Skip to Main Content

Skip Nav Destination

This chapter focuses on refugee agency to explore how refugees find and create spaces for action, collaborate with activists to elude and challenge structures of control, and articulate an alternative politics of identity and self-determination beyond their identity as exemplars of “bare life.” The chapter recounts the process of ethnogenesis through which Somali Bantu refugees in Dadaab consolidated an identity that would gain traction, while lobbying for resettlement in countries they selected, cultivating support from UNHCR staff, intervening in refugee verification procedures, taking on new family configurations, and accepting as their own generalized stories of suffering. Because the refugee resettlement process demands a particular identity, refugees create identity doubles through the resettlement process.

ethnogenesis, refugee agency, UNHCR, refugee verification, refugee identities

This content is only available as PDF.

References

Abdi

,

Cawo M.

2012

. “

The Newest African-Americans? Somali Struggles for Belonging

.”

Bildhaan

11

:

90

–

107

.

Abdi

,

Cawo

.

2014

. “

Threatened Identities and Gendered Opportunities: Somali Migration to America

.”

Signs

39

(

21

):

459

–

83

.

Agamben

,

Giorgio

.

1995

. “

We Refugees

.” Translated by

Rocke

Michael

.

Symposium

49

(

2

):

114

–

19

.

Agamben

,

Giorgio

.

1998

.

Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life

. Translated by

Heller-Roazen

Daniel

.

Palo Alto, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Agier

,

Michel

.

2005

.

On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today

.

Cambridge

:

Polity

.

Agier

,

Michel

.

2010

. “

Humanity as an Identity and Its Political Effects (A Note on Camps and Humanitarian Government)

.”

Humanity

1

(

1

):

29

–

45

.

Agier

,

Michel

, and

Bouchet-Saulnier

Françoise

.

2004

. “

Humanitarian Spaces: Spaces of Exception

.” In

In the Shadows of “Just Wars”: Violence, Politics and Humanitarian Action

, edited by

Weissman

Fabrice

, translated by

Homolka

Vincent

,

Leverdier

Roger

, and

Terry

Fiona

,

297

–

313

.

Ithaca, NY

:

Cornell University Press

.

Ahmed

,

Ismail

.

2011

. “

Fragmented and Collaborative Leadership in a Changing Somali Community

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Ahmed

,

Ismail

,

Besteman

Catherine

, and

Osman

Rilwan

.

2010

. “

The Top Ten Myths about Somalis and Why They Are Wrong

.”

Twin City Times

,

July

1

.

Aleinikoff

,

T. Alexander

.

1995

. “

State-Centered Refugee Law: From Resettlement to Containment

.” In

Mistrusting Refugees

, edited by E.

Daniel

Valentine

and

Knudsen

John C.

,

257

–

78

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Ali

,

Ayaan Hirsi

.

2007

.

Infidel

.

New York

:

Atria

.

Ali

,

Ihotu

.

2009

. “

Staying off the Bottom of the Melting Pot: Somali Refugees Respond to a Changing U.S. Immigration Climate

.”

Bildhaan

9

:

82

–

114

.

Al-Sharmani

Mulki

.

2007

. “

Diasporic Somalis in Cairo: The Poetics and Practices of Soomaalinimo

.” In

From Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Global Context

, edited by

Kusow

Abdi M.

and

Bjork

Stephanie R.

,

71

–

94

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Red Sea

.

Amelina

,

Anna

, and

Faist

Thomas

.

2012

. “

De-naturalizing the National in Research Methodologies: Key Concepts of Transnational Studies in Migration

.”

Ethnic and Racial Studies

35

(

10

):

1707

–

24

.

Amin

,

Ash

.

2013

. “

Land of Strangers

.”

Identities

20

(

1

):

1

–

8

.

Anderson

,

John Lee

.

2009

. “

The Most Failed State

.”

New Yorker

,

December

14

.

Arendt

,

Hannah

.

(1951) 1966

.

The Origins of Totalitarianism

.

New York

:

Harcourt, Brace and World

.

Barnett

,

Don

.

2003

. “

Out of Africa: Somali Bantu and the Paradigm Shift in Refugee Resettlement

.”

Center for Immigration Studies

.

http://cis.org/SomaliBantuRefugees

.

Bates College Department of Anthropology

.

2008

. “

Perceived Barriers to Somali Immigrant Employment in Lewiston: A Supplement to Maine’s Department of Labor Report

.”

http://abacus.bates.edu/pix/PerceivedBarriers09Jan20.pdf

.

Bauman

,

Zygmunt

.

2004

.

Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts

.

Cambridge

:

Polity

.

BBC News

.

2008

. “

Somalia Is ‘Most Ignored Tragedy.’

”

October

6

.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7653928.stm

.

BBC News

.

2012

. “

African Migrants Who Call America’s Whitest State Home

.”

September

12

.

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19548520

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1994

. “

Individualisation and the Assault on Customary Tenure in Africa: Land Registration Programmes and the Case of Somalia

.”

Africa

64

(

4

):

484

–

515

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1996a

. “

Representing Violence and ‘Othering’ Somalia

.”

Cultural Anthropology

11

(

1

):

120

–

33

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1996b

. “

Violent Politics and the Politics of Violence: The Dissolution of the Somali Nation-State

.”

American Ethnologist

23

(

3

):

579

–

96

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1998

. “

Primordialist Blinders: A Reply to I. M. Lewis

.”

Cultural Anthropology

13

(

1

):

109

–

20

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1999a

. “

A Reply to Bernhard Helander

.”

American Ethnologist

26

(

4

):

981

–

83

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1999b

.

Unraveling Somalia

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

2010

. “

In and Out of the Academy: The Case for a Strategic Anthropology

.”

Human Organization

69

(

4

):

407

–

17

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

2014

. “

On Ethnographic Love

.” In

Mutuality

, edited by

Sanjek

Roger

,

259

–

84

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Ahmed

Ismail

.

2010

. “

Refugee Economic Impact Study.” Available as a link from Andrew Cullen, “Somalis: A Decade in Lewiston

,”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

December

18

,

2011

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Cassanelli

Lee V.

, eds.

2000

.

The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: The War behind the War

. Reprint,

London

:

Haan

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Gusterson

Hugh

, eds.

2005

.

Why America’s Top Pundits Are Wrong

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Gusterson

Hugh

.

2009

. “

Introduction

.” In

The Insecure American

, edited by

Gusterson

Hugh

and

Besteman

Catherine

,

1

–

23

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Billings

,

Randy

.

2014

. “

Asylum Seekers, Maine Advocates, Protest Change in Aid Rules

.”

Portland Press Herald

,

January

11

.

http://www.pressherald.com/politics/Protesters_rally_against_curtailing_public_aid_for_new_asylum_seekers.html

.

Blommaert

,

Jan

.

2009

. “

Language, Asylum, and the National Order

.”

Current Anthropology

50

(

4

):

415

–

41

.

Boas

,

Heidi

.

2007

. “

The New Face of America’s Refugees: African Refugee Resettlement to the United States

.”

Georgetown Immigration Law Journal

21

(

3

):

431

–

68

.

Bohmer

,

Carol

, and

Shuman

Amy

.

2007

. “

Producing Epistemologies of Ignorance in the Political Asylum Process

.”

Identities

14

:

603

–

29

.

Bohmer

,

Carol

, and

Shuman

Amy

.

2008

.

Rejecting Refugees: Political Asylum in the 21st Century

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Bornstein

,

Erica

.

2012

.

Disquieting Gifts: Humanitarianism in New Delhi

.

Palo Alto, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Brettell

,

Caroline

.

2007

. “

Introduction: Race, Ethnicity, and the Construction of Immigrant Identities

.” In

Constructing Borders/Crossing Boundaries: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration

, edited by

Brettell

Caroline

,

1

–

23

.

New York

:

Lexington

.

Briggs

,

John

.

2005

. “

Bantu Refugee Family Together Again

.”

Burlington Free Press

,

January

8

.

Bringe

,

Tone

, and

Christie

Debbie

.

1993

. “

We Are All Neighbours

.”

Disappearing World

,

Granada Television

.

Brodwin

,

Paul E.

2013

.

Everyday Ethics: Voices from the Front Line of Community Psychiatry

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Brown

,

Wendy

.

2006

.

Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in the Age of Identity and Empire

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Canfield

,

Clark

.

2012

. “

Paul LePage, Republican Governor of Maine, Calls State Workers ‘Corrupt.’

”

Huffington Post

,

April

27

.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/27/lepage-corrupt-state-workers_n_1460871.html

.

Cassanelli

,

Lee V.

1982

.

The Shaping of Somali Society

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Castles

,

Stephen

, and

Miller

Mark J.

.

1993

.

The Age of Migration

.

New York

:

Guilford

.

Chanoff

,

Sasha

.

2002

. “

After Three Years: Somali Bantus Prepare to Come to America

.”

Refugee Reports

23

(

8

):

1

–

11

.

Churgin

,

Michael

.

1996

. “

Mass Exodus: The Response of the United States

.”

International Migration Review

30

(

1

):

310

–

44

.

Collins

,

Jane

, and

Mayer

Victoria

.

2010

.

Both Hands Tied: Welfare Reform and the Race to the Bottom in the Low-Wage Labor Market

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Crisp

,

Jeff

.

1999

. “

A State of Insecurity: The Political Economy of Violence in Refugee-Populated Areas of Kenya

.”

Working Paper No. 16

.

Geneva

:

UNHCR

.

Cullen

,

Andrew

.

2011

. “

A Decade Later: The City, Somalis, and Spending

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

December

18

.

Daniel

,

E. Valentine

, and

Knudsen

John C.

, eds.

1996

.

Mistrusting Refugees

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Danish Immigration Service

.

2000

.

Report on Minority Groups in Somalia

.

Joint British, Danish, and Dutch Fact-Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya

,

September

17–24

.

http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/0317E0EF-BB21-493F-A41C-1E0BD6D49EE5/0/FactfindingmissiontoKenyaSomalia2000tildanskhjemmeside.pdf

.

Declich

,

Francesca

.

1987

. “

I Goscia della regione del medio Giuba nella Somalia meridionale: Un gruppo etnico di origine Bantu

.”

Africa (Rome)

42

(

2

):

570

–

99

.

Declich

,

Francesca

.

2000

. “

Fostering Ethnic Reinvention: Gender Impact of Forced Migration on Bantu Somali Refugees in Kenya

.”

Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines

40

(

157

):

25

–

63

.

De Genova

,

Nicolas

.

2005

.

Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and “Illegality” in Mexican Chicago

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Derrida

,

Jacques

, and

Dufourmantelle

Anne

.

2000

.

Of Hospitality

. Translated by

Bowlby

Rachel

.

Palo Alto, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Economist

.

2003

. “

A Home at Last, but Not for Many

.”

May

31

,

29

–

32

.

Edkins

,

Jenny

.

2000

. “

Sovereign Power, Zones of Indistinction, and the Camp

.”

