders. In contrast, a null hypothesis is that national income and cigarette diffusion raise the number of smokers but do so similarly for all education groups. A rise or decline in smoking that occurs proportionally among all education groups maintains...

..., we add a constant term to all values before taking the logarithm. Behavioral confounders include cigarette smoking and physical activity. We construct a ve-category smoking variable to capture incremental increases in the effect of smoking (Rogers et al. 2005): (1) never smoker, (2) former smoker...

... cigarettes?” Using a commonly employed classification of smoking status, participants were classified as (1) current smokers if they answered yes to both questions; (2) former smokers if they reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime, but did not currently smoke; and (3) never...

... by convergence or even crossover. Note the changing y -axis due to different lung cancer mortality levels by age These different lung cancer risk patterns are a key marker of the harm done by cigarette smoking to different age groups over different periods. Nevertheless, smokers have elevated risks...

... obvious ex- ample is the unwillingness of many smokers to give up cigarette smoking de- spite the overwhelming evidence on its as- sociation with mortality from cancer and heart disease. Mortality research in this area has raised important policy questions concerning the sale of cigarettes and has led...