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References

Ascher
,
Marcia
, and
Ascher
Robert
.
1981
.
Code of the Quipu: A Study of Media, Mathematics, and Culture
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
Aveni
,
Anthony
.
1986
.
Non-Western Notational Frameworks and the Role of Anthropology in Our Understanding of Literacy
. In
Wrolstad and Fisher
1986
,
252
280
.
Barthes
,
Roland
.
1967
.
Elements of Semiology.
Trans.
Lavers
A.
and
Smith
C.
.
London
:
Jonathan Cape
.
Berlo
,
Janet Catherine
, ed.
1983
.
Text and Image in Pre-Columbian Art
.
BAR International Series 180
.
Oxford
.
Berlo
,
Janet Catherine
, ed.
1989
.
Early Writing in Central Mexico: In Tlilli, In Tlapalli before A.D. 1000
. In
Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, A.D.
700
900
, ed.
Diehl
Richard A.
and
Catherine Berlo
Janet
,
19
47
.
Washington
:
Dumbarton Oaks
.
Bloomfield
,
Leonard
.
1933
.
Language
.
New York
:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston
.
Cajori
,
Florian
.
1974
.
History of Mathematical Notations
.
La Salle
:
Open Court
.
Camille
,
Michael
.
1985
.
Seeing and Reading: Some Visual Implications of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy
.
Art History
8
, no.
1
:
26
49
.
Clanchy
,
M. T.
1979
.
From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066–1307.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
:
Harvard University Press
.
Coe
,
Michael D.
1992
.
Breaking the Maya Code
.
New York
:
Thames and Hudson
.
Connerton
,
Paul
.
1989
.
How Societies Remember
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Darwin
,
Charles
.
1859
.
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
.
London
:
Watts
.
DeFrancis
,
John
.
1989
.
Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems
.
Honolulu
:
University of Hawaii Press
.
Derrida
,
Jacques
.
1976
.
Of Grammatology
. Trans.
Chakravorty Spivak
Gayatri
.
Baltimore
:
The Johns Hopkins University Press
.
Derrida
,
Jacques
.
1978
.
Writing and Difference
. Trans.
Bass
A.
.
London
:
Routledge and Kegan Paul
.
Dibble
,
Charles E.
1971
.
Writing in Central Mexico
. In vol.
10
of
Handbook of Middle American Indians
, ed.
Wauchope
Robert
,
Ekholm
Gordon
, and
Bernal
Ignacio
,
322
332
.
Austin
:
University of Texas Press
.
Diringer
,
David
.
1962
.
Writing
.
London
:
Thames and Hudson
.
Drake
,
Stillman
.
1986
.
Literacy and Scientific Notations
. In
Wrolstad and Fisher
1986
,
135
155
.
Errington
,
Shelly
.
1993
.
Progressivist Stories and the Pre-Columbian Past: Notes on Mexico and the United States
. In
Collecting the Pre-Columbian Past
, ed.
Hill Boone
Elizabeth
,
209
249
.
Washington
:
Dumbarton Oaks
.
Florescano
,
Enrique
.
1993
.
The Creation of the Museo Nacional de Antropología of Mexico and its Scientific, Educational, and Political Purposes
. In
Collecting the Pre-Columbian Past
, ed.
Hill Boone
Elizabeth
,
81
103
.
Washington
:
Dumbarton Oaks
.
Friedrich
,
Johannes
.
1957
.
Extinct Languages
.
New York
:
The Philosophical Library
.
Gelb
,
I. J.
1963
.
A Study of Writing
. 2d ed.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Goody
,
Jack
.
1982
.
Alternative Paths in Knowledge in Oral and Literate Cultures
. In
Tannen
1982
,
201
215
.
Goody
,
Jack
.
1986
.
The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society
.
Cambridge, England
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Goody
,
Jack
.
1987
.
The Interface between the Written and the Oral
.
Cambridge, England
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Halverson
,
John
.
1992
.
Goody and the Implosion of the Literacy Thesis. Man
, n.s.
27
, no.
2
:
301
317
.
Handler
,
Richard
.
1985
.
