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Journal Article

The Social Division of Care Work Time Over Half a Century

Open Access
Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Zohra Ansari-Thomas
Demography (2025) 62 (2): 737–761.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-11879571
Published: 01 April 2025
...Pilar Gonalons-Pons; Zohra Ansari-Thomas Abstract This study introduces a demographic framework to analyze the social division of care work time, defined as the sum of paid and unpaid care work time provided to children and adults in a population. Combining data from the American Heritage Time Use...
FIGURES
View articletitled, The Social Division of <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> <span class="search-highlight">Work</span> Time Over Half a Century View PDF for article titled, The Social Division of <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> <span class="search-highlight">Work</span> Time Over Half a Century
Includes: Supplementary data
Image
A line chart showing the trends in total routine interactive care work time by domain (panel a) and a bar graph depicting its distribution (panel b), over the period 1965–2018.

Trends in total routine interactive care work time and its distribution acr...

Open Access
in The Social Division of Care Work Time Over Half a Century > Demography
Published: 01 April 2025
Fig. 1 Trends in total routine interactive care work time and its distribution across domains, 1965–2018. Sources: 1965–2018 AHTUS and 1968–2018 CPS-ASEC. More
Journal Article

Work, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-care providers

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Lynne M. Casper, Martin O’Connell
Demography (1998) 35 (2): 243–250.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3004055
Published: 01 May 1998
..., researchers should acknowledge fluctuations in the economy when studying husbands’ participation in traditional female tasks, as macroeconomic shifts appear to impact the likelihood of married fathers caring for their preschoolers during mothers’ working hours. 12 1 2011 © Population Association...
View articletitled, <span class="search-highlight">Work</span>, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-<span class="search-highlight">care</span> providers View PDF for article titled, <span class="search-highlight">Work</span>, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-<span class="search-highlight">care</span> providers
Journal Article

Can we make time for children? the economy, work schedules, and child care: Population association of America, 1989 presidential address

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Harriet B. Presser
Demography (1989) 26 (4): 523–543.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061256
Published: 01 November 1989
...Harriet B. Presser 13 1 2011 © Population Association of America 1989 1989 Child Care Work Schedule Parental Leave Married Mother Unmarried Mother References Ambry , M. ( 1988 ). At home in the office . American Demographics , 10 , 30 – 33 . Belsky...
View articletitled, Can we make time for children? the economy, <span class="search-highlight">work</span> schedules, and child <span class="search-highlight">care</span>: Population association of America, 1989 presidential address View PDF for article titled, Can we make time for children? the economy, <span class="search-highlight">work</span> schedules, and child <span class="search-highlight">care</span>: Population association of America, 1989 presidential address
Journal Article

A dynamic analysis of the effect of child care costs on the work decisions of low-income mothers with infants

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Charles L. Baum, II
Demography (2002) 39 (1): 139–164.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0002
Published: 01 February 2002
...Charles L. Baum, II Abstract Child care costs reduce the net benefit of working and consequently influence mothers’ decisions to work. They affect the employment of low-income mothers in particular because they represent a larger portion of these mothers’ earnings. I used a hazard framework...
View articletitled, A dynamic analysis of the effect of child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> costs on the <span class="search-highlight">work</span> decisions of low-income mothers with infants View PDF for article titled, A dynamic analysis of the effect of child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> costs on the <span class="search-highlight">work</span> decisions of low-income mothers with infants
Journal Article

Family Structure Experiences and Child Socioemotional Development During the First Nine Years of Life: Examining Heterogeneity by Family Structure at Birth

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Sharon H. Bzostek, Lawrence M. Berger
Demography (2017) 54 (2): 513–540.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0563-5
Published: 15 March 2017
...Sharon H. Bzostek; Lawrence M. Berger Abstract A vast amount of literature has documented negative associations between family instability and child development, with the largest associations being in the socioemotional (behavioral) domain. Yet, prior work has paid limited attention...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Family Structure Experiences and Child Socioemotional Development During the First Nine Years of Life: Examining Heterogeneity by Family Structure at Birth View PDF for article titled, Family Structure Experiences and Child Socioemotional Development During the First Nine Years of Life: Examining Heterogeneity by Family Structure at Birth
Journal Article

Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Economic and Non-Economic Activities in Minya, Egypt

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Kathryn M. Yount, Sarah Zureick-Brown, Rania Salem
Demography (2014) 51 (3): 1069–1099.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0285-x
Published: 22 March 2014
... estimated logistic regressions and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions to test spillover, compensation, and patriarchal bargaining theories about the influences of women’s exposure to IPV on their engagement in and time spent on market, subsistence, domestic, and care work. Supporting compensation...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Economic and Non-Economic Activities in Minya, Egypt View PDF for article titled, Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Economic and Non-Economic Activities in Minya, Egypt
Journal Article

