Abstract
We identify child-level and parent-level characteristics associated with children’s patterns of leaving home. We use a multilevel discrete-time hazards model to examine the impact of family and demographic factors at both levels, and utilize the Alternating Conditional Expectation algorithm optimally to transform the dependent and independent variables. We find that measured variables at both the child and the parent level have important influences, as do period and cohort factors. However, unmeasured parent-level factors have an influence on the departure of children that is broadly similar in magnitude to measured factors.
The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
References
Allison, P.D. (
1982
). Discrete Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories
. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological Methodology
(pp. 61
–98
). San Francisco
: Jossey Bass
.Allison, P.D. (
1987
). Introducing a Disturbance Into Logit and Probit Regression Models
. Sociological Methods and Research
, 15
, 355
–74
. 10.1177/0049124187015004001Aquilino, W.S. (
1990
). The Likelihood of Parent-Child Coresidence: Effects of Family Structure and Parental Characteristics
. Journal of Marriage and the Family
, 52
, 405
–19
. 10.2307/353035Aquilino, W.S. (
1991
). Predicting Parents’ Experiences With Coresident Adult Children
. Journal of Family Issues
, 12
, 323
–42
. 10.1177/019251391012003005Aquilino, W.S. (
1991
). Family Structure and Home-Leaving: A Further Specification of the Relationship
. Journal of Marriage and the Family
, 53
, 999
–1010
. 10.2307/353003Avery, R., Goldscheider, F., & Speare, A. (
1992
). Feathered Nest/Gilded Cage: Parental Income and Leaving Home in the Transition to Adulthood
. Demography
, 29
, 375
–88
. 10.2307/2061824Bennett, N., Jarvis, L., Rowlands, O., Singleton, N., & Haselden, L. (
1996
). Living in Britain: Results From the 1994 General Household Survey
. London
: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office
.Berrington, A., & Murphy, M. (
1994
). Changes in the Living Arrangements of Young Adults in Britain During the 1980s
. European Sociological Review
, 10
, 235
–57
.Bianchi, S.M. 1987. “Living at Home: Young Adults’ Living Arrangements in the 1980s.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago.
Breiman, L., & Friedman, J.H. (
1985
). Estimating Optimal Transformations for Multiple Regression and Correlation
. Journal of American Statistical Association
, 80
, 580
–619
. 10.2307/2288473Buck, N., Gershuny, J., Rose, D., & Scott, J. (
1994
). Changing Households: The British Household Panel Survey 1990 to 1992
. Colchester
: ESRC Centre on Micro-Social Change
.Buck, N., & Scott, J. (
1993
). She’s Leaving Home: But Why? An Analysis of Young People Leaving the Parental Home
. Journal of Marriage and the Family
, 55
, 863
–74
. 10.2307/352768Cherlin, A.J., & Furstenberg, F.E (
1994
). Stepfamilies in the United States: A Reconsideration
. Annual Review of Sociology
, 20
, 359
–81
. 10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.002043Curtis, S., Diamond, I., & MacDonald, J. (
1993
). Birth Interval and Family Effects on Postneonatal Mortality in Brazil
. Demography
, 30
, 33
–43
. 10.2307/2061861Davies, R.B., Elias, P., & Penn, R.D. (
1992
). The Relationship Between a Husband’s Unemployment and His Wife’s Participation in the Labour Force
. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics
, 54
, 145
–71
. 10.1111/j.1468-0084.1992.mp54002002.xDe Jong Gierveld, J., Liefbroer, A.C., & Beekink, E. (
1991
). The Effect of Parental Resources on Patterns of Leaving Home Among Young Adults in The Netherlands
. European Sociological Review
, 7
, 55
–71
.DeVeaux, R.D. (
1989
). Finding Transformations for Regression Using the ACE Algorithm
. Sociological Methods and Research
, 18
, 327
–59
. 10.1177/0049124189018002005Goldscheider, F.K. (
1989
). Children Leaving Home and the Household Economy
. In EK. Goldscheider, & C. Goldscheider (Eds.), Ethnicity and the New Family Economy: Living Arrangements and Intergenerational Financial Flows
(pp. 111
–25
). Boulder
: Westview Press
.Goldscheider, F., & Goldscheider, C. (
1993
). Whose Nest? A Two-Generational View of Leaving Home During the 1980s
. Journal of Marriage and the Family
, 55
, 851
–62
. 10.2307/352767Goldscheider, F. (
1994
). Leaving and Returning Home in 20th Century America
. Population Bulletin
, 48
, 1
–39
.Goldstein, H. (
1991
). Nonlinear Multilevel Models With an Application to Discrete Response Data
. Bometrika
, 78
, 45
–51
. 10.1093/biomet/78.1.45Hajnal, J. (
1965
). European Marriage Patterns in Perspective
. In D.V. Glass, & D.E.C. Eversley (Eds.), Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography
(pp. 101
–43
). London
: Edward Arnold
.Haurin, D.R., Hendershott, P.H., & Kim, D. (
1993
). The Impact of Real Rents and Wages on Household Formation
. Review of Economics and Statistics
, 75
, 284
–93
. 10.2307/2109434Hobcraft, J., Menken, J., & Preston, S.H. (
1982
). Age, Period, and Cohort Effects in Demography: A Review
. Population Index
, 48
, 4
–43
. 10.2307/2736356Hoem, B., & Hoem, J.M. (
1989
). The Impact of Women’s Employment on Second and Third Births in Modern Sweden
. Population Studies
, 43
, 47
–67
. 10.1080/0032472031000143846Kerckhoff, A.C., & Macrae, J. (
1992
). Leaving the Parental Home in Great Britain: A Comparative Perspective
. Sociological Quarterly
, 33
, 281
–301
. 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00376.xKiernan, K. (
1991
). Transitions in Young Adulthood in Great Britain
. In M. Murphy, & J. Hobcraft (Eds.), Population Research in Britain. Supplement to Population Studies 45
(pp. 95
–114
). London
: Population Investigation Committee
.Kiernan, K. (
1992
). The Impact of Family Disruption in Childhood on Transitions Made in Young Adult Life
. Population Studies
, 46
, 213
–34
. 10.1080/0032472031000146206Lesthaeghe, R. (
1995
). The Second Demographic Transition in Western Countries: An Interpretation
. In K.O. Mason, & A-M. Jensen (Eds.), Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries
(pp. 17
–62
). Oxford
: Clarendon Press
.Lesthaeghe, R., & Moors, G. (
1995
). Is There a New Conservatism That Will Bring Back the Old Family?
