.... However, much of this development work existed only on paper and in the promises of the new government and went largely unfulfilled. People in Ngara often engaged in development projects, such as coffee and tobacco farming, only to find their efforts thwarted by cumbersome and paternalistic bureaucracies...

... Chapter 4 explores local, governmental, and transnational responses to the first Rwandan refugees in Ngara during the 1960s. Although the refugees were not a homogeneous group, they were treated as such by those involved in their aid. For the British government, Rwandan refugees represented...

... Chapter 7 elucidates the contradictory meanings of citizenship in Ngara during the 1970s and early 1980s, the period of ujamaa (forced villagization) and Rwandan refugee naturalization in Tanzania. Located at the margins of an increasingly centralized bureaucracy, Ngarans engaged in illegal...

...The Making of Migrants Chapter 1 details the precolonial cultural, political, and economic connections among the Busubi and Bugufi chiefdoms of Ngara and kingdoms in Rwanda and Burundi. The end of World War I and the creation of the League of Nations' mandate system required the establishment...

... The conclusion examines the business of humanitarian aid from the viewpoint of the history of Rwandan refugees in Ngara. It summarizes the book's argument that conflicts over refugee aid and protection reveal the competing and uneven sovereignties that shape the world of nation-states heralded...

... migration into Ngara increased during the colonial period, as did labor migration from Ngara (and Rwanda and Burundi) into the Uganda protectorate. Colonial rule from the 1920s to the 1950s attempted (unsuccessfully) to control and direct the movements of people within and through Ngara district...

... Ngara Tanzania UNHCR decolonization refugees ...

... illegal migrants sovereignty humanitarian business Ngara ...

... decolonization. The introduction lays out the book's methodology, which combines extensive oral interviews with residents of host communities in Ngara district and archival research in Tanzanian, British, and humanitarian archives. It includes an analysis of the colonial origins of refugee aid and the pivotal...

...The Making of Citizens Chapter 7 elucidates the contradictory meanings of citizenship in Ngara during the 1970s and early 1980s, the period of ujamaa (forced villagization) and Rwandan refugee naturalization in Tanzania. Located at the margins of an increasingly centralized bureaucracy...

...The Making of Refugees Chapter 4 explores local, governmental, and transnational responses to the first Rwandan refugees in Ngara during the 1960s. Although the refugees were not a homogeneous group, they were treated as such by those involved in their aid. For the British government, Rwandan...

... Chapter 1 details the precolonial cultural, political, and economic connections among the Busubi and Bugufi chiefdoms of Ngara and kingdoms in Rwanda and Burundi. The end of World War I and the creation of the League of Nations' mandate system required the establishment of an international...

... Chapter 8 analyzes the international response to the 1994—1996 Rwandan refugee crisis in Ngara. The chapter begins by detailing the events that led to the Burundian and then Rwandan crises in the district. It then examines the TCRS's sectors of the aid program: water and fuel. What was novel...

... Chapter 5 reveals the conflicts between and among local and national officials, refugees, and international aid agencies over who would control refugee aid and how it would be distributed. As various authorities fought over control of Ngara's refugee camps during the 1960s, they collided...