Conditional Cash Transfers and Migration: Reconciling Feminist Theoretical Approaches With the New Economics of Labor Migration

Open Access
Christina Hughes
Demography (2021) 58 (1): 383–391.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-8928494
Published: 01 February 2021
... are not necessarily gendered but rather that women have a comparative advantage in completing housework and care work. My response first compares Stark's argument to that made by Gary Becker in A Treatise on the Family and engages with the literature that has emerged to critique Becker's own arguments regarding...
View articletitled, Conditional Cash Transfers and Migration: Reconciling Feminist Theoretical Approaches With the New Economics of Labor Migration View PDF for article titled, Conditional Cash Transfers and Migration: Reconciling Feminist Theoretical Approaches With the New Economics of Labor Migration
Journal Article

Retirement Timing of Women and the Role of Care Responsibilities for Grandchildren

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Robin L. Lumsdaine, Stephanie J. C. Vermeer
Demography (2015) 52 (2): 433–454.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-015-0382-5
Published: 01 April 2015
... of substitution between caring for grandchildren versus providing care for elderly parents or engaging in volunteer activities; grandchild care is instead taken on as an additional responsibility. Our findings suggest that policies aimed at prolonging work life may need to consider grandchild care...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Retirement Timing of Women and the Role of <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> Responsibilities for Grandchildren View PDF for article titled, Retirement Timing of Women and the Role of <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> Responsibilities for Grandchildren
Journal Article

Availability of child care in the United States: A description and analysis of data sources

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Rachel A. Gordon, P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale
Demography (2001) 38 (2): 299–316.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0016
Published: 01 May 2001
...Rachel A. Gordon; P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Abstract Lack of high-quality, affordable, and accessible child care is an often-cited impediment to a manageable balance between work and family. Researchers, however, have been restricted by a scarcity of data on the availability of child care across...
View articletitled, Availability of child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> in the United States: A description and analysis of data sources View PDF for article titled, Availability of child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> in the United States: A description and analysis of data sources
Journal Article

The effects of maternal employment on child injuries and infectious disease

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Rachel A. Gordon, Robert Kaestner, Sanders Korenman
Demography (2007) 44 (2): 307–333.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0011
Published: 01 May 2007
...Rachel A. Gordon; Robert Kaestner; Sanders Korenman Abstract This article presents estimates of effects of maternal paid work and nonmaternal child care on injuries and infectious disease for children aged 12 to 36 months. Mother-child fixed-effects estimates are obtained by using data from...
View articletitled, The effects of maternal employment on child injuries and infectious disease View PDF for article titled, The effects of maternal employment on child injuries and infectious disease
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Summary of findings with respect to three theoretical perspectives and associated hypotheses concerning the influence of women’s exposure to intimate partner violence on engagement and time spent on their economic and non-economic activities. Notation used for Model columns is as follows: NB = negative binomial regression model for time spent on given work, among those performing given work; LO = logistic regression model for any engagement in given work in specified period of time; U = adjusted model with all covariates in Table 2, without generalized anxiety as a potential mediator; and M = adjusted model with all covariates in Table 2, with generalized anxiety as a potential mediator. Notation used for Exposure columns is as follows: PS = physical or sexual IPV; PSY = psychological IPV; ANY = any IPV; L = ever in the woman’s lifetime; R1 = recent, since 2005; R2 = recent, in the prior year; C = chronic, before and after 2005; and D = distal, before 2005. Notation used for Results columns is as follows: – denotes a significantly negative association (p &lt; .05), (–) denotes a marginally significant negative association (p &lt; .10), + denotes a significantly positive association (p &lt; .05), (+) denotes a marginally significant positive association (p &lt; .10), and * denotes possible mediation of generalized anxiety because unmediated coefficients for IPV are attenuated in mediated model and become less significant or nonsignificant. Nonsignificant coefficients for IPV are not presented. Other notes: The score for generalized anxiety was negatively associated with engagement in market and care work and positively associated with time spent on domestic and care work, but not associated with either engagement in or time spent on market work and subsistence work. The estimates for R1PS and R1ANY in inflate portions of Models 8 and 9 of Table 4 were large and significantly negative, but they may be unstable because of invariance of the outcome

Summary of findings with respect to three theoretical perspectives and asso...

