Abstract

Crude birth rates for the Negro population of the United States indicate that fertility declined while Negroes remained in the South and them climbed in the last twenty-five years as Negroes became urbanized. Cohort rates show more precisely the effects of the Depression upon childbearing as well as the magnitude and persistence of the post-Depression rise in fertility. More Negro women now become mothers, average family size has increased, and the proportion of women bearing six, seven, or eight children has risen. Negro fertility has risen despite the urbanization of Negroes and improvements in their socio-economic characteristics.

Negro fertility rates present the paradox of falling when demographic transition theory would predict the maintenance of high rates and then rising when a decline would be expected. Urbanization does not appear to have reduced Negro fertility.

Traditionally, urban living has dampened childbearing in two ways—first, health conditions in cities were inferior to those of rural areas, and thus urbanization affected fecundity adversely; second, city residents are more likely to know about and adopt birth control than rural residents.

Negroes migrated to cities at the very time when diseases were being controlled and when public health and welfare facilities were being expanded to serve all residents. This has contributed to higher Negro fertility rates. If fertility rates are to fall because of family planning, not only must birth control be available but there must be a desire to limit family size. Such a desire may be linked to opportunities for social mobility. Negroes have not been assimilated into urban society as previous in-migrant groups were, and opportunities for mobility have been restricted. For these reasons Negroes may be slow to adopt stable monogamous families and the intentional control of fertility.

Resumen

Las ratas crudas de natalidad para la población negra en los Estados Unidos, indican que la fertilidad decreció mientras los Negros permanecieron en el Sur y se incremento en los Ultimos 20 años, cuando ellos comenzaron a urbanizarse. Las ratas por cohortes, muestran mas exactamente los efectos de la Depresión sobre los embarazos como tambien la magnitud y persistencia del incremento de la fertilidad. En el periodo inmediatamente posterior a la Depresión no solamente mas mujeras fueron madres sino que el tamaño de la familia y la proporción de mujeres con 6, 7, y 8 hijos, se incremento a pesar de la urbanización del Negro y sus progresos en el aspecto socio-economico.

La rata de fertilidad del Negro, ilustra la aparente paradoja del incremento de alias ratas, cuando la teoria de la transidón demogrdfica supone que ellas deben declinar. La urbanización no parece haber reducido la fertilidad del Negro.

Tradicionalmente, la vida urbana ha disminuido el numéro de embarazos en dos formas: (a) Hasta anos recientes, las condiciones higienicas de la ciudad eran inferiores alas de las áreas rurales y en esta forma, la urbanización afectó adversamente la fecunidad; (b) Los residentes en la ciudad tienen mas probabilidad de conocer acerca del control de natalidad que los residentes en areas rurales.

Los Negros migraron a las ciudades cuando las enfermedades habían sido controladas y las facilidades de la salud publica y el bienester social se habian expandido para servir a todos los habitantes. Esto ha contribuido a la alta rata de fertilidad del Negro. Las ratas de fertilidad decrecen no solo porque se puede planificar la familia par medio de los métodos de control de natalidad disponibles, sino porque existe el deseo de reducir el tamaño de la familia. Este deseo puede ser enlazado con las oportuniclades de movilidad social. Los Negros no han sido asimilados a la sociedad urbana en la misma forma que lo fueron los primer os grupos de inmigrantes, y sus oportunidades de movilidad han sido restringidas; por esta razón, los Negros han demorado en adoptar familias monogdmas estables y un intencional control de natalidad.

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