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Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
...Britta Schneider Abstract Large language models (LLMs) work by training text-generating systems through the use of digitized corpora that make natural language available in datafied form for natural language processing. LLMs are rooted in these culture-specific, socio-historically conditioned...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... and Maggie Dryden 2024 black box large language models metaphor data justice “GPT-4 Is a Giant Black Box and Its Training Data Remains a Mystery” (Barr 2023 ); “Two-Hundred-Year-Old Math Opens Up AI's Mysterious Black Box” (Choi 2023 ); “ChatGPT, Black Boxes, and Information Dissemination...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
...Chloë Kitzinger Abstract Plato's dialogue Phaedrus is often used as a cautionary tale about the futility of distrusting new communicative technologies. But in the context of LLMs (large language models), the Phaedrus analogy is substantially misplaced. LLMs exclude the free play of language...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... resulted in consumer-facing large language models (LLMs) that have problems with bias and truth and unclear social implications. Yet, once the models are out, they are rarely retracted. The result of passing on the technical debt of LLMs to users is a “moral hazard,” where companies are incentivized...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
...Rafael C. Alvarado Abstract The strengths and weaknesses of generative applications built on large language models are by now well-known. They excel at the production of discourse in a variety of genres and styles, from poetry to programs, as well as the combination of these into novel forms...
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Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
..., and reviews that make up part 1 of this two-part special issue (along with some of the content for part 2). Although large language models (LLMs) are marketed as scientific wonders, they were not designed to function as either reliable interactive systems or robust tools for supporting human communication...
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Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
...Matthew Stone; Lauren M. E. Goodlad; Mark Sammons Abstract In this essay, written in dialogue with the introduction to this special issue, the authors offer a critical history of the development of large language models (LLMs). The essay's goal is to clearly explicate their functionalities...
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Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
...Aaron R. Hanlon Abstract The development of large language model (LLM) tools presents both benefits and challenges. One issue is the expectation of reliable information from users, particularly students. The tool's use conditions and expectations influence its effectiveness. The concept...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
...Ellen P. Goodman Abstract With the release of large language models such as GPT-4, the push for regulation of artificial intelligence has accelerated the world over. Proponents of different regulatory strategies argue that AI systems should be regulated like nuclear weapons posing catastrophic risk...
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in The Origins of Generative AI in Transcription and Machine Translation, and Why That Matters
> Critical AI
Published: 01 April 2024
Figure 1. Flow chart outlining the major steps in developing a chatbot using large language models and reinforcement learning from human feedback.
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Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... transdisciplinary research public humanities machine learning large language models expertise Rapidly developing large language models (LLMs) have prompted fears ranging from plagiarism to a takeover of the planet by sentient technologies. Responding to the furor, President Biden held several high-profile...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... of computational linguistics, with the introduction of these large language models. And that was the point at which I realized that it's the linguists who are in the position to see through this, and we have some work to do to speak back to the rest of the world. I encourage people to talk about automation...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... to be stronger and more limber. [email protected] Copyright © 2024 Kyle Booten 2024 AI large language models writing support co-creativity proletarianization This word worker is at wit's end. The number on their email program's desktop icon, the one that refers to the quantity...
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Journal Article
Critical AI (2023) 1 (1-2)
Published: 01 October 2023
... “genuine intelligence,” Brian Cantwell Smith C. P. Snow two cultures It would be fun and useful to be part of a public debate about text-generating large language models (or “foundation” models as some wish to call them). But debate requires basic parity among the parties so one party can't...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... addressed inequalities embedded in (and produced by) these technical systems as they are deployed in health care, the workplace, education, policing, social work, transportation, and more. And with the advent of ChatGPT and other systems trained on large language models (LLMs), we are in the midst...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2023) 1 (1-2)
Published: 01 October 2023
... on the internet. The forecast of an AI-driven “revolution” was already making waves before the November 2022 release of ChatGPT unleashed a tsunami of hype around large language models (LLMs), a type of data-driven ML technology. That hype cycle remains in full force as we prepare Critical AI 's first issue...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... of a nineteenth-century freedom fighter. Those familiar with large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI's GPT-4—the model on which the Khan Academy chatbot is built—know that these statistical models are (as Emily M. Bender et al. [ 2021 ]) have put it) only stochastic parrots, bots that generate plausible...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2023) 1 (1-2)
Published: 01 October 2023
...: An Interdisciplinary Conversation on Large Language Models and the Future of Human Writing,” Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ , February 16 . Bourdieu, Pierre , and Loïc Wacquant . 2013 . “ Symbolic Capital and Social Class .” Journal of Classical Sociology 13 , no. 2 : 292 – 302 . boyd...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... ; Lehuedé 2022 ; Greene 2022 ; Brodie 2023 ). When thinking of AI's destructive impacts on the environment—either as the pollution emitted from training large language models like GPT-4, or the exhaust from machine vision used to train self-driving cars, or the destruction and pilfering that results from...
Journal Article
Critical AI (2024) 2 (1)
Published: 01 April 2024
... inherent in large language models. (3) Disregarded nonpollution obligations: the absence of internationally coordinated standards to facilitate the systematic identification of AI-generated outputs opens the door for the rapid colonization of content found online. This not only entails significant mis...
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