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political

25

(

1

):

3

–

26

.

Eggers

,

Dave

.

2007

.

What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng

.

New York

:

Vintage

.

Einolf

,

Christopher

.

2001

.

The Mercy Factory: Refugees and the American Asylum System

.

Chicago

:

Ivan R. Dee

.

Ellison

,

Jesse

.

2009

. “

The Refugees Who Saved Lewiston

.”

Newsweek

,

January

26

,

69

.

Eno

,

Mohamed

.

2008

.

The Bantu-Jareer Somalis: Unearthing Apartheid in the Horn of Africa

.

London

:

Adonis and Abbey

.

Eno

,

Omar A.

, and

Eno

Mohamed A.

.

2007

. “

The Journey Back to the Ancestral Homeland: The Return of the Somali Bantu (Wazigwa) to Modern Tanzania

.” In

From Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Global Context

, edited by

Kusow

Abdi M.

and

Bjork

Stephanie R.

,

13

–

43

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Red Sea

.

Eno

,

Omar

,

Eno

Mohamed

, and

Lehman

Dan Van

.

2010

. “

Defining the Problem in Somalia: Perspectives from the Southern Minorities

.”

Journal of Somali-Anglo Society

, no.

47

:

19

.

Fadlalla

,

Amal Hassan

.

2009

. “

Contested Borders of (In)humanity: Sudanese Refugees and the Mediation of Suffering and Subaltern Visibilities

.”

Urban Anthropology

38

(

1

):

22

–

41

.

Fassin

,

Didier

.

2005

. “

Compassion and Repression: The Moral Economy of Immigration Policies in France

.”

Cultural Anthropology

20

(

3

):

362

–

87

.

Fassin

,

Didier

.

2007

. “

Humanitarianism as a Politics of Life

.”

Public Culture

19

(

3

):

499

–

520

.

Fassin

,

Didier

.

2013

. “

The Precarious Truth of Asylum

.”

Public Culture

25

(

1

):

39

–

63

.

Fassin

,

Didier

, and

Rechtman

Richard

.

2009

.

Empire of Trauma: An Inquiry into the Condition of Victimhood

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Feldman

,

Ilana

.

2007

. “

Difficult Distinctions: Refugee Law, Humanitarian Practice, and Political Identification in Gaza

.”

Cultural Anthropology

22

(

1

):

129

–

69

.

Feldman

,

Ilana

.

2012

. “

The Humanitarian Condition: Palestinian Refugees and the Politics of Living

.”

Humanity

1

(

1

):

155

–

72

.

Fergusson

,

James

.

2013

.

The World’s Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia

.

Boston

:

Da Capo

.

Finkel

,

David

.

2002

. “

For Chosen Few, First Steps to a New Life: Somali Refugees Delayed by Post-9/11 Security Worries Begin Journey to America

.”

Washington Post

,

August

18

,

a1

.

Finnström

,

Sverker

.

2008

.

Living with Bad Surroundings: War, History, and Everyday Moments in Northern Uganda

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Fiskejö

,

Magnus

.

2012

. “

Outlaws, Barbarians, Slaves: Critical Reflections on Agamben’s Homo Sacer

.”

HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory

2

(

1

):

161

–

80

.

Foley

,

Doug

.

2008

. “

Questioning ‘Cultural’ Explanations of Classroom Behaviors

.” In

Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School

, edited by

Pollock

Mica

,

222

–

25

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Foner

,

Nancy

.

2005

.

In a New Land: A Comparative View of Immigration

.

New York

:

NYU Press

.

Foner

,

Nancy

, and

Fredrickson

George M.

.

2004

. “

Introduction: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States: Social Constructions and Social Relations in Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

.” In

Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

and

Fredrickson

George M.

,

1

–

19

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Foner

,

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Ruben G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

, eds.

2000

.

Immigration Research for a New Century

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Foreign Policy

.

2008

. “

The 2008 Failed States Index

.”

June

23

.

http://www.foreignpolicy.com. Accessed November 19, 2012

.

Foreign Policy

.

2009

. “

The 2009 Failed States Index

.”

June

22

.

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/22/the_2009_failed_states_index

.

Forman

,

Murray

.

2005

. “

Straight Outta Mogadishu: Prescribed Identities and Performative Practices among Somali Youth in North American High Schools

.” In

Youthscapes: The Popular, the National, the Global

, edited by

Maira

Sunaina

and

Soep

Elisabeth

,

3

–

22

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Frelick

,

Bill

.

2007

. “

Paradigm Shifts in the International Responses to Refugees

.” In

Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being

, edited by

White

James D.

and

Marsella

Anthony J.

,

32

–

56

.

Lanham, MD

:

Lexington

.

Gabiam

,

Nell

.

2012

. “

When ‘Humanitarianism’ Becomes ‘Development’: The Politics of International Aid in Syria’s Palestinian Refugee Camps

.”

American Anthropologist

114

(

1

):

95

–

107

.

Garvelink

,

William

, and

Tahir

Farha

.

2011

. “

Somalia Remains the Worst Humanitarian Crisis in the World

.”

Center for Strategic and International Studies

,

December

16

.

http://csis.org/publication/somalia-remains-worst-humanitarian-crisis-world

.

Gatrell

,

Peter

.

2013

.

The Making of the Modern Refugee

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

GCIR (Grantmakers Concerned with Immigrants and Refugees)

.

2006

. “

Immigrant Integration Toolkit

.”

Sebastopol, California

.

https://www.gcir.org/publications/toolkit

.

Gerstle

,

Gary

, and

Mollenkopf

John

, eds.

2001

.

E Pluribus Unum? Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Gibney

,

Matthew J.

2004

.

The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Gilbert

,

Larry

.

2011

.

Written testimony of Mayor Larry Gilbert Sr., Mayor, City of Lewiston, Maine, before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security

,

July

26

.

Gilbert

,

Lauren

.

2009

. “

Citizenship, Civic Virtue, and Immigrant Integration: The Enduring Power of Community-Based Norms

.”

Yale Law and Policy Review

27

:

335

–

97

.

Gilroy

,

Paul

.

2012

. “

‘My Britain Is Fuck All’: Zombie Multiculturalism and the Race Politics of Citizenship

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

380

–

97

.

Glater

,

Jonathan

.

2006

. “

Agreement Is Reached for Students from Somalia

.”

New York Times

,

March

2

.

Goad

,

Meredith

.

2002

. “

Somalis Use Few Benefits: Municipal Officials Say Rumors of Abuse Untrue

.”

Waterville Morning Sentinel

.

Goffe

,

Leslie

.

2004

. “

New Life in US for Somali Bantus

.”

BBC News

,

August

13

.

Gorlick

,

Brian

.

2003

. “

Refugee Protection in Troubled Times: Reflections on Institutional and Legal Developments at the Crossroads

.” In

Problems of Protection: The unhcr, Refugees, and Human Rights

, edited by

Steiner

Niklaus

,

Gibney

Mark

, and

Loescher

Gil

,

79

–

99

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Gourevitch

,

Philip

.

2010

. “

The Alms Dealers: Can You Provide Humanitarian Aid without Facilitating Conflicts?

”

New Yorker

,

October

11

,

102

–

9

.

Grey

,

Mark

.

2000

. “

New Immigrants in Old Iowa

.”

Anthropology News

41

(

8

):

9

.

Gross

,

Jan

.

2001

.

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Haines

,

David

.

2010

.

Safe Haven? A History of Refugees in America

.

Sterling, VA

:

Kumarian

.

Hall

,

Suzanne M.

2013

. “

The Politics of Belonging

.”

Identities

20

(

1

):

46

–

53

.

Hammond

,

Laura

.

2010

. “

Obliged to Give: Remittances and the Maintenance of Transnational Networks between Somalis at Home and Abroad

.”

Bildhaan

9

:

125

–

51

.

Hammond

,

Laura

.

2011

. “

Defying Conventional Wisdom? Diaspora Youth and Participation in Somalia

.”

Horn of Africa Journal

2

.

http://afrikansarvi.fi/issue2/25-artikkeli/56-defying-conventional-wisdom

.

Hammond

,

Laura

,

Awad

Mustafa

,

Dagane

Ali Ibrahim

,

Hansen

Peter

,

Horst

Cindy

,

Menkhaus

Ken

, and

Obare

Lynette

.

2011

. “

Cash and Compassion: The Role of the Somali Diaspora in Relief, Development and Peace-Building

.”

United Nations Development Program

.

http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f61b12d2.pdf

.

Hamzeh

,

Ziad

.

2003

.

The Letter: An American Town and the “Somali Invasion.”

Hamzeh Mystique Films

.

Hardt

,

Michael

.

1999

. “

Affective Labor

.”

boundary 2

26

(

2

):

89

–

99

.

Hardt

,

Michael

, and

Negri

Antonio

.

2009

.

Commonwealth

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Harman

,

Danna

.

2001

. “

US Opens Arms to Bantu Somalis

.”

Christian Science Monitor

94

(

14

):

6

.

Helander

,

Bernhard

.

1996

. “

The Hubeer in the Land of Plenty: Land, Labor, and Vulnerability among a Southern Somali Clan

.” In

The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: The War behind the War

, edited by

Besteman

Catherine

and

Cassanelli

Lee V.

,

47

–

72

.

Boulder, CO

:

Westview

.

Herzfeld

,

Michael

.

1993

.

The Social Production of Indifference: Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Hill

,

Martin

.

2010

.

No Redress: Somalia’s Forgotten Minorities

.

London

:

Minority Rights Group

.

Ho

,

Christine G. T.

, and

Loucky

James

.

2012

.

Humane Migration: Establishing Legitimacy and Rights for Displaced People

.

Sterling, VA

:

Kumarian

.

Holtzman

,

Jon D.

2000

. “

Dialing 911 in Nuer: Gender Transformations and Domestic Violence in a Midwestern Sudanese Refugee Community

.” In

Immigration Research for a New Century

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

,

390

–

408

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Honig

,

Bonnie

.

2001

.

Democracy and the Foreigner

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Horst

,

Cindy

.

2006

.

Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya

.

Oxford

:

Berghahn

.

Hudson

,

Susan

.

2006

.

The Quiet Revolutionaries: How the Grey Nuns Changed the Social Welfare Paradigm of Lewiston, Maine

.

New York

:

Taylor and Francis

.

Huisman

,

Kimberly A.

2011

. “

Why Maine? An Examination of the Secondary Migration Decisions of Somali Refugees

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Huntington

,

Samuel

.

1993

. “

The Clash of Civilizations?

”

Foreign Affairs

72

(

3

):

22

–

49

.

Huntington

,

Samuel

.

2004

.

Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity

.

New York

:

Simon and Schuster

.

Hyndman

,

Jennifer

.

2000

.

Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Inda

,

Jonathan Xavier

.

2006

.

Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology, and Ethics

.

Malden, MA

:

Blackwell

.

Itzigsohn

,

José

.

2009

.

Encountering American Faultlines: Race, Class, and the Dominican Experience in Providence

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Jacklet

,

Ben

.

