Skip to Main Content

Skip Nav Destination

This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License, available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Chapter 3 presents and analyzes the acoustic worlds of the Ga religious community and Pentecostal/Charismatic Christians in Accra. Drawing on ethnographic material and secondary sources, it discusses the practices and theologies associated with sound and its absence in those two traditions. Particular attention is given to the role of quiet in Ga ritual practice and the positive valuation of noise making in Pentecostal/Charismatic worship. The chapter suggests that, despite the sonic transgressions of Christians, the apprehension of sound in the two communities is in fact comparable. The sonic religious practices of both groups also signal attempts to sacralize space and to enter into a relationship with nonhuman actors. In both cases, sound can be an agent of spiritual contamination or elevation, a force for communal well-being or distress.

sonic theology, noise making, deities, loud worship, ritual silence

This content is only available as PDF.

References

Abbey

,

E. T. A.

1967

.

Kɛji afo Yordan: Gbele kɛ Yarafeemɔ

.

Accra

:

Bureau of Ghana Languages

.

Abosti

,

E. Kofi

.

2020

. “

Customary Law and the Rule of Law: Evolving Tensions and Re-Engineering

.”

Arizona Journal of International Law and Comparative Law

37

(

2

):

136

–

68

.

Adogame

,

Afe

, ed.

2011

.

Who Is Afraid of the Holy Ghost? Pentecostalism and Globalization in Africa and Beyond

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Africa World Press

.

Adrover

,

Lauren

.

2013

. “

Branding Festive Bodies: Corporate Logos and Chiefly Image T-Shirts in Ghana

.” In

African Dress: Fashion, Agency, Performance

, edited by

Karen Tranberg

Hansen

and

D. Soyini

Madison

,

45

–

60

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Adrover

,

Lauren

.

2018

. “

The Currency of Chieftaincy: Corporate Branding and the Commodification of Political Authority in Ghana

.” In

The Politics of Custom: Chiefship, Capital, and the State in Contemporary Africa

, edited by

Jean

Comaroff

and

John

Comaroff

,

231

–

47

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Agawu

,

Kofi

.

2006

. “

Tonality as a Colonizing Force in Africa

.” In

Audible Empire: Music, Global Politics, Critique

, edited by

Ronald

Radano

and

Tejumola

Olaniya

,

334

–

57

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Ahumah

,

R. S. Attoh

.

1911

.

The Gold Coast and National Consciousness

.

Liverpool

:

D. Marples

.

Akrong

,

Abraham

.

2007

. “

Pre-Monarchical Political Leadership among the Gas, with Special Reference to the People of La

.”

Research Review of the Institute of African Studies

21

(

12

):

137

–

47

.

Albanese

,

Catherine

.

1999

.

America: Religion and Religions

.

Belmont, CA

:

Wadsworth

.

Amanor

,

Kwabena J. Darkwa

.

2009

. “

Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches in Ghana and the African Culture: Confrontation or Compromise?

”

Journal of Pentecostal Theology

18

:

123

–

40

.

Amartey

,

A. A.

1991

.

Omanye Aba

.

Accra

:

Bureau of Ghana Languages

.

Ambani

,

J. Osogo

.

2021

.

Africa and the Decolonization of State-Religion Policies

.

Leiden

:

Brill

.

Ambani

,

J. Osogo

, and

Ochieng

Ahaya

.

2015

. “

The Wretched African Traditionalists in Kenya: The Challenges and Prospect of Customary Law in the New Constitutional Era

.”

Strathmore Law Journal

1

:

41

–

58

.

Ammah

,

E. A.

2016

.

Kings, Priests & Kinsmen: Essays on Ga Culture and Society

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Amoah

,

Michael

.

2007

.

Reconstructing the Nation in Africa: The Politics of Nationalism in Ghana

.

London

:

Tauris Academic Studies

.

Anderson

,

Allan

.

2004

.

An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Anquandah

,

James

.

2006

. “

The Accra Plains c. AD 1400–1800: An Overview of Trade, Politics and Culture from the Perspective of Historical Archaeology

.”

Institute of African Studies Research Review

17

:

1

–

20

.

Archer

,

Melissa L.

2012

. “

The Worship Scenes in the Apocalypse, Effective History, and Early Pentecostal Periodical Literature

.”

Journal of Pentecostal Theology

21

: 87–112

Arthur

,

Justice Anquandah

.

2017

.

The Politics of Religious Sound: Conflict and the Negotiation of Religious Diversity in Ghana

.

Berlin

:

LIT Verlag

.

Asad

,

Talal

.

1993

.

Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam

.

Baltimore, MD

:

Johns Hopkins University Press

.

Asad

,

Talal

.

2003

.

Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Asad

,

Talal

.

2013

.

Is Critique Secular? Blasphemy, Injury, and Free Speech

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2005a

.

African Charismatics: Current Developments within Independent Indigenous Pentecostalism in Ghana

.