On Having a Culture: Nationalism and the Preservation of Quebec’s Patrimoine
. In
Objects and Others: Essays on Museums and Material Culture
, ed.
Stocking
George W.
Jr.
,
192
217
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Harbsmeier
,
Michael
.
1988
.
Inventions of Writing
. In
State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization
, ed.
Gledhill
John
and
Bender
Barbara
,
253
276
.
London
:
Unwin Hyman
.
Hill
,
Archibald A.
1967
.
The Typology of Writing Systems
. In
Papers in Linguistics in Honor of Leon Dostert
, ed.
Austin
William M.
,
92
99
.
The Hague
:
Mouton
.
Larsen
,
Mogens Trolle
.
1988
.
The Role of Writing and Literacy in the Development of Social and Political Power
. In
State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization
, ed.
Gledhill
John
and
Bender
Barbara
,
173
191
.
London
:
Unwin Hyman
.
Locke
,
L. Leland
.
1923
.
The Ancient Quipu or Peruvian Knot Record
.
New York
:
American Museum of Natural History
.
Lounsbury
,
Floyd
.
1989
.
The Ancient Writing of Middle America
. In
The Origins of Writing
, ed.
Senner
Wayne M.
.
Lincoln
:
University of Nebraska Press
.
Marcus
,
Joyce
.
1992
.
Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations
.
Princeton
:
Princeton University Press
.
Mignolo
,
Walter
.
1989
.
Literacy and Colonization: The New World Experience
. In
1492/1992: Re/discovering Colonial Writing
, ed.
Jara
René
and
Spadaccini
Nicholas
,
51
96
. Hispanic Issues
4
.
Minneapolis
:
Prisma Institute
.
Molina
,
Alonso de
.
1970
.
Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana
. Ed.
León-Portilla
Miguel
.
Mexico
:
Porrua
.
Morgan
,
Lewis Henry
.
1877
.
Ancient Society: Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery, through Barbarism to Civlization
.
New York
:
H. Holt
.
Ong
,
Walter J.
1967
.
The Presence of the Word
.
New Haven
:
Yale University Press
.
Ong
,
Walter J.
1982
.
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
.
London
:
Methuen
.
Owen
,
Charles L.
1986
.
Technology, Literacy, and Graphic Systems
. In
Wrolstad
and
Fisher
1986
:
156
187
.
Ricoeur
,
Paul
.
1981
.
Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences
. Ed. and trans.
Thompson
J.
.
Cambridge, England
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Sampson
,
Geoffrey
.
1985
.
Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction
.
Stanford
:
Stanford University Press
.
Denise
Schmandt-Besserat
.,
1978
.
The Earliest Precursors of Writing
.
Scientific American
238
:
50
59
.
Denise
.
Schmandt-Besserat
,
1982
.
How Writing Came About
.
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 47:
1
5
.
Smith
,
Mary Elizabeth
.
1973
.
Picture Writing from Ancient Southern Mexico: Mixtec Place Signs and Maps
.
Norman
:
University of Oklahoma Press
.
Tannen
,
Deborah
, ed.
1982
.
Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy
.
New Jersey
:
Ablex
.
Taylor
,
Isaac
.
1899
.
The History of the Alphabet
.
2
vols.
New York
:
Schribner’s
.
Tedlock
,
Dennis
.
1982
.
The Spoken Word and the Work of Interpretation
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
Tufte
,
Edward R.
1990
.
Envisioning Information
.
Cheshire, Connecticut
:
Graphics Press
.
Twyman
,
Michael
.
1986
.
Articulating Graphic Language: A Historical Perspective
. In
Wrolstad
and
Fisher
1986
,
188
251
.
Wrolstad
,
Merald E.
, and
Fisher
Dennis F.
, eds.
1986
.
Toward a New Understanding of Literacy
.
New York
:
Praeger
.
Yates
,
Timothy
.
1990
.
Jacques Derrida: “There is nothing outside of the text.”
In
Reading Material Cultures: Structuralism, Hermeneutics, and Post-Structuralism
, ed. Christopher Tilley,
206
280
.
Oxford
:
Basil Blackwell
.

