...Dale Tomich © 1997: Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa & the Middle East 1997 References Adamson , Alan . 1972 . Sugar Without Slaves: The Political Economy of British Guiana, 1838–1904 . New Haven: Yale University Press. Arrighi , Giovanni . 1996 . The Long...

... and cultural and an understanding of slave society as lived, felt, cohesion today. Some anthropologists, such as Erik- and observed by the slaves.” sen, are also widely quoted by the above group. Ac- Sugar Plantation Slavery cording to Eriksen...

... formation and con- India was predicated primarily on cotton and sugar- trol that the article is particularly concerned with, cane cultivation. This was made possible through the filling the lacuna which exists in the article systems of irrigation canals. In the Ahmedabad dis- “Environment...

... such as wells. The earthen dams were washed away sugar cane, chili peppers, fruit, pota- annually during the monsoons and were re- toes, and turmeric were cultivated on only constructed communally by those farmers 8% of the farmed lands. Cereals were...

... Caribbean islands with the 1970: 329; Rodney,l981: 61). The planters oldest plantations were no longer able to succeeded in their schemes partially, for monopolise the world market for sugar, and such were the obstacles...

... the plantation production of sugar secured a particular re- taxing price of their participation in the world market. lationship between the Caribbean economies and the For states this means that even as they seek to manipu- world economy. Still, the decline of the plantation sys- late agrarian...

... the sugar industry declined under the twin assaults of a growing peasant sector and competition from other sugar exporting Kay Saunders, ed. Indentured Labour in the British Empire: colonies. While Barbados (pop. density...

..., Illustrated, Notes, Index, Statistical Appendices, Bibliography. The Guyanese working class has evolved through successive forced migrations from Africa and Asia. The first forced migrations, from Africa, consisted of slaves to work in the sugar plantations...

... of The cropping pattern was standardized the residents is obtained in return for so that in the course of time four crops right to this housing. A resident who were produced: wheat, cotton (the reported the theft of canal water by one traditional crops), rice and sugar...

... were usually dep- did lease African land for sugar produc- endent on urban moneylenders and profession- tion in the 1920's. al bankers2 for their capital, and in turn...

... exercised a determining influence in the politics of the economic life. But, in spite of a considerable African Indian community. The Indian radicals who succeeded in population in Natal and neighboring Zululand, the sugar wresting control of the NIC and its sister organization in the planters continually...

... commodities, principally sugar, for consumption in Crichlow sheds light on the tensions and difficulties distant markets, primarily in Europe. What was the con- that small Anglophone Caribbean states face currently nection between European capitalism and New World and as they prepare for a no less...

...- in the cultivation of commercial crops like rice, ments with autonomous governments, or even sugar, pepper, and gambier. running an independent state.”8 Chen’s study In the seventeenth century, people from inspired Anthony Reid, Carl Trocki, and Leon...

.... This same quarter- dian Ocean people, whether Arab or African, the man- century witnessed unprecedented expansion of the grove pole trade reveals the persistence of truly an- colonial sugar plantation economy. Consequently, cient economic patterns well into the 20th century. driven...

... and higher labor inputs, who wished to earn as much as possible such as fruits, sugar beets, hops , before returning to their homeland. This vegetables and cotton had become the norm desire to return also meant that the men for California agriculture. Though...

... Asian Diaspora , pp. 93 –131. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Lai , Walton Look . 1993 . Indentured Labor, Caribbean Sugar: Chinese and Indian Migrants to the British West Indies, 1838-1918 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. MacDonald , S.B. 1986 . Trinidad...

... in which they had previously been embedded, Malaka argued in Toendoek kepada kekoeasaan that the industrialization of commodity agriculture, enabled by the passage of the Agrarian Act in 1872, had enabled “the spacious and fertile fields [to] fall into the hands of the capitalists making sugar, tea...

...- flour and sugar still account for 45% of nitely a national insurrection. the total value of commodity imports, the In the interests of the ruling class impact of world inflationary conditions the UNP is now trying to change the prim- has been particularly adverse (Balakrishnan...

... of the In the mid-18th century the island of Jamaica was Great Awakening led by nonconformist groups in the the jewel in the European colonists’ crown. The pros- American states in the mid-18th century. This revival perity of the sugar industry was maintained by slaves movement was addressed to blacks...

... and beyond, Iranian customs officials, tribal road guards, frontier guards, and many others engaged in smuggling, carrying items such as sugar, silk (to Iran), whisky, and silver (to India). 92 In other words, even though the role of Sikhs became less prominent, border crossers, in collaboration...