Leiden

:

Brill

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2005b

. “

Anointing through the Screen: Neo-Pentecostalism and Televised Christianity in Ghana

.”

Studies in World Christianity

11

(

1

):

9

–

28

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2014

. “

Pentecostalism and Transformation of the African Christian Landscape

.” In

Pentecostalism in Africa

, edited by

Martin

Linhardt

,

100

–

114

.

Leiden

:

Brill

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2015

.

Sighs and Signs of the Spirit

.

Eugene, OR

:

Wipf & Stock

.

Asante

,

Richard

.

2011

. “

Ethnicity, Religion, and Conflict in Ghana: The Roots of Ga Nativism

.”

Ghana Studies

14

:

81

–

131

.

Asare

,

Amos Darkwa

.

2022

. “

Arts Management and Cultural Policy in Ghana

.” In

Arts Management, Cultural Policy, & the African Diaspora

, edited by

Antonio C.

Cuyler

,

29

–

50

.

Cham

:

Springer

.

Assimeng

,

John M.

1995

.

Salvation, Social Crisis and the Human Condition

.

Accra

:

Ghana Universities Press

.

Astor

,

Avi

,

Marian

Burchardt

, and

Mar

Griera

.

2017

. “

The Politics of Religious Heritage: Framing Claims to Religion as Culture in Spain

.”

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

56

(

1

):

126

–

42

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2006a

. “

International Human Rights, Religious Pluralism and the Future of Chieftaincy in Ghana

.”

Exchange

35

(

4

):

360

–

82

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2006b

. “

‘Singing with Understanding’: The Story of Gospel Music in Ghana

.”

Studies in World Christianity

12

(

2

):

142

–

63

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2014

. “

Fighting for the Rights of the Gods: Tradition, Religious Rights, and the Modern Nation-State in Africa

.”

Studies in World Christianity & Interreligious Relations

48

:

233

–

47

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2015

. “

Religion and Custom Are Not the Same: Sacred Traditional States and Religious Human Rights in Contemporary Ghana

.” In

Law and Religion in Africa—The Quest for the Common Good in Pluralistic Societies

, edited by

Peter

Coertzen

,

M. Christian

Green

, and

Len

Hansen

,

157

–

73

.

Stellenbosch

:

SUN Press

.

Attali

,

Jacques

.

1985

.

Noise: The Political Economy of Music

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Attuquayefio

,

Philip

.

2012

. “

Culture, Religion and Land: The Conflict over the Ga Ban on Drumming and Noise-Making

.” In

Peacemaking in Ghana: Lessons Learnt, Options for the Future

, edited by

L.

Darkwa

,

Philip

Attuquayefio

, and

Afua

Yakohene

,

17

–

53

.

Accra

:

Imagine Communications Limited

.

Bailey

,

Peter

.

1996

. “

Breaking the Sound Barrier: A Historian Listens to Noise

.”

Body & Society

2

(

2

):

49

–

66

.

Ballinger

,

Pamela

.

1998

. “

The Culture of Survivors: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Memory

.”

History and Memory

10

:

99

–

132

.

Barrett

,

David

.

1988

. “

The Twentieth-Century Pentecostal/Charismatic Renewal in the Holy Spirit, with Its Goal of World Evangelization

.”

International Bulletin of Missionary Research

12

(

3

):

119

–

29

.

Baudrillard

,

Jean

.

1994

.

Simulacra and Simulation

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Beck

,

Guy L.

1993

.

Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound

.

Columbia

:

University of South Carolina Press

.

Bediako

,

Kwame

.

2004

. “

Christianity, Islam and the Kingdom of God: Rethinking the Relationship from an African Perspective

.”

Journal of African Christian Thought

7

:

3

–

7

.

Bennett

,

Tom W.

1995

.

Human Rights and African Customary Law under the South African Constitution

.

Cape Town

:

Juta

.

Bennett

,

Tony

.

1995

.

The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Berger

,

Peter L.

1999

. “

The Desecularization of the World: A Global Overview

.” In

The Desecularization of the World

, edited by

Peter

Berger

,

1

–

19

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

William B

. Eerdmans.

Berger

,

Peter L.

2008

. “

Secularization Falsified

.”

First Things

.

February

. Accessed

October

12

,

2017

. https://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/02/secularization-falsified.

Berger

,

Peter L.

2010

. “

Max Weber Is Alive and Well, and Living in Guatemala: The Protestant Ethic Today

.”

The Review of Faith & International Affairs

8

(

4

):

3

–

9

.

Bhargava

,

Rajeev

.

2013

. “

Reimagining Secularism: Respect, Domination and Principled Distance

.”

Economic and Political Weekly

48

(

50

):

79

–

92

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2001

. “

The Diabolical Symphony of the Mechanical Age: Technology and Symbolism of Sound in European and North American Noise Abatement Campaigns, 1900–40

.”

Social Studies of Science

31

:

37

–

70

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2003

. “

‘The City of Din’: Decibels, Noise, and Neighbors in the Netherlands, 1910–1980

.”