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References

References

Ascher
,
Marcia
, and
Ascher
Robert
.
1981
.
Code of the Quipu: A Study of Media, Mathematics, and Culture
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
Aveni
,
Anthony
.
1986
.
Non-Western Notational Frameworks and the Role of Anthropology in Our Understanding of Literacy
. In
Wrolstad and Fisher
1986
,
252
280
.
Barthes
,
Roland
.
1967
.
Elements of Semiology.
Trans.
Lavers
A.
and
Smith
C.
.
London
:
Jonathan Cape
.
Berlo
,
Janet Catherine
, ed.
1983
.
Text and Image in Pre-Columbian Art
.
BAR International Series 180
.
Oxford
.
Berlo
,
Janet Catherine
, ed.
1989
.
Early Writing in Central Mexico: In Tlilli, In Tlapalli before A.D. 1000
. In
Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, A.D.
700
900
, ed.
Diehl
Richard A.
and
Catherine Berlo
Janet
,
19
47
.
Washington
:
Dumbarton Oaks
.
Bloomfield
,
Leonard
.
1933
.
Language
.
New York
:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston
.
Cajori
,
Florian
.
1974
.
History of Mathematical Notations
.
La Salle
:
Open Court
.
Camille
,
Michael
.
1985
.
Seeing and Reading: Some Visual Implications of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy
.
Art History
8
, no.
1
:
26
49
.
Clanchy
,
M. T.
1979
.
From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066–1307.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
:
Harvard University Press
.
Coe
,
Michael D.
1992
.
Breaking the Maya Code
.
New York
:
Thames and Hudson
.
Connerton
,
Paul
.
1989
.
How Societies Remember
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Darwin
,
Charles
.
1859
.
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
.
London
:
Watts
.
DeFrancis
,
John
.
1989
.
Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems
.
Honolulu
:
University of Hawaii Press
.
Derrida
,
Jacques
.
1976
.
Of Grammatology
. Trans.
Chakravorty Spivak
Gayatri
.
Baltimore
:
The Johns Hopkins University Press
.
Derrida
,
Jacques
.
1978
.
Writing and Difference
. Trans.
Bass
A.
.
London
:
Routledge and Kegan Paul
.
Dibble
,
Charles E.
1971
.
Writing in Central Mexico
. In vol.
10
of
Handbook of Middle American Indians
, ed.
Wauchope
Robert
,
Ekholm
Gordon
, and
Bernal
Ignacio
,
322
332
.
Austin
:
University of Texas Press
.
Diringer
,
David
.
1962
.
Writing
.
London
:
Thames and Hudson
.
Drake
,
Stillman
.
1986
.
Literacy and Scientific Notations
. In
Wrolstad and Fisher
1986
,
135
155
.
Errington
,
Shelly
.
1993
.
Progressivist Stories and the Pre-Columbian Past: Notes on Mexico and the United States
. In
Collecting the Pre-Columbian Past
, ed.
Hill Boone
Elizabeth
,
209
249
.
Washington
:
Dumbarton Oaks
.
Florescano
,
Enrique
.
1993
.
The Creation of the Museo Nacional de Antropología of Mexico and its Scientific, Educational, and Political Purposes
. In
Collecting the Pre-Columbian Past
, ed.
Hill Boone
Elizabeth
,
81
103
.
Washington
:
Dumbarton Oaks
.
Friedrich
,
Johannes
.
1957
.
Extinct Languages
.
New York
:
The Philosophical Library
.
Gelb
,
I. J.
1963
.
A Study of Writing
. 2d ed.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Goody
,
Jack
.
1982
.
Alternative Paths in Knowledge in Oral and Literate Cultures
. In
Tannen
1982
,
201
215
.
Goody
,
Jack
.
1986
.
The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society
.
Cambridge, England
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Goody
,
Jack
.
1987
.
The Interface between the Written and the Oral
.
Cambridge, England
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Halverson
,
John
.
1992
.
Goody and the Implosion of the Literacy Thesis. Man
, n.s.
27
, no.
2
:
301
317
.
Handler
,
Richard
.
1985
.
