... The national revolutionary cycle that commenced in 1952 came to a close with the U.S.-backed military coup of General René Barrientos Ortuño in November 1964. Barrientos combined personal charisma and patronage tactics to establish the so-called Military-Peasant Pact, which isolated the trade...

... Barrientos Ortuño, new concessions were granted to private corporations, and by 1968, Bolivian Gulf Oil was producing forty thousand barrels per day and held reserves that were ten times larger than those of ypfb . For critics on the left, such as Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, Bolivian Gulf Oil constituted...

...Dictatorship and Democracy The national revolutionary cycle that commenced in 1952 came to a close with the U.S.-backed military coup of General René Barrientos Ortuño in November 1964. Barrientos combined personal charisma and patronage tactics to establish the so-called Military-Peasant...

..., but the so-called Military-Peasant Pact that had prevailed since the dictatorship of General René Barrientos in the 1960s. Under the pact, the state would guarantee peasant control over the land, or distribute new plots, in return for political loyalty. Strategically, the state sought to prevent the broad...

...-determination. A son of the Cochabamba aristocracy who achieved international literary acclaim, he started out politically in the Christian Democratic Community ( cdc ) and became a member of parliament in 1966. He challenged General René Barrientos in a congressional impeachment case, known as a “trial...

..., under the right-wing dictatorship of René Barrientos Ortuño, new concessions were granted to private corporations, and by 1968, Bolivian Gulf Oil was producing forty thousand barrels per day and held reserves that were ten times larger than those of ypfb . For critics on the left, such as Marcelo...