Osiris

18

:

173

–

93

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2008

.

Mechanical Sound: Technology, Culture, and Public Problems of Noise in the Twentieth Century

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2013

. “

Introduction

.” In

Soundscapes of the Urban Past: Staged Sound as Mediated Cultural Heritage

, edited by

Karin

Bijsterveld

,

11

–

31

.

Bielefeld

:

Transcript Verlag

.

Birmingham

,

David

.

1998

.

Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Blacking

,

John

.

1973

.

How Musical Is Man?

Seattle

:

University of Washington Press

.

Bob-Milliar

,

George B.

2009

. “

Chieftaincy, Diaspora, and Development: The Institution of Nkɔsuohene in Ghana

.”

African Affairs

108

(

433

):

541

–

58

.

Bomes

,

Michael

, and

Patrick

Wright

.

1982

. “

‘Charms of Residence’: The Public and the Past

.” In

Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics

, edited by

Richard

Johnson

,

253

–

301

.

London

:

Hutchinson

.

Botwe-Asamoah

,

Kwame

.

2005

.

Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Policies

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Boutin

,

Aimée

.

2015

.

City of Noise: Sound and Nineteenth-Century Paris

.

Urbana

:

University of Illinois Press

.

Boym

,

Svetlana

.

2001

.

The Future of Nostalgia

.

New York

:

Basic Books

.

Brennan

,

Vicki L.

2018

.

Singing Yoruba Christianity: Music, Media, and Morality

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Brubaker

,

Rogers

.

2016

. “

A New ‘Christianist’ Secularism in Europe

.”

The Immanent Frame

.

October

11

. Accessed

November

13

,

2020

. https://tif.ssrc.org/2016/10/11/a-new-christianist-secularism-in-europe/.

Brumann

,

Christoph

.

1999

. “

Writing for Culture: Why a Successful Concept Should Not Be Discarded

.”

Current Anthropology

40, Supplement 1:

1

–

27

.

Bunten

,

Alexis Celeste

.

2010

. “

Indigenous Tourism: The Paradox of Gaze and Resistance

.”

La Ricerca Folklorica

61

:

51

–

59

.

Cady

,

Linell E.

, and

Elizabeth S.

Hurd

, eds.

2010

.

Comparative Secularisms in a Global Age

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Cardoso

,

Leonardo

.

2017

. “

The Politics of Noise Control in São Paulo

.”

Journal of Latin American Studies

49

(

4

):

917

–

45

.

Casanova

,

Jose

.

1994

.

Public Religions in the Modern World

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Casanova

,

Jose

.

2001

. “

The Secular, Secularizations, Secularisms

.” In

Rethinking Secularism

, edited by

Craig

Calhoun

,

Mark

Juergensmeyer

, and

Jonathan

VanAntwerpen

,

54

–

75

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Chandola

,

Tripta

.

2012

. “

Listening to Others: Moralising the Soundscapes in Deli

.”

International Development Planning Review

34

(

4

):

391

–

408

.

Chatterjee

,

Partha

.

1993

.

The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Chidester

,

David

.

1996

.

Savage Systems: Colonialism and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa

.

Charlottesville

:

University Press of Virginia

.

Chikowero

,

Mhoze

.

2015

.

African Music, Power, and Being in Colonial Zimbabwe

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Christian Council of the Gold Coast

.

1955

.

Christianity and African Culture: Report of Proceedings of a Conference Held at Accra, May 2nd–6th, under the Auspices of the Christian Council of the Gold Coast

.

Accra

:

Christian Council of the Gold Coast

.

Classen

,

Constance

.

1993

.

Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across Cultures

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Classen

,

Constance

.

1997

. “

Foundations for an Anthropology of the Senses

.”

International Social Science Journal

49

:

401

–

12

.

Coe

,

Cati

.

2005

.

Dilemmas of Culture in African Schools. Youth, Nationalism, and the Transformation of Knowledge

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Coleman

,

Simon

, and

Rosalind I. J.

Hackett

, eds.

2015

.

The Anthropology of Global Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism

.

New York

:

NYU Press

.

Comaroff

,

Jean

.

2012

. “

Pentecostalism, Populism and the New Politics of Affect

.” In

Pentecostalism and Development: Churches, NGOs and Social Change in Africa

, edited by

Dena

Freeman

,

41

–

66

.

Basingstoke

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Comaroff

,

Jean

, and

John

Comaroff

.

2000

. “

Privatising the Millenium: New Protestant Ethics and the Spirits of Capitalism in Africa, and Elsewhere

.”

Afrika Spectrum

35

(

3

):

293

–

312

.

Corten

,

André

, and

Ruth

Marshall-Fratani

, eds.

2001

.

Between Babel and Pentecost: Transnational Pentecostalism in Africa and Latin America

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Cox

,

Harvey G.

1984

.

Religion in the Secular City: Toward a Postmodern Theology

.

New York

:

Simon & Schuster

.

Daniell

,

William F.