On Having a Culture: Nationalism and the Preservation of Quebec’s Patrimoine
. In
Objects and Others: Essays on Museums and Material Culture
, ed.
Stocking
George W.
Jr.
,
192
217
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Harbsmeier
,
Michael
.
1988
.
Inventions of Writing
. In
State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization
, ed.
Gledhill
John
and
Bender
Barbara
,
253
276
.
London
:
Unwin Hyman
.
Hill
,
Archibald A.
1967
.
The Typology of Writing Systems
. In
Papers in Linguistics in Honor of Leon Dostert
, ed.
Austin
William M.
,
92
99
.
The Hague
:
Mouton
.
Larsen
,
Mogens Trolle
.
1988
.
The Role of Writing and Literacy in the Development of Social and Political Power
. In
State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization
, ed.
Gledhill
John
and
Bender
Barbara
,
173
191
.
London
:
Unwin Hyman
.
Locke
,
L. Leland
.
1923
.
The Ancient Quipu or Peruvian Knot Record
.
New York
:
American Museum of Natural History
.
Lounsbury
,
Floyd
.
1989
.
The Ancient Writing of Middle America
. In
The Origins of Writing
, ed.
Senner
Wayne M.
.
Lincoln
:
University of Nebraska Press
.
Marcus
,
Joyce
.
1992
.
Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations
.
Princeton
:
Princeton University Press
.
Mignolo
,
Walter
.
1989
.
Literacy and Colonization: The New World Experience
. In
1492/1992: Re/discovering Colonial Writing
, ed.
Jara
René
and
Spadaccini
Nicholas
,
51
96
. Hispanic Issues
4
.
Minneapolis
:
Prisma Institute
.
Molina
,
Alonso de
.
1970
.
Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana
. Ed.
León-Portilla
Miguel
.
Mexico
:
Porrua
.
Morgan
,
Lewis Henry
.
1877
.
Ancient Society: Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery, through Barbarism to Civlization
.
New York
:
H. Holt
.
Ong
,
Walter J.
1967
.
The Presence of the Word
.
New Haven
:
Yale University Press
.
Ong
,
Walter J.
1982
.
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
.
London
:
Methuen
.
Owen
,
Charles L.
1986
.
Technology, Literacy, and Graphic Systems
. In
Wrolstad
and
Fisher
1986
:
156
187
.
Ricoeur
,
Paul
.
1981
.
Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences
. Ed. and trans.
Thompson
J.
.
Cambridge, England
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Sampson
,
Geoffrey
.
1985
.
Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction
.
Stanford
:
Stanford University Press
.
Denise
Schmandt-Besserat
.,
1978
.
The Earliest Precursors of Writing
.
Scientific American
238
:
50
59
.
Denise
.
Schmandt-Besserat
,
1982
.
How Writing Came About
.
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 47:
1
5
.
Smith
,
Mary Elizabeth
.
1973
.
Picture Writing from Ancient Southern Mexico: Mixtec Place Signs and Maps
.
Norman
:
University of Oklahoma Press
.
Tannen
,
Deborah
, ed.
1982
.
Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy
.
New Jersey
:
Ablex
.
Taylor
,
Isaac
.
1899
.
The History of the Alphabet
.
2
vols.
New York
:
Schribner’s
.
Tedlock
,
Dennis
.
1982
.
The Spoken Word and the Work of Interpretation
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
Tufte
,
Edward R.
1990
.
Envisioning Information
.
Cheshire, Connecticut
:
Graphics Press
.
Twyman
,
Michael
.
1986
.
Articulating Graphic Language: A Historical Perspective
. In
Wrolstad
and
Fisher
1986
,
188
251
.
Wrolstad
,
Merald E.
, and
Fisher
Dennis F.
, eds.
1986
.
Toward a New Understanding of Literacy
.
New York
:
Praeger
.
Yates
,
Timothy
.
1990
.
Jacques Derrida: “There is nothing outside of the text.”
In
Reading Material Cultures: Structuralism, Hermeneutics, and Post-Structuralism
, ed. Christopher Tilley,
206
280
.
Oxford
:
Basil Blackwell
.
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