2004

. “

Refugees Find Freedom Isn’t Free: Life Is Confusing and Expensive for Portland’s Somali Bantus

.”

Portland Tribune

,

August

31

.

Jones

,

Maggie

.

2004

. “

The New Yankees

.”

Mother Jones

,

March–April

.

Jones-Correa

Michael

.

2011

. “

All Immigration Is Local: Receiving Communities and Their Role in Successful Immigrant Integration

.”

Washington, DC

:

Center for American Progress

.

Kaplan

,

Robert

.

1994

. “

The Coming Anarchy

.”

Atlantic

,

February

.

Kapteijns

,

Lidwien

.

2012

.

Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Kapteijns

,

Lidwien

, and

Arman

Abukar

.

2004

. “

Educating Immigrant Youth in the United States: An Exploration of the Somali Case

.”

Bildhaan

4

:

18

–

43

.

Kasinitz

,

Philip

.

2004

. “

Race, Assimilation and ‘Second Generations,’ Past and Present

.” In

Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

and

Fredrickson

George M.

,

278

–

98

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Kelley

,

Robin D. G.

2000

. “

Introduction: A Poetics of Anticolonialism

.” In

Césaire

Aimé

,

Discourse on Colonialism

(

1955

).

New York

:

Monthly Review Press

.

Kennedy

,

David

.

2004

.

The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Khosravi

,

Shahram

.

2010

.

“Illegal” Traveller: An Auto-ethnography of Borders

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

King

,

Desmond

.

2001

. “

Making Americans: Immigration Meets Race

.” In

E Pluribus Unum? Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation

, edited by

Gerstle

Gary

and

Mollenkopf

John

,

143

–

72

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

.

1998

. “

How Providers Make Policy: An Analysis of Everyday Conversation in a Welfare Office

.”

Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology

8

:

119

–

36

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

.

2006

. “

The Dialectic of Insecurity

.”

Insecurities

13

:

173

–

85

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

.

2007

. “

Discursive Constructions of Homelessness in a Small City in the Canadian Prairies: Notes on Destructuration, Individualization, and the Production of (Raced and Gendered) Unmarked Categories

.”

American Ethnologist

34

(

1

):

91

–

107

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

, and

Goldsmith

Michael

.

2001

. “

Reforming Women in the United States and Aotearoa/New Zealand: A Comparative Ethnography of Welfare Reform in Global Context

.”

American Anthropologist

103

(

3

):

714

–

32

.

Kleist

,

Nauja

.

2010

. “

Negotiating Respectable Masculinity: Gender and Recognition in the Somali Diaspora

.”

African Diaspora

3

:

185

–

206

.

Lacey

,

Marc

.

2001

. “

Somali Bantu, Trapped in Kenya, Seek a Home

.”

New York Times

,

December

9

,

1a

.

LaFlamme

,

Mark

.

2009

. “

Police Investigate Somali Attacks

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

December

17

.

Levitt

,

Peggy

.

2012

. “

What’s Wrong with Migration Scholarship? A Critique and a Way Forward

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

493

–

500

.

Lewis

,

I. M.

1961

.

A Pastoral Democracy

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Lewis

,

I. M.

1988

.

A Modern History of Somalia

.

Boulder, CO

:

Westview

.

Lewis

,

I. M.

1998

. “

Doing Violence to Ethnography: A Response to Catherine Besteman’s ‘Representing Violence and “Othering” Somalia.’

”

Cultural Anthropology

13

(

1

):

100

–

108

.

Lindkvist

,

Heather

.

2003

. “

Lead Hazard Awareness in Lewiston, ME

.”

Auburn/Lewiston Lead Hazard Control Program

.

http://www.bates.edu/Prebuilt/leadrep.pdf

.

Lindley

,

Anna

.

2010

.

The Early Morning Phone Call: Somali Refugees’ Remittances

.

New York

:

Berghahn

.

Loescher

,

Gil

.

2003

. “

UNHCR at Fifty: Refugee Protection and World Politics

.” In

Problems of Protection: The UNHCR, Refugees, and Human Rights

, edited by

Steiner

Niklaus

,

Gibney

Mark

, and

Loescher

Gil

,

1

–

18

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Loescher

,

Gil

, and

Scanlan

John A.

.

1986

.

Calculated Kindness: Refugees and America’s Half-Open Door, 1945 to the Present

.

New York

:

Free Press

.

Lorch

,

Donatella

.

2002

. “

Following Freedom’s Trail

.”

Newsweek

,

September

2

.

Lovgren

,

Stefan

.

2003

. “

Refugees in the US: One Family’s Story

.”

National Geographic News

,

June

20

.

Luhrmann

,

T. M.

2010

. “

Uneasy Street

.” In

The Insecure American: How We Got Here and What We Should Do about It

, edited by

Gusterson

Hugh

and

Besteman

Catherine

,

207

–

23

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Macdonald

,

Robert E.

2012a

. “

Enough Is Enough: Extremist Liberals Widen the Divide with Somalis

.”

Twin City Times

,

September

6

.

Macdonald

,

Robert E.

2012b

. “

Enough Is Enough: lhs Graduation Marred by Teens’ Rude Behavior

.”

Twin City Times

,

June

9

.

Makepeace

,

Anne

.

2006

.

Rain in a Dry Land

.

Makepeace Productions. Distributed by Bullfrog Films

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1992

. “

National Geographic: The Rooting of People and the Territorialization of National Identity among Scholars and Refugees

.”

Cultural Anthropology

7

(

21

):

24

–

44

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1995a

.

Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1995b

. “

Refugees and Exile: From ‘Refugee Studies’ to the National Order of Things

.”

Annual Review of Anthropology

24

:

495

–

523

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1996

. “

Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization

.”

Cultural Anthropology

11

(

3

):

377

–

404

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

2002

. “

News from Nowhere: Mass Displacement and Globalized ‘Problems’ of Organization

.”

Ethnography

3

(

3

):

351

–

60

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

2007

. “

Commentary: The Politics of Trauma and Asylum: Universals and Their Effects

.”

Ethos

35

(

3

):

336

–

43

.

Malone

,

Richard J.

2010

. “

Bishop Malone Objects to TCT Editorials

.”

Twin City Times

,

April

8

.

Mamgain

,

Vaishali

, and

Collins

Karen

.

2003

. “

Off the Boat, Now Off to Work: Refugees in the Labour Market in Portland, Maine

.”

Journal of Refugee Studies

16

(

2

):

113

–

46

.

Manning

,

Rob

.

2004

. “

Somali Bantus Find a Home in Oregon

.”

Oregon Public Broadcasting

,

June

23

.

Manz

,

Beatriz

.

2004

.

Paradise in Ashes: A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

2011

. “

Provincializing France?

”

Public Culture

23

(

1

):

85

–

119

.

McCabe

,

Carolyn

.

2010

. “

Bridging the Gap? An Exploratory Study of the Role of Ethnic Community-Based Organizations in Refugee Integration in the United States

.”

Institute for Social and Economic Development Applied Innovations Working Paper

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

1989

. “

Rural Transformation and the Roots of Underdevelopment in Somalia’s Lower Jubba Valley

.”

PhD diss.

,

University of South Carolina

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

1992

.

Report on an Emergency Needs Assessment of the Lower Jubba Region (Kismaayo, Jamaame, and Jilib Districts), Somalia

.

Seattle

:

World Concern

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

2008

. “

Somalia: A Country in Peril, a Policy Nightmare

.”

Enough

,

September

3

.

http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/somalia-country-peril-policy-nightmare

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

2010

. “

The Question of Ethnicity in Somali Studies: The Case of Somali Bantu Identity

.” In

Milk and Peace, Drought and War: Somali Culture, Society and Politics

, edited by

Hoehne

Markus V.

and

Luling

Virginia

,

87

–

104

.

London

:

Hurst

.

Meyer

,

Judith

.

2010

. “

Advice for America

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

February

7

.

Moore

,

Henrietta

.

2004

. “

Global Anxieties: Concept-Metaphors and Pre-theoretical Commitments in Anthropology

.”

Anthropological Theory

4

(

1

):

71

–

88

.

Muehlenbach

,

Andrea

.

2011

. “

Affective Labor in Post-Fordist Italy

.”

Cultural Anthropology

26

(

1

):

59

–

82

.

Muehlenbach

,

Andrea

.

2013a

. “

The Catholicization of Neoliberalism: On Love and Welfare in Lombardy, Italy

.”

American Anthropologist

115

(

3

):

452

–

65

.

Muehlenbach

,

Andrea

.

2013b

. “

On Precariousness and the Ethical Imagination: The Year 2012 in Sociocultural Anthropology

.”

American Anthropologist

115

(

2

):

295

–

311

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2005

. “

The Somalis of Lewiston: Effects of Rapid Immigration to a Homogenous Maine City

.”

Southern Maine Review

,

April

,

104

–

46

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2007

.

City of Lewiston Report to Maine’s Congressional Delegation: Federal Funding Deficiencies for Refugee and Secondary Migrant Services and Programming

.

October

17

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2008

. “

The Flawed U.S. Refugee Workforce Development Strategy for Somali Economic Self Sufficiency in Lewiston

.”

Paper presented at Race, Ethnicity and Place Conference IV

,

Miami, Florida

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2011

. “

A Work in Progress: Lewiston Responds to the Rapid Migration of Somali Refugees

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

,

53

–

72

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Noguera

,

Pedro

.

2008

. “

What Discipline Is For: Connecting Students to the Benefits of Learning

.” In

Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School

, edited by

Pollock

Mica

,

132

–

37

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Nyamnjoh

,

Francis B.

2006

.

Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa

.

Dakar

:

codesria

.

Nyers

,

Peter

.

2006

.

Rethinking Refugees: Beyond States of Emergency

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Oka

,

Rahul Chandrashekhar

.

2014

. “

Coping with the Refugee Wait: The Role of Consumption, Normalcy, and Dignity in Refugee Lives at Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya

.”

American Anthropologist

116

(

1

):

23

–

37

.

Ong

,

Aihwa

.

1996

. “

Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making: Immigrants Negotiate Racial and Cultural Boundaries in the United States

.”

Current Anthropology

37

(

5

):

737

–

62

.

Ong

,

Aihwa

.

2003

.

Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Ordoñez

,

J. Thomas

.

2008

. “

The State of Confusion: Reflections on Central American Asylum Seekers in the Bay Area

.”

Ethnography

9

(

1

):

35

–

60

.

Papasterdiadis

,

Nikos

.

2012

. “

Seeing through Multicultural Perspectives

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

398

–

410

.

Pina-Cabral

,

João de

.

2013

. “

The Two Faces of Mutuality: Contemporary Themes in Anthropology

.”

Anthropological Quarterly

86

(

1

):

257

–

76

.

Pollock

,

Mica

.

2004

.

Colormute: Race Talk Dilemmas in an American School

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Pollock

,

Mica

, ed.

2008

.

Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Portes

,

Alejandro

, and

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

.

