... Although often conceptualized as distinct sectors, the informal and formal economies are not separate but require each other for their survival. informal economy street vendors markets ...

... Although it is thought to be chaotic and disorganized, the Cancha is divided between syndicates and federations that provide regulation in the market. order and chaos trade unions syndicalism citizenship ...

... Informal selling provides a path to autonomy for market women, although it is a challenging form of work, filled with conflicts and threats to self-sufficiency. gender marketwomen conflict ...

... The conclusion presents the book’s overall argument that Gramsci’s nuanced and anything but economistic understanding of class provides a useful starting-point, although never a simple template, for those trying to imagine how radical change might come about in our grossly unequal, twenty-first...

... Although the United States has followed a “war on drugs” approach for decades, President Nixon's more formal declaration of a War on Drugs had some consequences. Initially, domestic policy balanced punishment and supply-side control with prevention and treatment, but the punishment approach soon...

... as the most restricted drugs. Since the 1990s, Americans have increasingly supported medical and even recreational marijuana use, although marijuana remains prohibited under federal law. medical marijuana recreational marijuana decriminalization ...

... Although this collection outlines numerous challenges facing reform advocates, recent successes suggest that meaningful change is possible. Some of these victories are shared to encourage readers not to allow their anger and injustice to go to waste but instead to mobilize in political...

... Why is it that, when black suffering and death are centered, they are almost always forced into a conversation that focuses on the experiences of nonblacks? Although this essay draws on collective experiences in the United States and in Brazil, it is more concerned with the realm...

... This chapter is a study of Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide as an exploration of the degradation of the subaltern world of the Sundarbans by state and local government projects of modernization and international wildlife preservation movements. It argues that although the novel has faith...

... to their exclusion from the exhibition, with special emphasis on a project by the BAD Foundation. The chapter shows how, although the art biennial initially failed to represent Rotterdam's artistic diversity by limiting its alliances to established cultural institutions, it ultimately acknowledged cries...

... Although the era of immigrant police officers and the type of knowledge they developed during the course of everyday life had been replaced by technocratic knowledge and classroom training, it never really disappeared. Police recycle tactics often; this is policing's “small toolbox.” Tactics...

... on which modern Nigeria was constructed after the imposition of colonial rule at the beginning of the twentieth century. Although shaped by global and regional forces, these religious movements had enduring consequences for Nigeria’s diverse peoples because they were products of the internal dynamics among...

... Received knowledge of the Indian Ocean is based on Western primary sources, most of which date to the early modern and modern periods. Although often providing valuable observations, these sources are ultimately ethnocentric. This chapter presents and analyzes some of the most valuable sources...

... of Schmitt’s thought nor even a sustained object of Schmitt’s attention. Although Schmitt certainly does turn to Machiavelli to make sense of the “technics” of modern politics, does cite Machiavelli to legitimize his support of Italian Fascism, and does share with Machiavalli a certain “pessimistic” view about...

... of the city by the 1950s. Although immersed in the peripheral pattern of urban growth dominant in São Paulo during this period, São Miguel was different from other suburbs that were widely considered to be bedroom communities. This chapter explores how the presence of a large industrial company employing most...

... Historically, the term performance art has been used to refer to a specific art form that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. Although there are many isolated examples of earlier works that could be considered performance art, the movement of the 1960s and 1970s springs up as a widespread demand...

... This chapter considers how nightlife intimacy manifests itself in contexts of casual contact and anonymity—that is, dancing crowds. Although partygoers express desires for belonging to be a simple, open, and easy thing, they nonetheless avoid explicit discussion of who belongs and how...