1856

. “

On the Ethnography of Akkrah and Adampe, Gold Coast, Western Africa

.”

Journal of the Ethnological Society of London

4

:

1

–

32

.

Daniels

,

David

.

2008

. “

‘Gotta Moan Sometime’: A Sonic Exploration of Earwitnesses to Early Pentecostal Sound in North America

.”

Pneuma

30

:

5

–

32

.

Daughtry

,

J. Martin

.

2015

.

Listening to War: Sound, Music, Trauma and Survival in Wartime Iraq

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Davie

,

Grace

.

2002

.

Europe, the Exceptional Case: Parameters of Faith in the Modern World

.

London

:

Darton, Longman & Todd

.

De Boeck

,

Filip

, and

Marie-Françoise

Plissart

.

2006

.

Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City

.

Ghent

:

Ludion

.

Decoteau

,

Claire Laurier

.

2013

. “

Hybrid Habitus: Toward a Post-Colonial Theory of Practice

.”

Postcolonial Sociology

24

:

263

–

93

.

De Marees

,

Pieter

. (1602)

1987

.

Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

De Roover

,

Jakob

.

2011

. “

Secular Law and the Realm of False Religion

.” In

After Secular Law

, edited by

Winnifred Fallers

Sullivan

,

Robert A.

Yelle

, and

Mateo

Taussig-Rubbo

,

43

–

60

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford Law Books

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2004

. “

Afrikania's Dilemma: Reframing African Authenticity in a Christian Public Sphere

.”

Etnofoor

17

(

1

):

133

–

55

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2005

. “

The Spectacular and the Spirits: Charismatics and Neo-Traditionalists on Ghanaian Television

.”

Material Religion

1

(

3

):

314

–

34

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2008a

. “

Accra's Sounds and Sacred Spaces

.”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

32

(

3

):

690

–

709

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2008b

.

Spirit Media: Charismatics, Traditionalists, and Mediation Practices in Ghana

.

Amsterdam

:

Ipskamp Print Printers

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

, and

Birgit

Meyer

.

2012

. “

African Heritage Design: Entertainment Media and Visual Aesthetics in Ghana

.”

Civilizations

61

(

1

):

43

–

64

.

Diouf

,

Mamadou

.

1999

. “

Urban Youth and Senegalese Politics: Dakar 1988–1994

.” In

Cities and Citizenship

, edited by

James

Holston

,

42

–

67

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Douglas

,

Mary

. (1954)

1999

. “

The Lele of Kasai

.” In

African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples

, edited by

D.

Forde

,

1

–

27

.

London

:

James Currey

.

Douglas

,

Mary

. (1966)

2002

.

Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Dovlo

,

Elom

.

1998

. “

The Church in Africa and Religious Pluralism: The Challenge of New Religious Movements and Charismatic Churches

.”

Exchange

27

(

1

):

52

–

69

.

Dovlo

,

Elom

.

2005

. “

Religion in the Public Sphere: Challenges and Opportunities in Ghanaian Lawmaking, 1989–2004

.”

BYU Law Review

3

(

4

):

629

–

58

.

Dressler

,

Markus

.

2008

. “

Religio-secular Metamorphoses: The Re-making of Turkish Alevism

.”

Journal of the American Academy of Religion

76

(

2

):

280

–

311

.

Dressler

,

Markus

.

2019

. “

Modes of Religionization: A Constructivist Approach to Secularity

.” No. 7 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Eisenlohr

,

Patrick

.

2011

. “

The Anthropology of Media and the Question of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism

.”

Social Anthropology

19

(

1

):

40

–

55

.

Eisenlohr

,

Patrick

.

2018

.

Sounding Islam: Voice, Media, and Social Atmospheres in an Indian Ocean World

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Eisenstadt

,

Shmuel N.

2000

. “

Multiple Modernities

.”

Daedalus

129

(

1

):

1

–

29

.

Elsner

,

John

, and

Roger

Cardinal

, eds.

1994

.

The Cultures of Collecting

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Emiola

,

Akintunde

.

1997

.

The Principles of African Customary Law

.

Ogbomoso

:

Emiola Publishers

.

Engelke

,

Matthew

.

2010

. “

Religion and the Media Turn: A Review Essay

.”

American Ethnologist

37

(

2

):

371

–

79

.

Engelke

,

Matthew

.

2015

. “

Secular Shadows: African, Immanent, Post-Colonial

.”

Critical Research on Religion

3

(

1

):

86

–

100

.

Etikpah

,

Samuel E.

2015

. “

The Kundum Festival in Ghana. Ritual Interaction with the Nonhuman among the Akan

.”

Journal of Africana Religions

3

(

4

):

343

–

96

.

Feld

,

Steven

.

2012

. S

ound and Sentiment: Birds, Weeping, Poetics, and Song in Kaluli Expression

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Field

,

Margaret

.

1937

.

Religion and Medicine of the Ga People

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Fitzgerald

,

Timothy

.

2000

.

