...A NOTE ON TRANSLATION AND TRANSLITERATION Viet nam ese is a tonal language written in an adapted version of the Latin al- phabet with additional diacritical marks to signify tones and vowel qualities. Without these diacritics, the meaning of a Viet nam ese word is ambiguous. For this reason I have...

...NOTE ON TR ANSL ITER AT ION In translating spoken Urdu and Kashmiri in this text, I have provided dia- critical markings only for long vowels (for example, z d ) in order to ease pronunciation for non- native speakers. In so doing, I have departed from a technically precise transliteration. I have...

...A Note on Transliteration and Translation I use the common transliteration of Arabic names when used by authors in their non- Arabic works, most of which rely on a simplified French translitera- tion system. For example, I use Waddah Charara and Fawwaz Traboulsi instead of Wa Shar ra and Faww z r...