Figure 8 Phaew's coffee farm. One can spot the coffee tree in the right foreground, in what is quite an unkempt, forested agro-forestry space. More

Figure 9 Wini's coffee farm. One can spot the coffee tree at the center beside the Japanese plum tree. More

Figure 5 A pine tree provides shade for the coffee shrub below. More

Figure 6 Hand-drawn copy of the Coffee and Forest Arrangement Experimental Plot Chart. More

Figure 10 For coffee to be an understory shrub, pruning is necessary. In most cases, coffee growers cut off the shrub's main stump, letting newer branches grow sideways. Here my research collaborators, Huiying and Kanchana, and I were learning the techniques of pruning from Wini's sister-in-law More

Figures 12 and 13 Fertilizer bags are commonplace in coffee farms in Pangkhon. Used to store fertilizer-fed coffee beans or as stray mats during a lunch meal, these bags populate the forested farm space. Most farmers used the 15-15-15 formula fertilizers, which have an equal ratio of nitrogen More

Figure 14 An Akha stole left hanging on an unshaded coffee shrub. More

Figure 17 Waew showing how the Sirinya Coffee house has been foresting their land over the last few years. She pulled these images from Sirinya Coffee's Facebook page. More

Figure 11 Shade is a necessary but scarce resource. To meet the financial needs of transitioning into coffee production, coffee farm owners have historically converted shaded, forested areas into open-air coffee plantations to maximize space for coffee shrubs. More recently, however, cultivators More

Figure 1 Pangkhon Valley. Standing at a cafe overlooking the valley, Lee points to the far distance where military outposts and forest lands are managed by Thailand's Forestry Department; in the foreground, the thinning bare land of the coffee farms is hard to miss. More

the landscape of the coffee agro-forests around the village in Pangkhon. More