The Ideology of Religious Studies

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Fitzgerald

,

Timothy

.

2007

.

Discourse on Civility and Barbarity: A Critical History of Religion and Related Categories

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Fosu

,

Kwaku Amoako-Attah

.

1999

.

Festivals in Ghana

.

Kumasi

:

Centre for National Culture

.

Foucault

,

Michel

. (1980)

2014

.

On the Government of the Living: Lectures at the College de France, 1979–1980

.

Houndmills

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Foucault

,

Michel

.

2007

.

Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–78

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Foucault

,

Michel

.

2013

.

Lectures on the Will to Know: Lectures at the College de France, 1970–1971

.

Houndmills

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Gautier

,

Ana María Ochoa

.

2014

.

Aurality: Listening and Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century Colombia

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Gerety

,

Finnian M. M.

2017

. “

The Amplified Sacrifice: Sound, Technology, and Participation in Modern Vedic Ritual

.”

South Asian History and Culture

8

(

4

):

560

–

78

.

Gifford

,

Paul

.

1998

.

African Christianity: Its Public Role

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Gifford

,

Paul

.

2004

.

Ghana's New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a Globalizing African Economy

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Gocking

,

Roger S.

2005

.

The History of Ghana

.

Westport, CT

:

Greenwood Press

.

Göle

,

Nilüfer

.

2010

. “

Manifestations of the Religious-Secular Divide: Self, State, and the Public Sphere

.” In

Comparative Secularisms in a Global Age

, edited by

Linell E.

Cady

and

Elizabeth S.

Hurd

,

41

–

53

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Göle

,

Nilüfer

.

2015

.

Islam and Secularity: The Future of Europe's Public Sphere

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Gorski

,

Philip S.

2000

. “

Historicizing the Secularization Debate: Church, State and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ca. 1300–1700

.”

American Sociological Review

65

:

138

–

67

.

Goshadze

,

Mariam

.

2019

. “

When the Deities Visit for Hɔmɔwɔ: Translating Religion in the Language of the Secular

.”

Journal of the American Academy of Religion

87

(

1

):

191

–

224

.

Goshadze

,

Mariam

.

2022a

. “

Heritage out of Control: Is Libation a Prayer?

”

Allegra Lab

.

February

,

2022

. https://allegralaboratory.net/heritage-out-of-control-is-libation-a-prayer/.

Goshadze

,

Mariam

.

2022b

. “

The Varieties of Sonic Experience: ‘Quiet’ vs. ‘Not-Noise’ in a Ghanaian Harvest Festival

.”

American Anthropologist

124

(

1

):

165

–

74

.

Griffith

,

W. Brandford

.

1887

.

Ordinances of the Settlements of the Gold Coast and of the Gold Coast Colony in Force April 7th, 1887

.

London

:

Waterlow

.

Griffith

,

W. Brandford

.

1903

.

Ordinances of the Gold Coast Colony and the Rules and Orders Thereunder in Force 31st March, 1903

. Vol

1

.

London

:

Stevens and Sons

.

Griffith

,

W. Brandford

.

1887

.

Ordinances of the Settlements of the Gold Coast and of the Gold Coast Colony in Force April 7th, 1887

.

London

:

Waterlow

.

Grillo

,

Laura S.

,

Adriaan van

Klinken

, and

Hassan J.

Ndzovu

.

2019

.

Religions in Contemporary Africa: An Introduction

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Guha

,

Ranajit

, and

Gayatri Chakravorty

Spivak

.

1988

.

Selected Subaltern Studies

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Guss

,

David M.

2000

.

The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism as Cultural Performance

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Gyampong

,

Samuel K.

2006

. “

The Role of Chieftaincy in Ghana's Democratic Experiment

.” In

Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development

, edited by

Irene K.

Odotei

and

Albert K.

Awedoba

,

183

–

91

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Gyimah

,

Cynthia

.

1985

. “

The Hɔmɔwɔ Festival of the Ga Mashi: People of Accra

.” MA thesis,

York University, Toronto

.

Haberlandt

,

Michael

.

1900

.

Ethnology

. Translated by

J. H.

Lowe

.

London

:

J.M. Dent

.

Hackett

,

Rosalind

.

1991

. “

Revitalization in African Traditional Religion

.” In

African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Society

, edited by

Jacob K.

Olupona

,

135

–

48

.

New York

:

Paragon House

.

Hackett

,

Rosalind

.

2022

. “

From Festive Sacred to Festive Secular? Indigenous Religious Presence in Two Nigerian Festivals

.”

Numen

69

(

4

):

341

–

89

.

Handler

,

Richard

.

1988

.

Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec

.

Madison

:

University of Wisconsin Press

.

Harrison

,

Rodney

.

2013

.

Heritage: Critical Approaches

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Henderson-Quartey

,

David K.

2002

.

The Ga of Ghana

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Hervieu-Leger

,

Daniele

.

2002

. “

Space and Religion: New Approaches to Religious Spatiality in Modernity

.”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

26

(

1

):

99

–

105

.