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in Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Economic and Non-Economic Activities in Minya, Egypt > Demography
Published: 22 March 2014
coefficients for IPV are not presented. Other notes: The score for generalized anxiety was negatively associated with engagement in market and care work and positively associated with time spent on domestic and care work, but not associated with either engagement in or time spent on market work More
Journal Article

Child care for preschoolers: Differences by child’s age

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Arleen Leibowitz, Linda J. Waite, Christina Witsberger
Demography (1988) 25 (2): 205–220.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061289
Published: 01 May 1988
... and the type of child care chosen by working women, although they affect these two decisions in different ways. 30 12 2010 © Population Association of America 1988 1988 Child Care Nursery School Child Care Arrangement Unpaid Care Weekly Wage References Berk , L. ( 1985...
View articletitled, Child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> for preschoolers: Differences by child’s age View PDF for article titled, Child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> for preschoolers: Differences by child’s age
Journal Article

The Impact of Child Care on Fertility in Urban Thailand

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Kerry Richter, Chai Podhisita, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, Kusol Soonthorndhada
Demography (1994) 31 (4): 651–662.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061797
Published: 01 November 1994
... child. Women’s work status and type of employment is found to strongly affect the likelihood of having a second birth: those who work at jobs that not only are low-paying but are located in a formal setting are least likely to have a second child. The type of child care for the first child also has...
View articletitled, The Impact of Child <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> on Fertility in Urban Thailand View PDF for article titled, The Impact of Child <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> on Fertility in Urban Thailand
Journal Article

Self-employment and providing child care

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Rachel Connelly
Demography (1992) 29 (1): 17–29.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2061360
Published: 01 February 1992
...Rachel Connelly Abstract This paper considers self-employment and providing child care as occupational strategies that can lower the cost of child care. If the ability to care for one’s own children while engaged in market work is important to mothers with young children, we predict that women...
View articletitled, Self-employment and providing child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> View PDF for article titled, Self-employment and providing child <span class="search-highlight">care</span>
Journal Article

Child care subsidies and the employment of welfare recipients

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Marcia K. Meyers, Theresa Heintze, Douglas A. Wolf
Demography (2002) 39 (1): 165–179.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0008
Published: 01 February 2002
...Marcia K. Meyers; Theresa Heintze; Douglas A. Wolf Abstract Changing patterns of maternal employment, coupled with stronger work requirements for welfare recipients, are increasing the demand for child care. For many families, the cost of child care creates a financial burden; for mothers with low...
View articletitled, Child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> subsidies and the employment of welfare recipients View PDF for article titled, Child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> subsidies and the employment of welfare recipients
Journal Article

Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway

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Ronald R. Rindfuss, David Guilkey, S. Philip Morgan, Øystein Kravdal, Karen Benjamin Guzzo
Demography (2007) 44 (2): 345–372.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0017
Published: 01 May 2007
... supported this hypothesis. We argue that this previous empirical work has been plagued by the inability to control for endogenous placement of day care centers and the possibility that people migrate to take advantage of the availability of child care facilities. Using Norwegian register data...
View articletitled, Child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> availability and first-birth timing in Norway View PDF for article titled, Child <span class="search-highlight">care</span> availability and first-birth timing in Norway
Journal Article

Is There a Trade-off Between Parent Care and Self-care?

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Kanika Arora, Douglas A. Wolf
Demography (2014) 51 (4): 1251–1270.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0309-6
Published: 06 June 2014
... allocation of care time to parents do not comprehensively induce reductions in the frequency of any type of physical activity, or in hours of work, among either men or women. As expected, care hours respond positively to almost all parental need characteristics. Having a mother or father who cannot...
View articletitled, Is There a Trade-off Between Parent <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> and Self-<span class="search-highlight">care</span>? View PDF for article titled, Is There a Trade-off Between Parent <span class="search-highlight">Care</span> and Self-<span class="search-highlight">care</span>?
Journal Article

The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa

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Shelley Clark, Caroline W. Kabiru, Sonia Laszlo, Stella Muthuri
Demography (2019) 56 (4): 1247–1272.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3
Published: 08 July 2019
... of unpaid care work (Cassirer and Addati 2007 ). If this is true, then provision of affordable ECC could not only increase women’s engagement in paid work but also enable women to pursue better-paid jobs in the formal market. Second, others point to the widespread availability of female kin, including...
FIGURES
View articletitled, The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa View PDF for article titled, The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa
Includes: Supplementary data
Journal Article

Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child's Health Shock on Parents' Labor Market Trajectories

Open Access
Maria Vaalavuo, Henri Salokangas, Ossi Tahvonen
Demography (2023) 60 (4): 1005–1029.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10828906
Published: 01 August 2023
... experience a smaller reduction in their household income contribution than other mothers. Additionally, working in a gender-typical industry and a child's augmented care needs reinforce mothers' gendered responses. These findings contribute to the literature by providing new insights into gender roles when...
FIGURES
View articletitled, Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child's Health Shock on Parents' Labor Market Trajectories View PDF for article titled, Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child's Health Shock on Parents' Labor Market Trajectories
Includes: Supplementary data