... Because of segregation, Los Angeles's African American community was forced to discover its own resources and resolve and despite the hardships and indignities, it responded with a vibrant social and cultural scene that would contribute substantially to shaping twentieth-century American culture...

... Chapter 5 tackles the “crisis of witnessing” associated with the demand imposed on Palestinians from both human rights NGOs and the global media to provide visual proof and eyewitness accounts of their suffering and hardship. The chapter engages with two essay films that the author argues...

... and west. In the 1990s, there was everyday violence for almost everyone, but it was not recognized as such. Instead, only some forms of violence—human trafficking—were recognized by states and international organizations. Women experienced the transition as an economic hardship, but this was not easily...

... political career to fighting for indigenous peasants’ land rights and their national inclusion. He pursued a strictly nonviolent course of activism and his stories reveal both the triumphs and the tremendous hardships linked to a life of activism in the context of global Cold War. The introduction reflects...

..., joined several prominent church leaders to hear John Clarkson present the Sierra Leone Company’s proposal. Church membership and family relations factored prominently in the decisions of the nearly twelve hundred emigrants. However, when they arrived in Sierra Leone, the hardships they encountered echoed...

... but also led to a yearlong imprisonment for presumed communist sympathies. This chapter highlights the political excitement of the Cold War years, the painful realities of state-sponsored anticommunist repression, and the hardships of prison. It considers Peru’s first efforts at formal agrarian reform...

... and political equality vis a vis mainland Japan. Both struggles allow us to see the way that local residents and their supporters responded to their economic hardships and the monopolization of political decision-making power by local elites in ways that could not have been anticipated by Okinawa’s leading...

...Witnessing Chapter 5 tackles the “crisis of witnessing” associated with the demand imposed on Palestinians from both human rights NGOs and the global media to provide visual proof and eyewitness accounts of their suffering and hardship. The chapter engages with two essay films that the author...

... trafficking—were recognized by states and international organizations. Women experienced the transition as an economic hardship, but this was not easily recognized by global women’s rights categories such as “violence against women.” The chapter examines how the economic dimensions of trafficking were...