1996

.

Immigrant America: A Portrait

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Portes

,

Alejandro

, and

Zhou

Min

.

1993

. “

The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants

.”

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

530

(

1

):

74

–

96

.

Povinelli

,

Elizabeth

.

2009

. “

Beyond Good and Evil: Whither Liberal Sacrificial Love?

”

Public Culture

21

(

1

):

77

–

100

.

Povinelli

,

Elizabeth

.

2011

.

Economies of Abandonment

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Rabben

,

Linda

.

2011

.

Give Refuge to the Stranger: The Past, Present, and Future of Sanctuary

.

Walnut Creek, CA

:

Left Coast

.

Rawson

,

David

.

1994

. “

Dealing with Disintegration: U.S. Assistance and the Somali State

.” In

The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal?

, edited by

Samatar

Ahmed I.

,

147

–

87

.

Boulder, CO

:

Lynne Reinner

.

Rector

,

Amanda K.

2008

. “

An Analysis of the Employment Patterns of Somali Immigrants to Lewiston from 2001 through 2006

.”

Center for Workforce Research and Information, Maine

Department of Labor, Maine State Planning Office

.

Refugees International

.

2011

. “

Somalia

.”

http://refugeesinternational.org/where-we-work/africa/somalia

.

Richards

,

Paul

.

1996

.

Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone

.

Oxford

:

Heinemann

.

Ricouer

,

Paul

.

2010

. “

Being a Stranger

.” Translated by

Scott-Baumann

Alison

.

Theory, Culture and Society

27

(

5

):

37

–

48

.

Robins

,

Steven

.

2009

. “

Humanitarian Aid beyond ‘Bare Survival’: Social Movement Responses to Xenophobic Violence in South Africa

.”

American Ethnologist

36

(

4

):

637

–

50

.

Roy

,

Laura A.

, and

Kevin

C. Roxas

2011

. “

Whose Deficit Is This Anyhow? Exploring Counter-Stories of Somali Bantu Refugees’ Experiences in ‘Doing School.’

”

Harvard Educational Review

81

(

3

):

521

–

41

.

Rozakou

,

Katerina

.

2012

. “

The Biopolitics of Hospitality in Greece: Humanitarianism and the Management of Refugees

.”

American Ethnologist

39

(

3

):

562

–

77

.

Sahlins

,

Marshall

.

2011a

. “

What Kinship Is (Part One)

.”

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

17

:

2

–

19

.

Sahlins

,

Marshall

.

2011b

. “

What Kinship Is (Part Two)

.”

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

17

:

227

–

42

.

Salazar

,

Noel B.

, and

Smart

Alan

.

2011

. “

Anthropological Takes on ‘(Im)Mobility.’

”

Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power

18

(

6

):

i

–

ix

.

Samatar

,

Ahmed I.

2004

. “

Beginning Again: From Refugee to Citizen

.”

Bildhaan

4

:

1

–

17

.

Sanchez

,

George J.

2000

. “

Race and Immigration History

.” In

Immigration Research for a New Century

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

,

54

–

59

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Sanders

,

Edmund

, and

Zucchino

David

.

2006

. “

Left Behind as His Family Flees: Bantu Refugees Heading to US Often Split Up

.”

Los Angeles Times

,

January

15

.

Sassen

,

Saskia

.

1999

.

Guests and Aliens

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Schiller

,

Nina Glick

.

2012

. “

Situating Identities: Towards an Identities Studies without Binaries of Difference

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

520

–

32

.

Schrag

,

Peter

.

2011

.

Not Fit for Our Society: Immigration and Nativism in America

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Scott

,

James

.

1999

.

Seeing Like a State

.

New Haven, CT

:

Yale University Press

.

Seele

,

Peter

.

2009

. “

Report: Employers Should Relax Standards to Hire Somalis

.”

Twin City Times

,

January

22

.

Seele

,

Peter

.

2010

. “

L-A Needs Gentrification, Not Ghetto-fication

.”

Twin City Times

,

March

18

.

Sheikh

,

Hassan

, and

Healy

Sally

.

2009

. “

Somalia’s Missing Million: The Somali Diaspora and Its Role in Development

.”

New York

:

United Nations Development Programme

.

Shemak

,

April

.

2010

.

Asylum Speakers: Caribbean Refugees and Testimonial Discourse

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Shepard

,

Raynel M.

2008

.

Cultural Adaptation of Somali Refugee Youth

.

New York

:

LFB Scholarly Publishing

.

Smydo

,

Joe

.

2006

. “

City Schools Settle Complaint Filed for Somali Refugees

.”

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

,

May

23

.

Suárez-Orozco

,

Carola

,

Bang

,

Hee Jin

O’Connor

,

Erin

Gaytán

X. Francisco

,

Pakes

Juliana

, and

Rhodes

Jean

.

2010

. “

Academic Trajectories of Newcomer Immigrant Youth

.”

Developmental Psychology

46

(

3

):

602

–

18

.

Swarns

,

Rachel L.

2003a

. “

Africa’s Lost Tribe Discovers American Way

.”

New York Times

,

March

10

.

Swarns

,

Rachel L.

2003b

. “

U.S. a Place of Miracles for Somali Refugees

.”

New York Times

,

July

20

,

1.1

.

Taylor

,

Scott

.

2011

. “

Lewiston Mayoral Candidates Want More Development

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

October

6

.

Terry

,

Fiona

.

2002

.

Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action

.

Ithaca, NY

:

Cornell University Press

.

Thomas

,

Deborah A.

2009

. “

The Violence of Diaspora: Governmentality, Class Culture, and Circulations

.”

Radical History Review

103

:

83

–

104

.

Ticktin

,

Miriam

.

2006

. “

Where Ethics and Politics Meet: The Violence of Humanitarianism in France

.”

American Ethnologist

33

(

1

):

33

–

49

.

Toner

,

Carol Nordstrom

, and

Hough

Mazie

.

2011

. “

L.L. Bean, Community Gardens, and Biil: Somalis Working in Maine

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

,

169

–

89

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Torpey

,

John

.

2000

.

The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Turner

,

Simon

.

2004

. “

Under the Gaze of the ‘Big Nations’: Refugees, Rumours and the International Community in Tanzania

.”

African Affairs

103

:

227

–

47

.

Turner

,

Simon

.

2010

.

Politics of Innocence: Hutu Identity, Conflict, and Camp Life

.

Oxford

:

Berghahn

.

Twin City Times

.

2011

. “

Macdonald to Run for Mayor of Lewiston

.”

September

15

.

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)

.

2002

. “

America Here We Come

.”

Refugees

3

(

128

).

http://www.unhcr.org/3d9ac1502.html

.

UNHCR

.

2012

. “

Global Trends Report: 800,000 New Refugees in 2011, Highest This Century

.”

June

18

.

.

U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants

.

2009

. “

World Refugee Survey: 2009

.”

http://www.refugees.org/resources/uscri_reports/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-world-refugee-survey.html

.

U.S. Department of State

.

n.d.

Office of Refugee Resettlement Report from the 2003 National Consultation Somali Bantu Planning Workshop

.

U.S. Department of State

.

1999

.

Unclassified State 239014 cable from PRM on Designation of Somali Bantu Refugee Group in Kenya for Resettlement Processing, sent from Secretary of State in Washington, DC, to all African diplomatic posts

.

December

19

.

U.S. Department of State

.

2004

. “

Annex to Chapter 1, Resettlement of the Somali Bantu: A Case Study of Processing Complexity and Unforeseen Delays

.” In

The United States Refugee Admissions Program: Reforms for a New Era of Refugee Resettlement

.

April

20

.

Washington, DC

:

U.S. Department of State

.

http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/prm/refadm/rls/rpts/36057.htm

.

U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

.

2010

. “

Abandoned upon Arrival: Implications for Refugees and Local Communities Burdened by a U.S. Resettlement System That Is Not Working

.”

July

21

.

Washington, DC

:

U.S. Government Printing Office

.

U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing

.

2004

. “

Global Refugee Problem

.”

Testimony by Mr. Charles Kuck, Managing Partner, Weathersby, Howard and Kuck, LLC

.

September

21

.

U.S Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing Immigration Subcommittee

.

2002

.

Testimony by Gene Dewey, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Refugees, Population, and Migration, Leonard Glickman, President of Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, and Bill Frelick, Director of Policy, U.S. Committee on Refugees

.

February

12

.

Van Lehman

,

Daniel James

.

1999

. “

Expanding Protection for Marginalized Refugee Minorities: Resettling Somali Mushungulis to Southeast Africa

.”

Master’s thesis

,

Cornell University

.

Van Lehman

,

Daniel

, and

Eno

Omar

.

2002

. “

The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture

.”

Washington, DC

:

Center for Applied Linguistics

.

http://www.hartfordinfo.org/issues/wsd/immigrants/somali_bantu.pdf

.

Van Lehman

,

Dan

, and

Eno

Omar

.

2003

. “

Objectives, Itinerary and Outcomes of the Mission to Kakuma

.”

March

14

.

Unpublished report

.

Vaznis

,

James

.

2009

. “

US Inspects Boston’s Language Instruction: Schools Neglected English Learners

.”

Boston Globe

,

August

26

.

Verdirame

,

Guglielmo

, and

Harrell-Bond

Barbara

.

2005

.

Rights in Exile: Janus-Faced Humanitarianism

.

New York

:

Berghahn

.

Vertovec

,

Steven

.

2011

. “

The Cultural Politics of Nation and Migration

.”

Annual Review of Anthropology

40

:

241

–

56

.

Wagner

,

Angie

.

2003

. “

The New Land: A Somali Bantu Clan Readjusts in America

.”

Seattle Times

,

August

10

,

A3

.

Waters

,

Mary

.

1994

. “

Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City

.”

International Migration Review

28

(

4

):

795

–

820

.

Waters

,

Mary

.

2000

. “

The Sociological Roots and Multidisciplinary Future of Immigration Research

.” In

Immigration Research for a New Century

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

,

44

–

48

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Weston

,

Kath

.

2005

. “

Class Politics and Scavenger Anthropology in Dinesh D’Souza’s Virtue of Prosperity

.” In

Why America’s Top Pundits Are Wrong: Anthropologists Talk Back

, edited by

Besteman

Catherine

and

Gusterson

Hugh

,

154

–

179

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

White

,

James D.

, and

Marsella

J. Anthony

.

2007

.

Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being

.

Lanham, MD

:

Lexington

.

Wimmer

,

Andreas

, and

Schiller

Nina Glick

.

2002

. “

Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-State Building, Migration and the Social Sciences

.”

Global Networks

2

(

4

):

301

–

34

.

Zhou

,

Min

.

1997

. “

Growing Up American: The Challenge of Confronting Immigrant Children and Children of Immigrants

.”

Annual Review of Sociology

23

:

63

–

95

.

Figures & Tables

Making Refuge: Somali Bantu Refugees and Lewiston, Maine

Global Insecurities

Making Refuge: Somali Bantu Refugees and Lewiston, Maine

By

Duke University Press

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822374725

Copyright:

This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.