Hess

,

Janet

.

2001

. “

Exhibiting Ghana: Display, Documentary, and ‘National’ Art in the Nkrumah Era

.”

African Studies Review

44

(

1

):

59

–

77

.

Hirschkind

,

Charles

.

2006

.

The Ethical Soundscape: Cassette Sermons and Islamic Counterpublics

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Hirschkind

,

Charles

.

2011

. “

Is There a Secular Body?

”

Cultural Anthropology

26

(

4

):

633

–

47

.

Hobsbawm

,

Eric

, and

Terence

Ranger

.

1983

.

The Invention of Tradition

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Horton

,

Robin

.

1984

. “

Judeo-Christian Spectacles: Boon or Bane to the Study of African Religions?

”

Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines

96

:

391

–

436

.

Howes

,

David

.

2005

.

Empire of the Senses: The Sensual Culture Reader

.

Oxford

:

Berg

.

Howes

,

David

, ed.

1991

.

The Varieties of Sensory Experience. A Sourcebook in the Anthropology of the Senses

.

Toronto

:

University of Toronto Press

.

Hulsether

,

Mark

.

2005

. “

Religion and Culture

.” In

The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion

, edited by

John R.

Hinnells

,

501

–

20

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Hurd

,

Elizabeth Shakman

.

2015

.

Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Idowu

,

Bolaji

.

1965

.

Towards an Indigenous Church

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Idowu

,

Bolaji

.

1973

.

African Traditional Religion: A Definition

.

London

:

SCM Press

.

Iliffe

,

John

.

1979

.

A Modern History of Tanganyika

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Innis

,

Harold

. (1972)

2007

.

Empire and Communications

.

Lanham, MD

:

Rowman & Littlefield

.

Jay

,

Martin

.

1998

. “

Scopic Regimes of Modernity

.” In

Visual Culture Reader

, edited by

Nicholas

Mirzoeff

,

66

–

69

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Johnson

,

Greg

.

2007

.

Sacred Claims: Repatriation and Living Tradition

.

Charlottesville

:

University of Virginia Press

.

Joppke

,

Christian

.

2018

. “

Culturalizing Religion in Western Europe: Patterns and Puzzles

.”

Social Compass

65

(

2

):

234

–

46

.

Jouili

,

Jeanette S.

, and

Annelies

Moors

.

2014

. “

Introduction: Islamic Sounds and the Politics of Listening

.”

Anthropological Quarterly

87

(

4

):

977

–

88

.

Jütte

,

Robert

.

2005

.

A History of the Senses: From Antiquity to Cyberspace

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Kallinen

,

Timo

.

2016

.

Divine Rulers in a Secular State

.

Helsinki

:

Finnish Literature Society

.

Kalu

,

Ogbu

.

2008

.

African Pentecostalism: An Introduction

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Kalu

,

Ogbu

.

2009

. “

Sankofa: Pentecostalism and African Cultural Heritage

.” In

The Spirit in the World: Emerging Pentecostal Theologies in Global Contexts

, edited by

Veli-Matti

Kärkkäinen

,

135

–

52

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

William B

. Eerdmans.

Kelley

,

Robin D. G.

1993

. “

‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in a New South City, 1929–1970

.”

Journal of American History

80

(

1

):

75

–

112

.

Kilson

,

Marion

.

1971

.

Kpele Lala: Ga Religious Songs and Symbols

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Kilson

,

Marion

.

1974

.

African Urban Kinsmen: The Ga of Central Accra

.

London

:

C. Hurst & Company

.

Kilson

,

Marion

.

2013

.

Dancing with the Gods: Essays in Ga Ritual

.

Lanham, MD

:

University Press of America

.

Kingdon

,

Donald

.

1920

.

The Laws of the Gold Coast Colony: Containing the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Colony and the Orders, Proclamations, Rules, Regulations and Bye-laws Made Thereunder in Force on the 31st Day of December, 1919, and the Principal Imperial Statutes, Orders in Council, Letters Patent and Royal Instructions Relating to the Gold Coast Colony

.

London

:

Waterlow and Sons

.

Kirby

,

Benjamin

.

2019

. “

Pentecostalism, Economics, Capitalism: Putting The Protestant Ethic to Work

.”

Religion

49

(

4

):

571

–

91

.

Klein

,

Tobias Robert

.

2010

. “

Fondling Breasts and Playing Guitar: Textual and Contextual Expressions of a Socio-Musical Conflict in Accra

.”

Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Musiktheorie

7

:

261

–

78

.

Kleine

,

Christoph

.

2018

. “

The Secular Ground Bass of Pre-Modern Japan Reconsidered: Reflections upon the Buddhist Trajectories towards Secularity

.” No. 5 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Kraft

,

Siv Ellen

.

2009

. “

Sami Indigenous Spirituality: Religion and Nationbuilding in Norwegian Sápmi

.”

Temenos

45

(

2

):

179

–

206

.

Kropp-Dakubu

,

Mary E.

