Abstract
In this paper, patterns of contraceptive use among black South African women in the late 1980s are examined. Multilevel logit models are used to evaluate the extent to which segregation of the African population into homelands gave rise to uneven patterns of contraceptive use; how this pattern was shaped by variations in family-planning acceptability; and the way in which the system of male labor migration and social and economic inequities across communities affected women's use of contraceptives. Results show that variation in contraceptive use across homeland areas diminished with the addition of community controls for development and migration. Controlling for unobserved heterogeneity indicated that localized conditions could offset the advantages or disadvantages of living in a former homeland.
The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
References
Ainsworth, M., Beegle, K., & Nyamete, A.
The Impact of Women's Human Capital on Fertility and Contraceptive Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study of Fourteen African Countries
1994
Washington, DC
The World Bank
Balk, D. (
1994
). Individual and Community Aspects of Women's Status and Fertility in Rural Bangladesh
. Population Studies
, 48
(1
), 21
–45
. 10.1080/0032472031000147456Benefo, K.D. (
1995
). The Determinants of the Duration of 'Postpartum Sexual Abstinence in West Africa: A Multilevel Analysis
. Demography
, 32
, 139
–58
. 10.2307/2061737Blalock, H.M. (
1984
). Contextual-Effects Models: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
. Annual Review of Sociology
, 10
, 353
–72
. 10.1146/annurev.so.10.080184.002033Brown, B.B. (
1987
). Facing the ‘Black Peril’: The Politics of Population Control in South Africa
. Journal of Southern African Studies
, 13
, 256
–73
. 10.1080/03057078708708144Bryk, S.A., & Raudenbush, S.W. (
1992
). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods
. Newbury Park, CA
: Sage Publications
.Caldwell, J., & Caldwell, P. (
1993
). The South African Fertility Decline
. Population and Development Review
, 19
, 225
–62
. 10.2307/2938436Caldwell, J.C., Orubuloye, J.O., & Caldwell, P. (
1992
). Fertility Decline in Africa: A New Type of Transition
. Population and Development Review
, 18
, 211
–42
. 10.2307/1973678Census '96: Preliminary Estimates of the Size of the Population of South Africa
. (1997
). Pretoria
: Central Statistics
.Chimere-Dan, O. 1993. “Racial Patterns of Fertility Decline in South Africa.” Pp. 43–52 in the proceedings of the International Population Conference, IUSSP, Montreal, Vol. I.
Curtis, S., Diamond, I., & McDonald, J.W. (
1993
). Birth Interval and Family Effects on Postneonatal Mortality in Brazil
. Demography
, 30
, 33
–43
. 10.2307/2061861SATBVC Countries Statistical Abstracts, 1989
. (1990
). Halfway House
: Development Bank of Southern Africa
.Statistical Abstracts on Self-Governing Territories in South Africa, 1990
. (1992
). Halfway House
: Development Bank of Southern Africa
.DiPrete, T.A., & Forristal, J.D. (
1994
). Multilevel Models: Methods and Substance
. Annual Review of Sociology
, 20
, 331
–57
. 10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001555Entwisle, B., Rindfuss, R.R., Guilkey, D.K., Chamratrithirong, A., Curran, S.R., & Sawangdee, Y. (
1996
). Community and Contraceptive Choice in Rural Thailand: A Case Study of Nang Rong
. Demography
, 33
, 1
–11
. 10.2307/2061709Freedman, R. (
1974
). Community-Level Data in Fertility Surveys
. Voorburg and London
: International Statistical Institute and the World Fertility Survey
.Goldstein, H., & Rasbash, J. (
1996
). Improved Approximations for Multilevel Models With Binary Responses
. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A
, 159
, 505
–14
.Gready, M., Klugman, B., Boikanyo, E., Rees, H., & Xaba, M. (
1994
). When Is Yes, Really Yes?: The Experiences of Contraception and Contraceptive Services Amongst Groups of South African Women
. Johannesburg
: Women's Health Project
.Guilkey, D.K. (
1992
). Community Effects in Demographic and Health Survey Data
. Columbia, MD
: IRD/Macro
.Hermalin, A.I. (
1986
). The Multi-Level Approach: Theory and Concepts
. Ann Arbor
: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan
.James, D. and C.E. Kaufman. 1997. “The Reproductive Consequences of Shifting Ethnic Identity in South Africa: Linking Numerical and Interpretive Data.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Washington, DC.