ISBN electronic:

978-0-8223-7472-5

Publication date:

2016

References

Abdi

,

Cawo M.

2012

. “

The Newest African-Americans? Somali Struggles for Belonging

.”

Bildhaan

11

:

90

–

107

.

Abdi

,

Cawo

.

2014

. “

Threatened Identities and Gendered Opportunities: Somali Migration to America

.”

Signs

39

(

21

):

459

–

83

.

Agamben

,

Giorgio

.

1995

. “

We Refugees

.” Translated by

Rocke

Michael

.

Symposium

49

(

2

):

114

–

19

.

Agamben

,

Giorgio

.

1998

.

Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life

. Translated by

Heller-Roazen

Daniel

.

Palo Alto, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Agier

,

Michel

.

2005

.

On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today

.

Cambridge

:

Polity

.

Agier

,

Michel

.

2010

. “

Humanity as an Identity and Its Political Effects (A Note on Camps and Humanitarian Government)

.”

Humanity

1

(

1

):

29

–

45

.

Agier

,

Michel

, and

Bouchet-Saulnier

Françoise

.

2004

. “

Humanitarian Spaces: Spaces of Exception

.” In

In the Shadows of “Just Wars”: Violence, Politics and Humanitarian Action

, edited by

Weissman

Fabrice

, translated by

Homolka

Vincent

,

Leverdier

Roger

, and

Terry

Fiona

,

297

–

313

.

Ithaca, NY

:

Cornell University Press

.

Ahmed

,

Ismail

.

2011

. “

Fragmented and Collaborative Leadership in a Changing Somali Community

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Ahmed

,

Ismail

,

Besteman

Catherine

, and

Osman

Rilwan

.

2010

. “

The Top Ten Myths about Somalis and Why They Are Wrong

.”

Twin City Times

,

July

1

.

Aleinikoff

,

T. Alexander

.

1995

. “

State-Centered Refugee Law: From Resettlement to Containment

.” In

Mistrusting Refugees

, edited by E.

Daniel

Valentine

and

Knudsen

John C.

,

257

–

78

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Ali

,

Ayaan Hirsi

.

2007

.

Infidel

.

New York

:

Atria

.

Ali

,

Ihotu

.

2009

. “

Staying off the Bottom of the Melting Pot: Somali Refugees Respond to a Changing U.S. Immigration Climate

.”

Bildhaan

9

:

82

–

114

.

Al-Sharmani

Mulki

.

2007

. “

Diasporic Somalis in Cairo: The Poetics and Practices of Soomaalinimo

.” In

From Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Global Context

, edited by

Kusow

Abdi M.

and

Bjork

Stephanie R.

,

71

–

94

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Red Sea

.

Amelina

,

Anna

, and

Faist

Thomas

.

2012

. “

De-naturalizing the National in Research Methodologies: Key Concepts of Transnational Studies in Migration

.”

Ethnic and Racial Studies

35

(

10

):

1707

–

24

.

Amin

,

Ash

.

2013

. “

Land of Strangers

.”

Identities

20

(

1

):

1

–

8

.

Anderson

,

John Lee

.

2009

. “

The Most Failed State

.”

New Yorker

,

December

14

.

Arendt

,

Hannah

.

(1951) 1966

.

The Origins of Totalitarianism

.

New York

:

Harcourt, Brace and World

.

Barnett

,

Don

.

2003

. “

Out of Africa: Somali Bantu and the Paradigm Shift in Refugee Resettlement

.”

Center for Immigration Studies

.

http://cis.org/SomaliBantuRefugees

.

Bates College Department of Anthropology

.

2008

. “

Perceived Barriers to Somali Immigrant Employment in Lewiston: A Supplement to Maine’s Department of Labor Report

.”

http://abacus.bates.edu/pix/PerceivedBarriers09Jan20.pdf

.

Bauman

,

Zygmunt

.

2004

.

Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts

.

Cambridge

:

Polity

.

BBC News

.

2008

. “

Somalia Is ‘Most Ignored Tragedy.’

”

October

6

.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7653928.stm

.

BBC News

.

2012

. “

African Migrants Who Call America’s Whitest State Home

.”

September

12

.

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19548520

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1994

. “

Individualisation and the Assault on Customary Tenure in Africa: Land Registration Programmes and the Case of Somalia

.”

Africa

64

(

4

):

484

–

515

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1996a

. “

Representing Violence and ‘Othering’ Somalia

.”

Cultural Anthropology

11

(

1

):

120

–

33

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1996b

. “

Violent Politics and the Politics of Violence: The Dissolution of the Somali Nation-State

.”

American Ethnologist

23

(

3

):

579

–

96

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1998

. “

Primordialist Blinders: A Reply to I. M. Lewis

.”

Cultural Anthropology

13

(

1

):

109

–

20

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1999a

. “

A Reply to Bernhard Helander

.”

American Ethnologist

26

(

4

):

981

–

83

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

1999b

.

Unraveling Somalia

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

2010

. “

In and Out of the Academy: The Case for a Strategic Anthropology

.”

Human Organization

69

(

4

):

407

–

17

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

.

2014

. “

On Ethnographic Love

.” In

Mutuality

, edited by

Sanjek

Roger

,

259

–

84

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Ahmed

Ismail

.

2010

. “

Refugee Economic Impact Study.” Available as a link from Andrew Cullen, “Somalis: A Decade in Lewiston

,”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

December

18

,

2011

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Cassanelli

Lee V.

, eds.

2000

.

The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: The War behind the War

. Reprint,

London

:

Haan

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Gusterson

Hugh

, eds.

2005

.

Why America’s Top Pundits Are Wrong

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Besteman

,

Catherine

, and

Gusterson

Hugh

.

2009

. “

Introduction

.” In

The Insecure American

, edited by

Gusterson

Hugh

and

Besteman

Catherine

,

1

–

23

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Billings

,

Randy

.

2014

. “

Asylum Seekers, Maine Advocates, Protest Change in Aid Rules

.”

Portland Press Herald

,

January

11

.

http://www.pressherald.com/politics/Protesters_rally_against_curtailing_public_aid_for_new_asylum_seekers.html

.

Blommaert

,

Jan

.

2009

. “

Language, Asylum, and the National Order

.”

Current Anthropology

50

(

4

):

415

–

41

.

Boas

,

Heidi

.

2007

. “

The New Face of America’s Refugees: African Refugee Resettlement to the United States

.”

Georgetown Immigration Law Journal

21

(

3

):

431

–

68

.

Bohmer

,

Carol

, and

Shuman

Amy

.

2007

. “

Producing Epistemologies of Ignorance in the Political Asylum Process

.”

Identities

14

:

603

–

29

.

Bohmer

,

Carol

, and

Shuman

Amy

.

2008

.

Rejecting Refugees: Political Asylum in the 21st Century

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Bornstein

,

Erica

.

2012

.

Disquieting Gifts: Humanitarianism in New Delhi

.

Palo Alto, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Brettell

,

Caroline

.

2007

. “

Introduction: Race, Ethnicity, and the Construction of Immigrant Identities

.” In

Constructing Borders/Crossing Boundaries: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration

, edited by

Brettell

Caroline

,

1

–

23

.

New York

:

Lexington

.

Briggs

,

John

.

2005

. “

Bantu Refugee Family Together Again

.”

Burlington Free Press

,

January

8

.

Bringe

,

Tone

, and

Christie

Debbie

.

1993

. “

We Are All Neighbours

.”

Disappearing World

,

Granada Television

.

Brodwin

,

Paul E.

2013

.

Everyday Ethics: Voices from the Front Line of Community Psychiatry

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Brown

,

Wendy

.

2006

.

Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in the Age of Identity and Empire

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Canfield

,

Clark

.

2012

. “

Paul LePage, Republican Governor of Maine, Calls State Workers ‘Corrupt.’

”

Huffington Post

,

April

27

.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/27/lepage-corrupt-state-workers_n_1460871.html

.

Cassanelli

,

Lee V.

1982

.

The Shaping of Somali Society

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Castles

,

Stephen

, and

Miller

Mark J.

.

1993

.

The Age of Migration

.

New York

:

Guilford

.

Chanoff

,

Sasha

.

2002

. “

After Three Years: Somali Bantus Prepare to Come to America

.”

Refugee Reports

23

(

8

):

1

–

11

.

Churgin

,

Michael

.

1996

. “

Mass Exodus: The Response of the United States

.”

International Migration Review

30

(

1

):

310

–

44

.

Collins

,

Jane

, and

Mayer

Victoria

.

2010

.

Both Hands Tied: Welfare Reform and the Race to the Bottom in the Low-Wage Labor Market

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Crisp

,

Jeff

.

1999

. “

A State of Insecurity: The Political Economy of Violence in Refugee-Populated Areas of Kenya

.”

Working Paper No. 16

.

Geneva

:

UNHCR

.

Cullen

,

Andrew

.

2011

. “

A Decade Later: The City, Somalis, and Spending

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

December

18

.

Daniel

,

E. Valentine

, and

Knudsen

John C.

, eds.

1996

.

Mistrusting Refugees

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Danish Immigration Service

.

2000

.

Report on Minority Groups in Somalia

.

Joint British, Danish, and Dutch Fact-Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya

,

September

17–24

.

http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/0317E0EF-BB21-493F-A41C-1E0BD6D49EE5/0/FactfindingmissiontoKenyaSomalia2000tildanskhjemmeside.pdf

.

Declich

,

Francesca

.

1987

. “

I Goscia della regione del medio Giuba nella Somalia meridionale: Un gruppo etnico di origine Bantu

.”

Africa (Rome)

42

(

2

):

570

–

99

.

Declich

,

Francesca

.

2000

. “

Fostering Ethnic Reinvention: Gender Impact of Forced Migration on Bantu Somali Refugees in Kenya

.”

Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines

40

(

157

):

25

–

63

.

De Genova

,

Nicolas

.

2005

.

Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and “Illegality” in Mexican Chicago

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Derrida

,

Jacques

, and

Dufourmantelle

Anne

.

2000

.

Of Hospitality

. Translated by

Bowlby

Rachel

.

Palo Alto, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Economist

.

2003

. “

A Home at Last, but Not for Many

.”

May

31

,

29

–

32

.

Edkins

,

Jenny

.

2000

. “

Sovereign Power, Zones of Indistinction, and the Camp

.”

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political

25

(

1

):

3

–

26

.

Eggers

,

Dave

.

2007

.

What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng

.

New York

:

Vintage

.

Einolf

,

Christopher

.

2001

.

The Mercy Factory: Refugees and the American Asylum System

.

Chicago

:

Ivan R. Dee

.

Ellison

,

Jesse

.

2009

. “

The Refugees Who Saved Lewiston

.”

Newsweek

,

January

26

,

69

.

Eno

,

Mohamed

.

2008

.

The Bantu-Jareer Somalis: Unearthing Apartheid in the Horn of Africa

.

