Abstract
This article examines the effect of AIDS-related mortality of the prime-age adult population on marriage behavior among women in Malawi. A rise in prime-age adult mortality increases risks associated with the search for a marriage partner in the marriage market. A possible behavioral change in the marriage market in response to an increase in prime-age adult mortality is to marry earlier to avoid exposure to HIV/AIDS risks. We test this hypothesis by using micro data from Malawi, where prime-age adult mortality has drastically increased. In the analysis, we estimate the probability of prime-age adult mortality that sample women have observed during their adolescent period by utilizing retrospective information on deaths of their siblings. Empirical analysis shows that excess prime-age adult mortality in the local marriage market lowers the marriage age for females and shortens the interval between the first sex and first marriage.
The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
References
Ainsworth, M., Beegle, K., & Koda, G. (
2005
). The Impact of Adult Mortality and Parental Deaths on Primary Schooling in North-Western Tanzania
. Journal of Development Studies
, 41
, 412
–39
. 10.1080/0022038042000313318Becker, G.S., & Lewis, H.G. (
1973
). On the Interaction Between the Quantity and Quality of Children
. Journal of Political Economy
, 81
, 279
–88
. 10.1086/260166Beegle, K., & Krutikova, S. (
2007
). Adult Mortality and Children’s Transition Into Marriage
. Washington, DC
: World Bank
.Bloom, S.S., Banda, C., Songolo, G., Mulendema, S., Cunningham, A.E., & Boerma, J.T. (
2000
). Looking for Change in Response to the AIDS Epidemic: Trends in AIDS Knowledge and Sexual Behavior in Zambia, 1990 Through 1998
. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
, 25
, 77
–85
. 10.1097/00126334-200009010-00011Bongaarts, J. (
2007
). Late Marriage and the HIV Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa
. Population Studies
, 61
, 73
–83
. 10.1080/00324720601048343Caldwell, J.C., Caldwell, P., Anarfi, J., Awusabo-Asare, K., Ntozi, J., Orubuloye, I.O., Marck, J., Cosford, W., Colombo, R., & Hollings, E. (
1999
). Resistances to Behavioural Change to Reduce HIV/AIDS Infection in Predominantly Heterosexual Epidemics in Third World Countries
. Canberra
: Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University
.Chapoto, A., Jayne, T.S., & Gillespie, S. (
2006
). Socio-economic Characteristics of Individuals Affected by AIDSRelated Prime Age Mortality in Zambia
AIDS, Poverty, and Hunger: Challenges and Responses
(pp. 33
–55
). Washington, DC
: International Food Policy Research Institute
.Clark, S. (
2004
). Early Marriage and HIV Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa
. Studies in Family Planning
, 35
, 149
–60
. 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2004.00019.xde Walque, D. (
2006
). Who Gets AIDS and How? The Determinants of HIV Infection and Sexual Behaviors in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania
. Washington, DC
: World Bank
.Foster, A.D., & Rosenzweig, M.R. (
1995
). Learning by Doing and Learning From Others: Human Capital and Technical Change in Agriculture
. Journal of Political Economy
, 103
, 1176
–209
. 10.1086/601447Gersovitz, M. (
2005
). The HIV Epidemic in Four African Countries Seen Through the Demographic and Health Surveys
. Journal of African Economies
, 14
, 191
–246
. 10.1093/jae/eji002Gregson, S., Nyamukapa, C.A., Garnett, G.P., Mason, P.R., Zhuwau, T., Caraël, M., Chandiwana, S.K., & Anderson, R.M. (
2002
). Sexual Mixing Patterns and Sex Differentials in Teenage Exposure to HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe
. Lancet
, 359
, 1896
–903
. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08780-9Harwood-Lejeune, A.L. (
2000
). Rising Age at Marriage and Fertility in Southern and Eastern Africa
. European Journal of Population
, 17
, 261
–80
.Helleringer, S., & Kohler, H.-P. (
2005
). Social Networks, Perceptions of Risk, and Changing Attitudes Towards HIV/AIDS: New Evidence From a Longitudinal Study Using Fixed-Effects Analysis
. Population Studies
, 59
, 265
–82
. 10.1080/00324720500212230Lagarde, G., Emmanual, P., & Enel, C. (
1996
). Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of AIDS in Rural Senegal: Relationship to Sexual Behavior and Behavior Change
. AIDS
, 10
, 327
–34
. 10.1097/00002030-199603000-00012Manda, S., & Meyer, R. (
2005
). Age at First Marriage in Malawi: Bayesian Multilevel Analysis Using a Discrete Time-to-Event Model
. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
, 168
, 439
–55
. 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2005.00357.xMather, D., C. Donovan, T.S. Jayne, M. Weber, E. Mazhangara, L. Bailey, K. Yoo, T. Yamano, and E. Mghenyi. 2004. “A Cross-Country Analysis of Household Responses to Adult Mortality in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for HIV/AIDS Mitigation and Rural Development Policies.” MSU International Development Working Paper No. 82. Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University.
