... exposure, the chapter explores the various gendered understandings of the birangona as victim, agent, or traitor. It shows how an acceptably traumatic birangona is determined by differential values of personhood, embedded in gendered and classed narratives of middle-class sensibilities. When...

..., masculinities, rehabilitation, violation of men, literary and visual representations, perceptions of the birangona as a traitor, and human rights testimonies. razaka r testimonial cultures feminist oral history 1971 ...

... and marred by lethal violence. In response, the revolutionary government deported 131 Catholic priests and nuns from Cuba, and banned religious street processions outright, a prohibition that lasted some forty years. The revolutionary government’s charges that Catholicism was a traitorous “bourgeois religion...

... of traitors” that had to be purged. Pol Pot party line ideology Long Muy ...

..., and banned religious street processions outright, a prohibition that lasted some forty years. The revolutionary government’s charges that Catholicism was a traitorous “bourgeois religion,” opposed to all that was regarded as emblematically “Cuban,” was epitomized by the absence of religious expression...

... understandings of the birangona as victim, agent, or traitor. It shows how an acceptably traumatic birangona is determined by differential values of personhood, embedded in gendered and classed narratives of middle-class sensibilities. When birangonas are referred to as collaborators and sex workers...

... admitted he had been a part of. The chapter also discusses testimony by an expert, Craig Etcheson, who argued that Duch, if caught in a hierarchical system, had latitude, innovated, and helped fuel the cycle of violence, especially with his summary reports and analyses of the “strings of traitors” that had...