London

:

Adonis and Abbey

.

Eno

,

Omar A.

, and

Eno

Mohamed A.

.

2007

. “

The Journey Back to the Ancestral Homeland: The Return of the Somali Bantu (Wazigwa) to Modern Tanzania

.” In

From Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Global Context

, edited by

Kusow

Abdi M.

and

Bjork

Stephanie R.

,

13

–

43

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Red Sea

.

Eno

,

Omar

,

Eno

Mohamed

, and

Lehman

Dan Van

.

2010

. “

Defining the Problem in Somalia: Perspectives from the Southern Minorities

.”

Journal of Somali-Anglo Society

, no.

47

:

19

.

Fadlalla

,

Amal Hassan

.

2009

. “

Contested Borders of (In)humanity: Sudanese Refugees and the Mediation of Suffering and Subaltern Visibilities

.”

Urban Anthropology

38

(

1

):

22

–

41

.

Fassin

,

Didier

.

2005

. “

Compassion and Repression: The Moral Economy of Immigration Policies in France

.”

Cultural Anthropology

20

(

3

):

362

–

87

.

Fassin

,

Didier

.

2007

. “

Humanitarianism as a Politics of Life

.”

Public Culture

19

(

3

):

499

–

520

.

Fassin

,

Didier

.

2013

. “

The Precarious Truth of Asylum

.”

Public Culture

25

(

1

):

39

–

63

.

Fassin

,

Didier

, and

Rechtman

Richard

.

2009

.

Empire of Trauma: An Inquiry into the Condition of Victimhood

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Feldman

,

Ilana

.

2007

. “

Difficult Distinctions: Refugee Law, Humanitarian Practice, and Political Identification in Gaza

.”

Cultural Anthropology

22

(

1

):

129

–

69

.

Feldman

,

Ilana

.

2012

. “

The Humanitarian Condition: Palestinian Refugees and the Politics of Living

.”

Humanity

1

(

1

):

155

–

72

.

Fergusson

,

James

.

2013

.

The World’s Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia

.

Boston

:

Da Capo

.

Finkel

,

David

.

2002

. “

For Chosen Few, First Steps to a New Life: Somali Refugees Delayed by Post-9/11 Security Worries Begin Journey to America

.”

Washington Post

,

August

18

,

a1

.

Finnström

,

Sverker

.

2008

.

Living with Bad Surroundings: War, History, and Everyday Moments in Northern Uganda

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Fiskejö

,

Magnus

.

2012

. “

Outlaws, Barbarians, Slaves: Critical Reflections on Agamben’s Homo Sacer

.”

HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory

2

(

1

):

161

–

80

.

Foley

,

Doug

.

2008

. “

Questioning ‘Cultural’ Explanations of Classroom Behaviors

.” In

Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School

, edited by

Pollock

Mica

,

222

–

25

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Foner

,

Nancy

.

2005

.

In a New Land: A Comparative View of Immigration

.

New York

:

NYU Press

.

Foner

,

Nancy

, and

Fredrickson

George M.

.

2004

. “

Introduction: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States: Social Constructions and Social Relations in Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

.” In

Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

and

Fredrickson

George M.

,

1

–

19

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Foner

,

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Ruben G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

, eds.

2000

.

Immigration Research for a New Century

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Foreign Policy

.

2008

. “

The 2008 Failed States Index

.”

June

23

.

http://www.foreignpolicy.com. Accessed November 19, 2012

.

Foreign Policy

.

2009

. “

The 2009 Failed States Index

.”

June

22

.

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/22/the_2009_failed_states_index

.

Forman

,

Murray

.

2005

. “

Straight Outta Mogadishu: Prescribed Identities and Performative Practices among Somali Youth in North American High Schools

.” In

Youthscapes: The Popular, the National, the Global

, edited by

Maira

Sunaina

and

Soep

Elisabeth

,

3

–

22

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Frelick

,

Bill

.

2007

. “

Paradigm Shifts in the International Responses to Refugees

.” In

Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being

, edited by

White

James D.

and

Marsella

Anthony J.

,

32

–

56

.

Lanham, MD

:

Lexington

.

Gabiam

,

Nell

.

2012

. “

When ‘Humanitarianism’ Becomes ‘Development’: The Politics of International Aid in Syria’s Palestinian Refugee Camps

.”

American Anthropologist

114

(

1

):

95

–

107

.

Garvelink

,

William

, and

Tahir

Farha

.

2011

. “

Somalia Remains the Worst Humanitarian Crisis in the World

.”

Center for Strategic and International Studies

,

December

16

.

http://csis.org/publication/somalia-remains-worst-humanitarian-crisis-world

.

Gatrell

,

Peter

.

2013

.

The Making of the Modern Refugee

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

GCIR (Grantmakers Concerned with Immigrants and Refugees)

.

2006

. “

Immigrant Integration Toolkit

.”

Sebastopol, California

.

https://www.gcir.org/publications/toolkit

.

Gerstle

,

Gary

, and

Mollenkopf

John

, eds.

2001

.

E Pluribus Unum? Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Gibney

,

Matthew J.

2004

.

The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Gilbert

,

Larry

.

2011

.

Written testimony of Mayor Larry Gilbert Sr., Mayor, City of Lewiston, Maine, before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security

,

July

26

.

Gilbert

,

Lauren

.

2009

. “

Citizenship, Civic Virtue, and Immigrant Integration: The Enduring Power of Community-Based Norms

.”

Yale Law and Policy Review

27

:

335

–

97

.

Gilroy

,

Paul

.

2012

. “

‘My Britain Is Fuck All’: Zombie Multiculturalism and the Race Politics of Citizenship

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

380

–

97

.

Glater

,

Jonathan

.

2006

. “

Agreement Is Reached for Students from Somalia

.”

New York Times

,

March

2

.

Goad

,

Meredith

.

2002

. “

Somalis Use Few Benefits: Municipal Officials Say Rumors of Abuse Untrue

.”

Waterville Morning Sentinel

.

Goffe

,

Leslie

.

2004

. “

New Life in US for Somali Bantus

.”

BBC News

,

August

13

.

Gorlick

,

Brian

.

2003

. “

Refugee Protection in Troubled Times: Reflections on Institutional and Legal Developments at the Crossroads

.” In

Problems of Protection: The unhcr, Refugees, and Human Rights

, edited by

Steiner

Niklaus

,

Gibney

Mark

, and

Loescher

Gil

,

79

–

99

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Gourevitch

,

Philip

.

2010

. “

The Alms Dealers: Can You Provide Humanitarian Aid without Facilitating Conflicts?

”

New Yorker

,

October

11

,

102

–

9

.

Grey

,

Mark

.

2000

. “

New Immigrants in Old Iowa

.”

Anthropology News

41

(

8

):

9

.

Gross

,

Jan

.

2001

.

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Haines

,

David

.

2010

.

Safe Haven? A History of Refugees in America

.

Sterling, VA

:

Kumarian

.

Hall

,

Suzanne M.

2013

. “

The Politics of Belonging

.”

Identities

20

(

1

):

46

–

53

.

Hammond

,

Laura

.

2010

. “

Obliged to Give: Remittances and the Maintenance of Transnational Networks between Somalis at Home and Abroad

.”

Bildhaan

9

:

125

–

51

.

Hammond

,

Laura

.

2011

. “

Defying Conventional Wisdom? Diaspora Youth and Participation in Somalia

.”

Horn of Africa Journal

2

.

http://afrikansarvi.fi/issue2/25-artikkeli/56-defying-conventional-wisdom

.

Hammond

,

Laura

,

Awad

Mustafa

,

Dagane

Ali Ibrahim

,

Hansen

Peter

,

Horst

Cindy

,

Menkhaus

Ken

, and

Obare

Lynette

.

2011

. “

Cash and Compassion: The Role of the Somali Diaspora in Relief, Development and Peace-Building

.”

United Nations Development Program

.

http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f61b12d2.pdf

.

Hamzeh

,

Ziad

.

2003

.

The Letter: An American Town and the “Somali Invasion.”

Hamzeh Mystique Films

.

Hardt

,

Michael

.

1999

. “

Affective Labor

.”

boundary 2

26

(

2

):

89

–

99

.

Hardt

,

Michael

, and

Negri

Antonio

.

2009

.

Commonwealth

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Harman

,

Danna

.

2001

. “

US Opens Arms to Bantu Somalis

.”

Christian Science Monitor

94

(

14

):

6

.

Helander

,

Bernhard

.

1996

. “

The Hubeer in the Land of Plenty: Land, Labor, and Vulnerability among a Southern Somali Clan

.” In

The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: The War behind the War

, edited by

Besteman

Catherine

and

Cassanelli

Lee V.

,

47

–

72

.

Boulder, CO

:

Westview

.

Herzfeld

,

Michael

.

1993

.

The Social Production of Indifference: Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Hill

,

Martin

.

2010

.

No Redress: Somalia’s Forgotten Minorities

.

London

:

Minority Rights Group

.

Ho

,

Christine G. T.

, and

Loucky

James

.

2012

.

Humane Migration: Establishing Legitimacy and Rights for Displaced People

.

Sterling, VA

:

Kumarian

.

Holtzman

,

Jon D.

2000

. “

Dialing 911 in Nuer: Gender Transformations and Domestic Violence in a Midwestern Sudanese Refugee Community

.” In

Immigration Research for a New Century

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

,

390

–

408

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Honig

,

Bonnie

.

2001

.

Democracy and the Foreigner

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Horst

,

Cindy

.

2006

.

Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya

.

Oxford

:

Berghahn

.

Hudson

,

Susan

.

2006

.

The Quiet Revolutionaries: How the Grey Nuns Changed the Social Welfare Paradigm of Lewiston, Maine

.

New York

:

Taylor and Francis

.

Huisman

,

Kimberly A.

2011

. “

Why Maine? An Examination of the Secondary Migration Decisions of Somali Refugees

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Huntington

,

Samuel

.

1993

. “

The Clash of Civilizations?

”

Foreign Affairs

72

(

3

):

22

–

49

.

Huntington

,

Samuel

.

2004

.

Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity

.

New York

:

Simon and Schuster

.

Hyndman

,

Jennifer

.

2000

.

Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Inda

,

Jonathan Xavier

.

2006

.

Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology, and Ethics

.

Malden, MA

:

Blackwell

.

Itzigsohn

,

José

.

2009

.

Encountering American Faultlines: Race, Class, and the Dominican Experience in Providence

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Jacklet

,

Ben

.

2004

. “

Refugees Find Freedom Isn’t Free: Life Is Confusing and Expensive for Portland’s Somali Bantus

.”

Portland Tribune

,

August

31

.

Jones

,

Maggie

.

2004

. “

The New Yankees

.”

Mother Jones

,

March–April

.

Jones-Correa

Michael

.

2011

. “

All Immigration Is Local: Receiving Communities and Their Role in Successful Immigrant Integration

.”

Washington, DC

:

Center for American Progress

.

Kaplan

,

Robert

.