Kaufman, C.E. (
1997
). 1987–89 South African Demographic and Health Survey: Methodology and Data Quality
. Ann Arbor
: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan
.Kaufman, C.E. (
1997
). Reproductive Control in South Africa
. New York
: The Population Council
.R.J. Lesthaeghe (
1989
). Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Africa
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Mazur, R.E. (
1995
). Population Structure, Fertility and Childhood Mortality in South Africa: Lessons to be Learned From Analysis of the Poverty Survey
. Tygerburg
: Centre for Epidemiological Research in Southern Africa, South African Medical Research Council
.Mostert, W.P., & du Plessis, G.E. (
1990
). Contraceptive Use in South Africa: 1987–1989
Memorandum to the Director General of the Department of National Health and Population Development
(pp. 1
–25
). Pretoria
: Human Sciences Research Council
.Motsei, M. (
1994
). Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training Program Report
. Alexandra, Johannesburg
: Alexandra Clinic
.MLn (v.0a)
. (1995
). London
: Institute of Education, University of London
.Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use in Sub-Saharan Africa
. (1993
). Washington, DC
: National Academy Press
.Pebley, A., Goldman, N., & Rodriguez, G. (
1996
). Prenatal and Delivery Care and Childhood Immunization in Guatemala: Do Family and Community Matter?
. Demography
, 33
, 231
–48
. 10.2307/2061874Platzky, L., & Walker, C. (
1985
). The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa
. Johannesburg
: Ravan Press
.Rasbash, J., & Woodhouse, G. (
1995
). MLn Command Reference, Version 1.0. Multilevel Models Project
. London
: Institute of Education
.Population Census, 1991: Geographical Distribution of the Population With a Review for 1970–1991
. (1992
). Pretoria
: Central Statistical Services
.Population Census, 1991: Adjustment for Undercount
. (1992
). Pretoria
: Government Printers
.Population Census, 1991: Age by Development Region, Statistical Region and District
. (1992
). Pretoria
: Central Statistical Service
.Population Census, 1991: Level of Education by Development Region, Statistical Region and District
. (1992
). Pretoria
: Central Statistical Service
.Population Census, 1991: Occupation by Development Region, Statistical Region and District
. (1992
). Pretoria
: Central Statistical Service
.Rodríguez, G., & Goldman, N. (
1995
). An Assessment of Estimation Procedures for Multilevel Models With Binary Responses
. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A
, 158
, 73
–90
.Rodríguez, G. and N. Goldman 1997. “Multilevel Models With Binary Response: A Comparison of Estimation Procedures.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Washington, DC.
Sai, F., H. Rees, and S. McGarry. 1993. “Reproductive Health and Family Planning Consultancy Report: National Review and Recommendations (Final Report).” Commission of the European Communities.
Sastry, N. (
1996
). Community Characteristics, Individual and Household Attributes, and Child Survival in Brazil
. Demography
, 33
, 211
–30
. 10.2307/2061873Annual Report
. (1969
). Pretoria
: Government Printers
.Steele, F., Diamond, I., & Wang, D. (
1996
). The Determinants of the Duration of Contraceptive Use in China: A Multilevel Multinomial Discrete-Hazards Modeling Approach
. Demography
, 33
, 12
–23
. 10.2307/2061710Timaeus, I., & Graham, W. (
1989
). Labor Circulation, Marriage, and Fertility in Southern Africa
. In R.J. Lesthaeghe (Ed.), Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Africa
(pp. 365
–400
). Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Tsui, A.O. (
1985
). Community Effects on Contraceptive Use
. In J.B. Casterline (Ed.), The Collection and Analysis of Community Data
(pp. 77
–99
). Voorburg
: International Statistical Institute
.van Zyl, 1. 1994. “History, Scope and Methodology of Fertility and Family Planning Surveys in South Africa.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Miami.
© Population Association of America 1998
1998
Issue Section:
Determinants and Consequences of Fertility
