... a military system based exclusively on mamluk infantry, the vast majority of whom were of slave castes. By comparison to the mamluks, employment of military slaves and militia derived from the regions of sub-Saharan Africa that had occurred both before and after the Ottoman period has been overlooked...

... by Maghraoui Driss , 142 – 53 . New York : Routledge , 2013 . Ayalon David . Islam and the Abode of War: Military Slaves and Islamic Adversaries . New York : Routledge , 1994 . Batran Aziz . “ The ‘Ulama of Fas: Mulay Isma’il and the Issue of the Haratin of Fas...

... as not only domestic (household) and market-driven (chattel) but also polity-driven (military-administrative). We further seek to soften another binary, freedom and slavery, to underline the fact that the domain of unfreedom included a range of dependent relations. Because slave soldiers and administrators...

... with the practice of making military slaves and palace eunuchs out of captured Christians from Caucasia. 14 By contrast, the Mughals of India—the farthest east (Bengal)—refrained from practicing military slavery and did not require conversion as a sign of loyalty. Instead, they promulgated an imperial ethic...

... and slaves obeyed them.25 to illustrate the spread of heterodox religious practice, but al-­Jabarti himself does not endorse By comparing the Ottomans to the Rashidun...

... of the state and the communities. In this narrative, slavery in Ethiopia is represented as a racialized prehistory of Atlantic slavery. The second narrative is the representation of slavery in a binary form: as a household practice within Ethiopia and the slave trade out of Ethiopia. This essay reinterprets...

... a British Lake: Piracy, Slaving, and British Imperialism in the Indian Ocean during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century .” In Harms , Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition , 45 – 58 . Ambedkar Bhim Rao . Who Were the Shudras? How They Came to Be the Fourth Varna...

..., policemen, or slaves from East Africa by the Omani Arabs.8 fi shermen. Other Baluch joined the military. Still others labored in the oil fi elds and on the History farms of the wealthy Gulf states. Although the Historically it is believed that the Baluch moved Baluch work extremely hard...

... and depositions of the late six- 557 in shielding the rights of feudality, of democ- teenth and seventeenth centuries are nothing racy, of theocracy (according to the portion but military rebellions, hence signs of the de- of the empire) from the abuse of power in the cline of the Ottoman Empire...

...   coercion” and that “we have to take it from there.” “Abe Ques- historian who uncovered the direct involvement of the military tions Sex Slave ‘Coercion BBC News, 2 March 2007, news.bbc...

... 179 ing an estimated 1 million Africans to its lucra- dreams of empire, it was a military success. tive sugar islands during the eighteenth century The initial conquest of Algiers, Oran, and their alone. Both the slave trade and colonial slavery dependent lands was followed by a long and bru...

.... This French scholars, forgetting the “mamluk” and fo- would have been considered inappropriate. The 30. According to Reeva Simon, “The legacy of these ofcers made during this period of early 31. See Crone, Slaves on Horses. this Ottoman military education transcended adulthood, lasted and, for many...

... in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries .” Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer 89 , no. 336–37 ( 2002 ): 229 – 46 . Pipes Daniel . Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press , 1981 . Pocock J. G. A. “ The Classical...

... been at “as they were before European contact.” raised for the slaves tooInstead, the problem of the slave is perceived as one of social adaptation to The military and political takeover of the conti...

... mimman zalamuh” (They control emerged. This crucial episode in the pasha’s fi rst military training schools and camps (at Aswan were heedless oppressors and I was one of those relationship to the religious establishment remains for the Sudanese slaves and in Farshut for Ibrahim’s whom...

... manifestations of Islam in West Africa within the epistemologies of the global intellectual economies of Islam, the colonial library, and the Atlantic slave trade and its abolition. The Walking Qur'an: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa By Ware Rudolph T. III Chapel...

.... Military forces, enlightenment?) while the other is called Mam- planes, and other forces try to capture the mon- luk, meaning the “owned” or “slave.” ster and shoot him, but to no avail. He cries out A parallel could be made between Rughal that he does not mean to harm anyone, that he...

... security measures and with Pheng Cheah’s reading of contemporary South Africa military spending, frequently articulated in the human rights discourses, I suggest that the no- East UN’s new and controversial politics of global re- tion of humanitarianism...

... More recently, Jeanette Pinto has devoted an important a nice parallel to the role of African slaves as military small book to this topic that is based on much more and political leaders in India, although it tells us little extensive primary research than previous efforts, about African c...

... the reported by Amnesty International to have said stories of battles in their own terms and are to Darfurian women: “Slaves! Nubas! . . . Break thought to make or break the reputations of male the Ramadan! Even we with pale skins don’t ob- combatants Also, among the various ethnic serve the Ramadan...