Mensch, B.S., Grant, M.J., & Blanc, A.K. (
2006
). The Changing Context of Sexual Initiation in Sub-Saharan Africa
. Population and Development Review
, 32
, 699
–727
. 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00147.xMukiza-Gapere, J., & Ntozi, J.P.M. (
1995
). Impact of AIDS on Marriage Patterns, Customs and Practices in Uganda
. Health Transition Review
, 5
, 201
–208
.Ng’weshemi, J.Z., Boerma, J.T., Pool, R., Barongo, L., Senkoro, K., Maswe, M., Insingo, R., Schapink, D., Nnko, S., & Borgdorff, M.W. (
1996
). Changes in Male Sexual Behavior in Response to the AIDS Epidemic: Evidence From a Cohort Study in Urban Tanzania
. AIDS
, 10
, 1415
–20
. 10.1097/00002030-199610000-00015Smith, K., & Watkins, S. (
2005
). Perceptions of Risk and Strategies for Prevention: Responses to HIV/AIDS in Rural Malawi
. Social Science and Medicine
, 60
, 649
–60
. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.009Thomas, D. (
1990
). Intra-household Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach
. Journal of Human Resources
, 25
, 635
–64
. 10.2307/145670Thomas, D. (
1994
). Like Father, Like Son; Like Mother, Like Daughter
. Journal of Human Resources
, 29
, 950
–88
. 10.2307/146131Ueyama, M. (
2007
). Mortality, Mobility and Schooling Outcomes Among Orphans: Evidence From Malawi
. Washington, DC
: International Food Policy Research Institute
.Ueyama, M., & Yamauchi, F. (
2008
). Marriage Behavior Response to Prime-Age Adult Mortality: Evidence From Malawi
. International Food Policy Research Institute
: Washington, DC
.UNAIDS/WHO. 2006. Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Malawi. USAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance, Geneva. Available online at http://www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/prede_ nedReports/EFS2006 /EFS_PDFs/EFS2006_MW.pdf.
Yamano, T., & Jayne, T.S. (
2005
). Working-Age Adult Mortality and Primary School Attendance in Rural Kenya
. Economic Development and Cultural Change
, 53
, 619
–54
. 10.1086/426463Yamauchi, F. (
2004
). Are Experience and Schooling Complementary? Evidence From Migrants’ Assimilation Process in the Bangkok Labor Market
. Journal of Development Economics
, 74
, 489
–513
. 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.06.007Yamauchi, F. (
2007
). Marriage, Schooling and Excess Mortality in Prime-Age Adults: Evidence From South Africa
. International Food Policy Research Institute
: Washington, DC
.Yamauchi, F., Buthelezi, T., & Velia, M. (
2008
). Impacts of Prime-Age Adult Mortality on Labour Supply: Evidence From Adolescents and Women in South Africa
. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics
, 70
, 375
–98
. 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00504.xZaba, B., Pisani, E., Slaymaker, E., & Boerma, J.T. (
2004
). Age at First Sex: Understanding Recent Trends in African Demographic Surveys
. Sexually Transmitted Infections
, 80
(Suppl. 2
), 28
–35
.© Population Association of America 2009
2009
Issue Section:
Articles