1987

. “

Creating Unity: The Context of Speaking Prose and Poetry in Ga

.”

Anthropos

82

(

4–6

):

507

–

27

.

Kropp-Dakubu

,

Mary E.

(1999)

2009

.

Ga-English Dictionary

. 2nd ed.

Accra

:

University of Ghana

.

Kudadjie

,

Joshua N.

1975

. “

Aspects of Religion and Morality in Ghanaian Traditional Society with Particular Reference to the Ga-Adangme

.”

The Conch

7

(

1–2

):

26

–

53

.

Labelle

,

Brandon

.

2010

.

Acoustic Territories: Sound Culture and Everyday Life

.

New York

:

Continuum

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2008

.

Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Laryea

,

Philip Tetteh

.

2011

.

Yesu Hɔmɔwɔ Nuŋtsɔ

>.

Akropong-Akuapem

:

Regnum Africa

.

Leatt

,

Dhammamegha Annie

.

2017

.

The State of Secularism: Religion, Tradition and Democracy in South Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Lentz

,

Carola

.

2001

. “

Local Culture in the National Arena: The Politics of Cultural Festivals in Ghana

.”

African Studies Review

4

(

3

):

47

–

72

.

Lentz

,

Carola

.

2017

. “

Culture: The Making, Unmaking and Remaking of an Anthropological Concept

.”

Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie

142

(

2

):

181

–

204

.

Lentz

,

Carola

, and

Paul

Nugent

.

2000

. “

Ethnicity in Ghana: A Comparative Perspective

.” In

Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention

, edited by

Carola

Lentz

and

Paul

Nugent

,

1

–

28

.

Houndmills

:

Macmillan Press

.

Lentz

,

Carola

, and

Trevor

Wiggins

.

2017

. “

‘Kakube Has Come to Stay’: The Making of a Cultural Festival in Northern Ghana, 1989–2015

.”

Africa

87

(

1

):

180

–

210

.

Loimeier

,

Roman

.

1997

.

Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria

.

Evanston, IL

:

Northwestern University Press

.

Lokko

,

Sophia D.

1981

. “

Hunger-Hooting Festival in Ghana

.”

The Drama Review

25

(

4

):

43

–

50

.

Lonsdale

,

John

.

1994

. “

Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism

.”

Politique Africaine

61

:

98

–

115

.

Maclure

,

Jocelyn

, and

Charles

Taylor

.

2011

.

Secularism and Freedom of Conscience

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Madan

,

Triloki N.

1987

. “

Secularism in Its Place

.”

The Journal of Asian Studies

46

(

4

):

747

–

59

.

Madison

,

D. Soyini

.

2005

.

Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics, and Performance

.

Thousand Oaks, CA

:

Sage

.

Mamdani

,

Mahmood

.

1996

.

Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Mamdani

,

Mahmood

.

2012

.

Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Manoukian

,

Madeline

.

1950

.

Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples of the Gold Coast

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Marshall

,

Ruth

.

2009

.

Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Martin

,

David

.

2002

.

Pentecostalism: The World Their Parish

.

Oxford

:

Blackwell Publishers

.

Martinelli

,

Monica

.

2020

. “

Religion in Secularized and Post-Secularized Europe

.” In

Migrants and Religion: Paths, Issues, and Lenses

, edited by

Monica

Martinelli

,

74

–

110

.

Leiden

:

Brill Academic Publishers

.

Masuzawa

,

Tomoko

.

2005

.

The Invention of World Religions, Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Mazrui

,

Ali A.

1991

. “

Africa and Other Civilizations: Conquest and Counterconquest

.” In

Africa in World Politics

, edited by

John W.

Harbeson

and

Donald

Rothchild

,

69

–

80

.

Boulder, CO

:

Westview Press

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

2001

.

On the Postcolony

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Mbiti

,

John S.

1970

.

African Religions and Philosophy

.

New York

:

Anchor Books

.

McCutcheon

,

Russell T.

1997

.

Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

McCutcheon

,

Russell T.

2007

. “

They Licked the Platter Clean: On the Co-Dependency of the Religious and the Secular

.”

Method and Theory in the Study of Religion

19

(

3–4

):

173

–

99

.

McIntosh

,

Janet

.

2019

. “

Polyontologism: When ‘Syncretism’ Does Not Suffice

.”

Journal of Africana Religions

7

(

1

):

112

–

20

.

McLeod

,

Hugh

, ed.

1995

.

European Religion in the Age of Great Cities: 1830–1930

.

London

:

Routledge

.

McLuhan

,

Marshall

.

1962

.

The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man

.

Toronto

:

University of Toronto Press

.

Meinema

,

Eric H.

2021

. “

Regulating Religious Coexistence: The Intricacies of ‘Interfaith’ Cooperation in Coastal Kenya

.” PhD diss.,

Utrecht University

.

Meredith

,

Henry

.

1812

.

An Account of the Gold Coast of Africa: With a Brief History of the African Company

.