1994

. “

The Coming Anarchy

.”

Atlantic

,

February

.

Kapteijns

,

Lidwien

.

2012

.

Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991

.

Philadelphia

:

University of Pennsylvania Press

.

Kapteijns

,

Lidwien

, and

Arman

Abukar

.

2004

. “

Educating Immigrant Youth in the United States: An Exploration of the Somali Case

.”

Bildhaan

4

:

18

–

43

.

Kasinitz

,

Philip

.

2004

. “

Race, Assimilation and ‘Second Generations,’ Past and Present

.” In

Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

and

Fredrickson

George M.

,

278

–

98

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Kelley

,

Robin D. G.

2000

. “

Introduction: A Poetics of Anticolonialism

.” In

Césaire

Aimé

,

Discourse on Colonialism

(

1955

).

New York

:

Monthly Review Press

.

Kennedy

,

David

.

2004

.

The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Khosravi

,

Shahram

.

2010

.

“Illegal” Traveller: An Auto-ethnography of Borders

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

King

,

Desmond

.

2001

. “

Making Americans: Immigration Meets Race

.” In

E Pluribus Unum? Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation

, edited by

Gerstle

Gary

and

Mollenkopf

John

,

143

–

72

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

.

1998

. “

How Providers Make Policy: An Analysis of Everyday Conversation in a Welfare Office

.”

Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology

8

:

119

–

36

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

.

2006

. “

The Dialectic of Insecurity

.”

Insecurities

13

:

173

–

85

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

.

2007

. “

Discursive Constructions of Homelessness in a Small City in the Canadian Prairies: Notes on Destructuration, Individualization, and the Production of (Raced and Gendered) Unmarked Categories

.”

American Ethnologist

34

(

1

):

91

–

107

.

Kingfisher

,

Catherine

, and

Goldsmith

Michael

.

2001

. “

Reforming Women in the United States and Aotearoa/New Zealand: A Comparative Ethnography of Welfare Reform in Global Context

.”

American Anthropologist

103

(

3

):

714

–

32

.

Kleist

,

Nauja

.

2010

. “

Negotiating Respectable Masculinity: Gender and Recognition in the Somali Diaspora

.”

African Diaspora

3

:

185

–

206

.

Lacey

,

Marc

.

2001

. “

Somali Bantu, Trapped in Kenya, Seek a Home

.”

New York Times

,

December

9

,

1a

.

LaFlamme

,

Mark

.

2009

. “

Police Investigate Somali Attacks

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

December

17

.

Levitt

,

Peggy

.

2012

. “

What’s Wrong with Migration Scholarship? A Critique and a Way Forward

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

493

–

500

.

Lewis

,

I. M.

1961

.

A Pastoral Democracy

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Lewis

,

I. M.

1988

.

A Modern History of Somalia

.

Boulder, CO

:

Westview

.

Lewis

,

I. M.

1998

. “

Doing Violence to Ethnography: A Response to Catherine Besteman’s ‘Representing Violence and “Othering” Somalia.’

”

Cultural Anthropology

13

(

1

):

100

–

108

.

Lindkvist

,

Heather

.

2003

. “

Lead Hazard Awareness in Lewiston, ME

.”

Auburn/Lewiston Lead Hazard Control Program

.

http://www.bates.edu/Prebuilt/leadrep.pdf

.

Lindley

,

Anna

.

2010

.

The Early Morning Phone Call: Somali Refugees’ Remittances

.

New York

:

Berghahn

.

Loescher

,

Gil

.

2003

. “

UNHCR at Fifty: Refugee Protection and World Politics

.” In

Problems of Protection: The UNHCR, Refugees, and Human Rights

, edited by

Steiner

Niklaus

,

Gibney

Mark

, and

Loescher

Gil

,

1

–

18

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Loescher

,

Gil

, and

Scanlan

John A.

.

1986

.

Calculated Kindness: Refugees and America’s Half-Open Door, 1945 to the Present

.

New York

:

Free Press

.

Lorch

,

Donatella

.

2002

. “

Following Freedom’s Trail

.”

Newsweek

,

September

2

.

Lovgren

,

Stefan

.

2003

. “

Refugees in the US: One Family’s Story

.”

National Geographic News

,

June

20

.

Luhrmann

,

T. M.

2010

. “

Uneasy Street

.” In

The Insecure American: How We Got Here and What We Should Do about It

, edited by

Gusterson

Hugh

and

Besteman

Catherine

,

207

–

23

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Macdonald

,

Robert E.

2012a

. “

Enough Is Enough: Extremist Liberals Widen the Divide with Somalis

.”

Twin City Times

,

September

6

.

Macdonald

,

Robert E.

2012b

. “

Enough Is Enough: lhs Graduation Marred by Teens’ Rude Behavior

.”

Twin City Times

,

June

9

.

Makepeace

,

Anne

.

2006

.

Rain in a Dry Land

.

Makepeace Productions. Distributed by Bullfrog Films

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1992

. “

National Geographic: The Rooting of People and the Territorialization of National Identity among Scholars and Refugees

.”

Cultural Anthropology

7

(

21

):

24

–

44

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1995a

.

Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1995b

. “

Refugees and Exile: From ‘Refugee Studies’ to the National Order of Things

.”

Annual Review of Anthropology

24

:

495

–

523

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

1996

. “

Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization

.”

Cultural Anthropology

11

(

3

):

377

–

404

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

2002

. “

News from Nowhere: Mass Displacement and Globalized ‘Problems’ of Organization

.”

Ethnography

3

(

3

):

351

–

60

.

Malkki

,

Liisa

.

2007

. “

Commentary: The Politics of Trauma and Asylum: Universals and Their Effects

.”

Ethos

35

(

3

):

336

–

43

.

Malone

,

Richard J.

2010

. “

Bishop Malone Objects to TCT Editorials

.”

Twin City Times

,

April

8

.

Mamgain

,

Vaishali

, and

Collins

Karen

.

2003

. “

Off the Boat, Now Off to Work: Refugees in the Labour Market in Portland, Maine

.”

Journal of Refugee Studies

16

(

2

):

113

–

46

.

Manning

,

Rob

.

2004

. “

Somali Bantus Find a Home in Oregon

.”

Oregon Public Broadcasting

,

June

23

.

Manz

,

Beatriz

.

2004

.

Paradise in Ashes: A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

2011

. “

Provincializing France?

”

Public Culture

23

(

1

):

85

–

119

.

McCabe

,

Carolyn

.

2010

. “

Bridging the Gap? An Exploratory Study of the Role of Ethnic Community-Based Organizations in Refugee Integration in the United States

.”

Institute for Social and Economic Development Applied Innovations Working Paper

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

1989

. “

Rural Transformation and the Roots of Underdevelopment in Somalia’s Lower Jubba Valley

.”

PhD diss.

,

University of South Carolina

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

1992

.

Report on an Emergency Needs Assessment of the Lower Jubba Region (Kismaayo, Jamaame, and Jilib Districts), Somalia

.

Seattle

:

World Concern

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

2008

. “

Somalia: A Country in Peril, a Policy Nightmare

.”

Enough

,

September

3

.

http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/somalia-country-peril-policy-nightmare

.

Menkhaus

,

Kenneth

.

2010

. “

The Question of Ethnicity in Somali Studies: The Case of Somali Bantu Identity

.” In

Milk and Peace, Drought and War: Somali Culture, Society and Politics

, edited by

Hoehne

Markus V.

and

Luling

Virginia

,

87

–

104

.

London

:

Hurst

.

Meyer

,

Judith

.

2010

. “

Advice for America

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

February

7

.

Moore

,

Henrietta

.

2004

. “

Global Anxieties: Concept-Metaphors and Pre-theoretical Commitments in Anthropology

.”

Anthropological Theory

4

(

1

):

71

–

88

.

Muehlenbach

,

Andrea

.

2011

. “

Affective Labor in Post-Fordist Italy

.”

Cultural Anthropology

26

(

1

):

59

–

82

.

Muehlenbach

,

Andrea

.

2013a

. “

The Catholicization of Neoliberalism: On Love and Welfare in Lombardy, Italy

.”

American Anthropologist

115

(

3

):

452

–

65

.

Muehlenbach

,

Andrea

.

2013b

. “

On Precariousness and the Ethical Imagination: The Year 2012 in Sociocultural Anthropology

.”

American Anthropologist

115

(

2

):

295

–

311

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2005

. “

The Somalis of Lewiston: Effects of Rapid Immigration to a Homogenous Maine City

.”

Southern Maine Review

,

April

,

104

–

46

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2007

.

City of Lewiston Report to Maine’s Congressional Delegation: Federal Funding Deficiencies for Refugee and Secondary Migrant Services and Programming

.

October

17

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2008

. “

The Flawed U.S. Refugee Workforce Development Strategy for Somali Economic Self Sufficiency in Lewiston

.”

Paper presented at Race, Ethnicity and Place Conference IV

,

Miami, Florida

.

Nadeau

,

Phil

.

2011

. “

A Work in Progress: Lewiston Responds to the Rapid Migration of Somali Refugees

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

,

53

–

72

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Noguera

,

Pedro

.

2008

. “

What Discipline Is For: Connecting Students to the Benefits of Learning

.” In

Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School

, edited by

Pollock

Mica

,

132

–

37

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Nyamnjoh

,

Francis B.

2006

.

Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa

.

Dakar

:

codesria

.

Nyers

,

Peter

.

2006

.

Rethinking Refugees: Beyond States of Emergency

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Oka

,

Rahul Chandrashekhar

.

2014

. “

Coping with the Refugee Wait: The Role of Consumption, Normalcy, and Dignity in Refugee Lives at Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya

.”

American Anthropologist

116

(

1

):

23

–

37

.

Ong

,

Aihwa

.

1996

. “

Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making: Immigrants Negotiate Racial and Cultural Boundaries in the United States

.”

Current Anthropology

37

(

5

):

737

–

62

.

Ong

,

Aihwa

.

2003

.

Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Ordoñez

,

J. Thomas

.

2008

. “

The State of Confusion: Reflections on Central American Asylum Seekers in the Bay Area

.”

Ethnography

9

(

1

):

35

–

60

.

Papasterdiadis

,

Nikos

.

2012

. “

Seeing through Multicultural Perspectives

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

398

–

410

.

Pina-Cabral

,

João de

.

2013

. “

The Two Faces of Mutuality: Contemporary Themes in Anthropology

.”

Anthropological Quarterly

86

(

1

):

257

–

76

.

Pollock

,

Mica

.

2004

.

Colormute: Race Talk Dilemmas in an American School

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Pollock

,

Mica

, ed.

2008

.

Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Portes

,

Alejandro

, and

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

.

1996

.

Immigrant America: A Portrait

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Portes

,

Alejandro

, and

Zhou

Min

.

1993

. “

The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants

.”

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

530

(

1

):

74

–

96

.

Povinelli

,

Elizabeth

.

2009

. “

Beyond Good and Evil: Whither Liberal Sacrificial Love?

