... , 1963) and `Abd al-Rahman Munif's Mudun al-Milh ( Cities of Salt , 1984). Both depict metaphysical, transcendent worlds that are destroyed by the inexorable march of modernity. These narratives begin with idealized agrarian communities but climax with the metamorphosis of humanity into a machinelike...

... and statesman Mehmed Münif Pasha (1828/29?–1910) offered two solutions: Either intro- duce new vocalization diacritics designating each distinct vowel sound, or space the letters of each word individually, instead of writing cursively, and insert the necessary diacritical markers on the line...