...Masturah Alatas © 2014 by Duke University Press 2014 Malaysian Mandela At secondary school in Singapore in the mid-1980s,­ we read Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country. One word I will always associate with that novel is shantytown. The teacher told the class that shantytowns...

... teacher in a Mumbai shantytown. However, the “dream”-based song sequences featuring the lower-class couple take place in Alpine Switzer- land, with both of them dressed in designer Western suits. In Shankar’s Nayak, a song sequence depicting the conflict between the hero’s public role as chief...

... forces of a colonized people (Fanon 2004: 81). Commenting on the consolidation of the lumpenproletariat in the shantytown in The Wretched of the Earth, Fanon writes, The lumpenproletariat constitutes a serious threat to the security of the town and signifies the irreversible rot and the gangrene eat...