”

Public Culture

21

(

1

):

77

–

100

.

Povinelli

,

Elizabeth

.

2011

.

Economies of Abandonment

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Rabben

,

Linda

.

2011

.

Give Refuge to the Stranger: The Past, Present, and Future of Sanctuary

.

Walnut Creek, CA

:

Left Coast

.

Rawson

,

David

.

1994

. “

Dealing with Disintegration: U.S. Assistance and the Somali State

.” In

The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal?

, edited by

Samatar

Ahmed I.

,

147

–

87

.

Boulder, CO

:

Lynne Reinner

.

Rector

,

Amanda K.

2008

. “

An Analysis of the Employment Patterns of Somali Immigrants to Lewiston from 2001 through 2006

.”

Center for Workforce Research and Information, Maine

Department of Labor, Maine State Planning Office

.

Refugees International

.

2011

. “

Somalia

.”

http://refugeesinternational.org/where-we-work/africa/somalia

.

Richards

,

Paul

.

1996

.

Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone

.

Oxford

:

Heinemann

.

Ricouer

,

Paul

.

2010

. “

Being a Stranger

.” Translated by

Scott-Baumann

Alison

.

Theory, Culture and Society

27

(

5

):

37

–

48

.

Robins

,

Steven

.

2009

. “

Humanitarian Aid beyond ‘Bare Survival’: Social Movement Responses to Xenophobic Violence in South Africa

.”

American Ethnologist

36

(

4

):

637

–

50

.

Roy

,

Laura A.

, and

Kevin

C. Roxas

2011

. “

Whose Deficit Is This Anyhow? Exploring Counter-Stories of Somali Bantu Refugees’ Experiences in ‘Doing School.’

”

Harvard Educational Review

81

(

3

):

521

–

41

.

Rozakou

,

Katerina

.

2012

. “

The Biopolitics of Hospitality in Greece: Humanitarianism and the Management of Refugees

.”

American Ethnologist

39

(

3

):

562

–

77

.

Sahlins

,

Marshall

.

2011a

. “

What Kinship Is (Part One)

.”

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

17

:

2

–

19

.

Sahlins

,

Marshall

.

2011b

. “

What Kinship Is (Part Two)

.”

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

17

:

227

–

42

.

Salazar

,

Noel B.

, and

Smart

Alan

.

2011

. “

Anthropological Takes on ‘(Im)Mobility.’

”

Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power

18

(

6

):

i

–

ix

.

Samatar

,

Ahmed I.

2004

. “

Beginning Again: From Refugee to Citizen

.”

Bildhaan

4

:

1

–

17

.

Sanchez

,

George J.

2000

. “

Race and Immigration History

.” In

Immigration Research for a New Century

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

,

54

–

59

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Sanders

,

Edmund

, and

Zucchino

David

.

2006

. “

Left Behind as His Family Flees: Bantu Refugees Heading to US Often Split Up

.”

Los Angeles Times

,

January

15

.

Sassen

,

Saskia

.

1999

.

Guests and Aliens

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Schiller

,

Nina Glick

.

2012

. “

Situating Identities: Towards an Identities Studies without Binaries of Difference

.”

Identities

19

(

4

):

520

–

32

.

Schrag

,

Peter

.

2011

.

Not Fit for Our Society: Immigration and Nativism in America

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Scott

,

James

.

1999

.

Seeing Like a State

.

New Haven, CT

:

Yale University Press

.

Seele

,

Peter

.

2009

. “

Report: Employers Should Relax Standards to Hire Somalis

.”

Twin City Times

,

January

22

.

Seele

,

Peter

.

2010

. “

L-A Needs Gentrification, Not Ghetto-fication

.”

Twin City Times

,

March

18

.

Sheikh

,

Hassan

, and

Healy

Sally

.

2009

. “

Somalia’s Missing Million: The Somali Diaspora and Its Role in Development

.”

New York

:

United Nations Development Programme

.

Shemak

,

April

.

2010

.

Asylum Speakers: Caribbean Refugees and Testimonial Discourse

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Shepard

,

Raynel M.

2008

.

Cultural Adaptation of Somali Refugee Youth

.

New York

:

LFB Scholarly Publishing

.

Smydo

,

Joe

.

2006

. “

City Schools Settle Complaint Filed for Somali Refugees

.”

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

,

May

23

.

Suárez-Orozco

,

Carola

,

Bang

,

Hee Jin

O’Connor

,

Erin

Gaytán

X. Francisco

,

Pakes

Juliana

, and

Rhodes

Jean

.

2010

. “

Academic Trajectories of Newcomer Immigrant Youth

.”

Developmental Psychology

46

(

3

):

602

–

18

.

Swarns

,

Rachel L.

2003a

. “

Africa’s Lost Tribe Discovers American Way

.”

New York Times

,

March

10

.

Swarns

,

Rachel L.

2003b

. “

U.S. a Place of Miracles for Somali Refugees

.”

New York Times

,

July

20

,

1.1

.

Taylor

,

Scott

.

2011

. “

Lewiston Mayoral Candidates Want More Development

.”

Lewiston Sun Journal

,

October

6

.

Terry

,

Fiona

.

2002

.

Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action

.

Ithaca, NY

:

Cornell University Press

.

Thomas

,

Deborah A.

2009

. “

The Violence of Diaspora: Governmentality, Class Culture, and Circulations

.”

Radical History Review

103

:

83

–

104

.

Ticktin

,

Miriam

.

2006

. “

Where Ethics and Politics Meet: The Violence of Humanitarianism in France

.”

American Ethnologist

33

(

1

):

33

–

49

.

Toner

,

Carol Nordstrom

, and

Hough

Mazie

.

2011

. “

L.L. Bean, Community Gardens, and Biil: Somalis Working in Maine

.” In

Somalis in Maine: Crossing Cultural Currents

, edited by

Huisman

Kimberly A.

,

Langellier

Kristin M.

,

Hough

Mazie

, and

Toner

Carol Nordstrom

,

169

–

89

.

Berkeley, CA

:

North Atlantic

.

Torpey

,

John

.

2000

.

The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Turner

,

Simon

.

2004

. “

Under the Gaze of the ‘Big Nations’: Refugees, Rumours and the International Community in Tanzania

.”

African Affairs

103

:

227

–

47

.

Turner

,

Simon

.

2010

.

Politics of Innocence: Hutu Identity, Conflict, and Camp Life

.

Oxford

:

Berghahn

.

Twin City Times

.

2011

. “

Macdonald to Run for Mayor of Lewiston

.”

September

15

.

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)

.

2002

. “

America Here We Come

.”

Refugees

3

(

128

).

http://www.unhcr.org/3d9ac1502.html

.

UNHCR

.

2012

. “

Global Trends Report: 800,000 New Refugees in 2011, Highest This Century

.”

June

18

.

.

U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants

.

2009

. “

World Refugee Survey: 2009

.”

http://www.refugees.org/resources/uscri_reports/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-world-refugee-survey.html

.

U.S. Department of State

.

n.d.

Office of Refugee Resettlement Report from the 2003 National Consultation Somali Bantu Planning Workshop

.

U.S. Department of State

.

1999

.

Unclassified State 239014 cable from PRM on Designation of Somali Bantu Refugee Group in Kenya for Resettlement Processing, sent from Secretary of State in Washington, DC, to all African diplomatic posts

.

December

19

.

U.S. Department of State

.

2004

. “

Annex to Chapter 1, Resettlement of the Somali Bantu: A Case Study of Processing Complexity and Unforeseen Delays

.” In

The United States Refugee Admissions Program: Reforms for a New Era of Refugee Resettlement

.

April

20

.

Washington, DC

:

U.S. Department of State

.

http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/prm/refadm/rls/rpts/36057.htm

.

U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

.

2010

. “

Abandoned upon Arrival: Implications for Refugees and Local Communities Burdened by a U.S. Resettlement System That Is Not Working

.”

July

21

.

Washington, DC

:

U.S. Government Printing Office

.

U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing

.

2004

. “

Global Refugee Problem

.”

Testimony by Mr. Charles Kuck, Managing Partner, Weathersby, Howard and Kuck, LLC

.

September

21

.

U.S Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing Immigration Subcommittee

.

2002

.

Testimony by Gene Dewey, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Refugees, Population, and Migration, Leonard Glickman, President of Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, and Bill Frelick, Director of Policy, U.S. Committee on Refugees

.

February

12

.

Van Lehman

,

Daniel James

.

1999

. “

Expanding Protection for Marginalized Refugee Minorities: Resettling Somali Mushungulis to Southeast Africa

.”

Master’s thesis

,

Cornell University

.

Van Lehman

,

Daniel

, and

Eno

Omar

.

2002

. “

The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture

.”

Washington, DC

:

Center for Applied Linguistics

.

http://www.hartfordinfo.org/issues/wsd/immigrants/somali_bantu.pdf

.

Van Lehman

,

Dan

, and

Eno

Omar

.

2003

. “

Objectives, Itinerary and Outcomes of the Mission to Kakuma

.”

March

14

.

Unpublished report

.

Vaznis

,

James

.

2009

. “

US Inspects Boston’s Language Instruction: Schools Neglected English Learners

.”

Boston Globe

,

August

26

.

Verdirame

,

Guglielmo

, and

Harrell-Bond

Barbara

.

2005

.

Rights in Exile: Janus-Faced Humanitarianism

.

New York

:

Berghahn

.

Vertovec

,

Steven

.

2011

. “

The Cultural Politics of Nation and Migration

.”

Annual Review of Anthropology

40

:

241

–

56

.

Wagner

,

Angie

.

2003

. “

The New Land: A Somali Bantu Clan Readjusts in America

.”

Seattle Times

,

August

10

,

A3

.

Waters

,

Mary

.

1994

. “

Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City

.”

International Migration Review

28

(

4

):

795

–

820

.

Waters

,

Mary

.

2000

. “

The Sociological Roots and Multidisciplinary Future of Immigration Research

.” In

Immigration Research for a New Century

, edited by

Foner

Nancy

,

Rumbaut

Rubén G.

, and

Gold

Steven J.

,

44

–

48

.

New York

:

Russell Sage Foundation

.

Weston

,

Kath

.

2005

. “

Class Politics and Scavenger Anthropology in Dinesh D’Souza’s Virtue of Prosperity

.” In

Why America’s Top Pundits Are Wrong: Anthropologists Talk Back

, edited by

Besteman

Catherine

and

Gusterson

Hugh

,

154

–

179

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

White

,

James D.

, and

Marsella

J. Anthony

.

2007

.

Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being

.

Lanham, MD

:

Lexington

.

Wimmer

,

Andreas

, and

Schiller

Nina Glick

.

2002

. “

Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-State Building, Migration and the Social Sciences

.”

Global Networks

2

(

4

):

301

–

34

.

Zhou

,

Min

.

1997

. “

Growing Up American: The Challenge of Confronting Immigrant Children and Children of Immigrants

.”

Annual Review of Sociology

23

:

63

–

95

.