Abstract
State planning plays a central role in Malaysia’s social and economic development. The government’s rural development policies are designed to promote agricultural incomes and help counterbalance ethnic inequalities. The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) implements one of the internationally most successful land development and resettlement programs. In this article, we quantify the impact of FELDA settlements on local out-migration rates, linking macro and micro approaches and using data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey, national censuses, and other sources. A model of instantaneous migration rates specifies an individual’s migration rate as a function of individual-level sociodemographic characteristics, the level of urbanization of the origin and destination, and the extent of rural development at the district of current residence. Our results show that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the existence of rural development centers in a district reduced the levels of outmigration to pre-1965 levels.
Migration Rate, Land Settlement, Gross National Product, Duration Dependence, Population Redistribution
The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
References
Bahrin, T. S. (
1988
). Land Settlement in Malaysia: A Case Study of the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) Projects
. In Oberai, A. S. (Ed.), LandSettlementPolicies andPopulation Distribution in Developing Countries: Achievements, Prospects and Problems
(pp. 89
–128
). New York
: Prager
.Barlow, R. (
1982
). Case Studies in the Demographic Impact of Asian Development Proiects
. Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan, Center for Research on Economic Development
.Bilsborrow, R. C., & Delargy, P. F. (
1985
). Impactof RuralDevelopment Proiects on Demographic Behavior
. New York
: United Nations Fund for Population Activities
.Bilsborrow, R. C., & Winegarden, C. R. (
1985
). Landholding, Rural Fertility and Internal Migration in Developing Countries: Econometric Evidence From Cross-National Data
. Pakistan Development Review
, 24
, 125
–149
.Chan, P. (
1983
). Population Distribution and Development Strategies in Peninsular Malaysia
. In Oberai, A. S. (Ed.), State Policies and Internal Migration: Studiesin Market and Planned Economics
(pp. 27
–78
). London
: Croom Helm
.Cole, W. K., & Sanders, R. D. (
1985
). Internal Migration and Urban Employment in the Third World
. American Economic Review
, 75
, 481
–494
.Fong, C. (
1985
). Integrated Population-Development Program Performance: The Malaysian FELDA Experience
. Journal of Developing Areas
, 19
, 149
–170
.Fong, C. (
1987
). Population Development Program Implementation: The Malaysian Experience
. Economic Development and Cultural Change
, 35
, 539
–557
. 10.1086/451603Goldstein, S., & Goldstein, A. (
1984
). Interrelations Between Migration and Fertility: Their Significance for Urbanization in Malaysia
. Habitat International
, 8
, 93
–103
. 10.1016/0197-3975(84)90030-4Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (
1980
). The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data
. New York
: Wiley
.Kenney, G. M. (1986). “The Security Demand for Children in Peninsular Malaysia.” Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Dept. of Economics.
Kols, A. (
1983
). Migration, Population Growth and Development
. M. Baltimore, MD
: Johns Hopkins University
.Lawless, J. F. (
1982
). Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data
. New York
: Wiley
.Lim, D. (
1975
). Readings on Malaysian Economic Development
. Kuala Lumpur
: Oxford University Press
.Lim, L. L. (
1983
). Population and Development: Theory and Empirical Evidence: The Malaysian Case
. Petaling
: International Book Service
.MacAndrews, C. (
1978
). Land Settlement Policies in Malaysia and Indonesia: A Preliminary Analysis
. Singapore
: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
.1980 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, General Report
. (1982
). Kuala Lumpur
: Malaysian Dept. of Statistics
.Oberai, A. S. (
1986
). Land Settlement Policies and Population Redistribution in Developing Countries
. International LaborReview
, 125
, 141
–161
.Ogawa, N., & Chan, P. T. H. (1985). “Land Settlement Programs and Issues on the Second Generation: The Case of Malaysia,” unpublished Reprint Series (Japan) No. 18:325–344, Nihon University, Population Research Institute.
Petersen, T. (
1988
). Analyzing Change Over Time in a Continuous Dependent Variable: Specification and Estimation of Continuous State Space Hazard Rate Models
. In Clogg, C. (Ed.), Sociological Methodology
(pp. 137
–164
). Washington, DC
: American Sociological Association
.Radlolf, S. R. (
1983
). Detecting Migration: An Exploration of Measurement Issues Using the Malaysian Family Life Survey
. Santa Monica, CA
: Rand
.Robertson, A. F. (
1984
). People and the State: An Anthropology of Planned Development
. Cambridge, UK
: Cambridge University Press
.Snodgrass, D. (
1980
). Inequality and Economic Development in Malaysia
. Kuala Lumpur
: Oxford University Press
.ter-Wengel, J. (
1985
). The Elfects of Electrification and the Extension of Education in the Retention of Population in Rural Areas of Colombia
. In Billsborrow, R. C., & DeLargy, P. F. (Eds.), Impact of Rural Development Proiects on Demographic Behavior
(pp. 47
–64
). New York
: United Nations Fund for Population Activities
.Todaro, M. (
1969
). A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Deve!oped Countries
. American Economic Review
, 59
, 138
–148
.Tuma, N. B., & Hannan, M. T. (
1984
). Social Dynamics: Models and Methods
. Orlando, FL
: Academic Press
.Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth
. (1980
). New York
: United Nations
.Population Distribution: Migration and Development, Proceedings of the Expert Group
. (1984
). New York
: United Nations
.Malaysia
. (1987
). New York
: United Nations
.Migration Urbanization and Development in Malaysia: Comparative Study on Migration, Urbanization, and Development in theESCAP Region
. (1982
). New York
: United Nations
.Uyanga, J. (
1985
). The Demographic Impacts of the Cross-River Plantation Projects of Nigeria
. In Bilsborrow, R. E., & DeLargy, P. F. (Eds.), In Impact of Rural Development Projects on Demographic Behavior
(pp. 99
–132
). New York
: United Nations Fund for Population Activities
.Vreeland, N., Dana, G. B., Hurwitz, G. B., Just, P., Moeller, Pw, & Shinn, R. S. (
1977
). Area Handbook for Malaysia
. Washington, DC
: U.S. Government Printing Office
.Wikkramatileke, R. (
1975
). Federal Land Development in West Malaysia 1957-1971
. In Lim, D. (Ed.), Readings on Malaysian Economic Development
(pp. 111
–122
). Kuala Lumpur
: Oxford University Press
.World Bank Development Report
. (1978
). Washington, DC
: World Bank
.World Bank Development Report
. (1988
). Washington, DC
: World Bank
.© Population Association of America 1990
1990
Issue Section:
Mobility, Migration, and Immigration
