... When Francisco Pizarro founded Lima in January 1535, he imagined a city that with its imposing churches, rigid straight lines, and division of power would symbolize Spanish domination of the Incas and South America. He created an enduring symbol of Spanish rule but ultimately a city very...

.... Lima was seen as an epitome of “decadence,” with its vain upper classes, exuberant public life, lax social codes, belligerent lower classes, and deep racial mixing. The Bourbons’ efforts to tighten control of Lima and the rest of Peru, however, prompted criticism and various forms of resistance and...

... Lima modernized rapidly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, expanding far beyond the walls that had surrounded the colonial city. Foreign capital poured in, and new mansions and neighborhoods epitomized the changes, which typically followed European aesthetic patterns...