Evolution or Revolution in European Population, Volume 1. Plenary Sessions, European Population Conference, Milan 1995
(pp. 225
–66
). Milan
: Franco Angeli
.Mitchell, B.A., Wister, A.V., & Burch, T.K. (
1989
). The Family Environment and Leaving the Parental Home
. Journal of Marriage and the Family
, 51
, 605
–13
. 10.2307/352160Murphy, M.J. (
1985
). Demographic and Socio-Economic Influences on Recent British Marital Breakdown Patterns
. Population Studies
, 39
, 441
–60
. 10.1080/0032472031000141616Murphy, M., & Berrington, A. (
1993
). Household Change in the 1980s: A Review
. Population Trends
, 73
, 18
–26
.Murphy, M., & Sullivan, O. (
1986
). Unemployment, Housing and Household Structure Among Young Adults
. Journal of Social Policy
, 15
, 205
–22
. 10.1017/S0047279400001677Ní Bhrolcháin, M., Chappell, R., & Diamond, I. (
1994
). Scolarité et autres caractéristiques socio-démographiques des enfants de mariages rompus
. Population
, 49
, 1585
–612
. 10.2307/1534023Poulain, M., Riandey, B., & Firdion, J.M. (
1991
). frUne Expérimentation franco-belgique sur la fiabilité des enquêtes rétresopectives: l’enquête 3B BIS
. Population
, 46
, 65
–88
. 10.2307/1533610Raftery, AE. (
1986
). A Note on Bayes Factors for Log-Linear Contingency Table Models With Vague Prior Information
. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
, 48
, 249
–50
.Raftery, A.E., & Richardson, S.R. (
1996
). Model Selection for Generalised Linear Models via GLIB, With Application to Epidemiology
. In D.A Berry, & D.K. Strangl (Eds.), Bayesian Biostatistics
(pp. 321
–54
). New York
: Marcel Dekker
.Rodriguez, G., & Goldman, N. (
1995
). An Assessment of Estimation Procedures for Multilevel Models With Binary Responses
. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
, 15
, 73
–89
.Steele, F., Diamond, I., & Wang, D. (
1996
). The Determinants of the Duration of Contraceptive Use in China: A Multilevel Multinomial Discrete-Hazards Modeling Approach
. Demography
, 33
, 12
–23
. 10.2307/2061710Sullivan, O. (
1986
). Housing Movements of the Divorced and Separated
. Housing Studies
, 1
, 35
–48
. 10.1080/02673038608720561van de Kaa, D.J. (
1987
). Europe’s Second Demographic Transition
. Population Bulletin
, 42
, 1
–57
.Venables, W.N., & Ripley, B.D. (
1994
). Modern Applied Statistics With S-Plus
. New York
: Springer-Verlag Inc.
.Wang, D., & Murphy, M. (
1998
). Covariates of Infant Mortality in China: An Exploratory Approach
. Social Biology
, 45
, 21
–38
.White, L. (
1994
). Coresidence and Leaving Home: Young Adults and Their Parents
. Annual Review of Sociology
, 20
, 81
–102
. 10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.000501White, L.K., Brinkerhoff, D.B., & Booth, A. (
1985
). The Effect of Marital Disruption on Child’s Attachment to Parents
. Journal of Family Issues
, 6
, 5
–22
. 10.1177/019251385006001002White, L., & Edwards, J.N. (
1990
). Emptying the Nest and Parental Well-Being: An Analysis of National Panel Data
. American Sociological Review
, 55
, 235
–42
. 10.2307/2095629Whittington, L.A., & Peters, H.E. (
1996
). Economic Incentives for Financial and Residential Independence
. Demography
, 33
, 82
–97
. 10.2307/2061715Wister, A.V., & Burch, T.K. (
1989
). The Family Environment and Leaving the Parental Home
. Journal of Marriage and the Family
, 51
, 605
–13
. 10.2307/352160Young, C. (
1987
). Young People Leaving Home in Australia: The Trend Towards Independence
. Canberra, Australia
: Australian National University, Department of Demography
.Young, C. (
1989
). The Effect of Children Returning Home on the Precision of the Timing of the Leaving-Home Stage
. In E. Grebenik, C. Höhn, & R. Mackensen (Eds.), Later Stages of the Family Life Cycle: Demographic Aspects
(pp. 164
–82
). Oxford
: Clarendon Press
.© Population Association of America 1998
1998