London

:

Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

1998

. “

Commodities and the Power of Prayer: Pentecostalist Attitudes towards Consumption in Contemporary Ghana

.”

Development and Change

29

(

4

):

751

–

76

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

1999

.

Translating the Devil: Religion and Modernity among the Ewe in Ghana

.

Edinburgh

:

Edinburgh University Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2004a

. “

Christianity in Africa: From African Independent to Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches

.”

Annual Reviews

33

:

447

–

74

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2004b

. “

‘Praise the Lord’: Popular Cinema and Pentecostalite Style in Ghana's New Public Sphere

.”

American Ethnologist

31

(

1

):

92

–

110

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2006a

. “

Impossible Representations: Pentecostalism, Vision and Video Technology in Ghana

.” In

Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere

, edited by

Birgit

Meyer

and

Annelies

Moors

,

290

–

312

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2006b

. “

Religious Sensations: Why Media, Aesthetics and Power Matter in the Study of Contemporary Religion

.”

Inaugural Lecture, Vreije Universiteit

,

Amsterdam

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2010

. “

Pentecostalism and Globalization

.” In

Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods

, edited by

Allan

Anderson

,

Michael

Bergunder

,

André

Drooger

, and

Cornelis van der

Laan

,

113

–

33

.

Los Angeles

:

University of California Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2011

. “

Mediation and Immediacy. Sensational Forms, Semiotic Ideologies and the Question of the Medium

.”

Social Anthropology

19

(

1

):

23

–

39

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2012

. “

Mediation and the Genesis of Presence: Towards a Material Approach to Religion

.”

Inaugural Lecture, Utrecht University

,

Utrecht

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2013

. “

Material Mediations and Religious Practices of World-making

.” In

Religion Across Media: From Early Antiquity to Late Modernity

, edited by

Knut

Lundby

,

1

–

19

.

New York

:

Peter Lang

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2015

.

Sensational Movies: Video, Vision, and Christianity in Ghana

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2020

. “

What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World

.”

Journal of Religion in Africa

50

:

156

–

81

.

Mosse

,

David

.

1994

. “

The Politics of Religious Synthesis: Roman Catholicism and Hindu Village Society in Tamil Nadu, India

.” In

Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis

, edited by

Charles

Stewart

and

Rosalind

Shaw

,

85

–

108

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Mudimbe

,

Valentin Y.

1988

.

Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Navaro-Yashin

,

Yael

.

2002

.

Faces of the State: Secularism and Public Life in Turkey

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Ngwakwe

,

Eze C.

2013

.

African Customary Law: Jurisprudence, Themes and Principles

.

Abakaliki

:

Ave Maria Academic Publishers

.

Niebuhr

,

H. Richard

.

1951

.

Christ and Culture

.

New York

:

Harper & Row

.

Niezen

,

Ronald

.

2012

. “

Indigenous Religion and Human Rights

.” In

Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction

, edited by

John

Witte

Jr. and

Christian

Green

,

119

–

34

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Nii-Dortey

,

Moses Narteh

.

2012

. “

Kplejoo of Nungua and Tema: An Integrative Performance Study of Music, Dance, Ritual and Drama

.” PhD diss.,

University of Ghana

.

Nketia

,

Kwabena J. H.

1964

. “

Historical Evidence in Ga Religious Music

.” In

The Historian in Tropical Africa

, edited by

Jan

Vansina

,

265

–

83

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Nketia

,

Kwabena J. H.

1974

.

The Music of Africa

.

New York

:

W.W. Norton

.

Nketia

,

Kwabena J. H.

1988

. “

The Intensity Factor in African Music

.”

Journal of Folklore Research

25

(

1–2

):

53

–

86

.

Nkrumah

,

Kwame

.

1970

.

Consciencism

.

New York

:

Modern Reader Paperbacks

.

Nolte

,

Insa

, and

Olukoya

Ogen

.

2017

. “

Outlook: Religious Difference, the Yoruba and Beyond

.” In

Beyond Religious Tolerance: Muslim, Christian and Traditionalist Encounters in an African Town

, edited by

Insa

Nolte

,

Oukoya

Ogen

, and

Rebecca

Jones

,

257

–

67

.

Oxford

:

James Currey

.

Norregard

,

Georg

.

1966

.

Danish Settlements in West Africa: 1658–1850

.

Boston

:

Boston University Press

.

Nortey

,

Samuel

.

2012

. “

Artistic Evolutons of the Ga Mashie Twins Yam Festival and Its Cultural Implications

.”

Arts and Design Studies

2

:

1

–

9

.

Oakes

,

Tim

.

2010

. “

Alchemy of the Ancestors: Rituals of Genealogy in the Service of the Nation in Rural China

.” In

Faiths on Display: Religion, Tourism, and the Chinese State

, edited by

Tim

Oakes

and

Donald S.

Sutton

,

51

–

79

.

Lanham, MD

:

Rowman and Littlefield

.

Odotei

,

Irene

.

1995

. “

Pre-Colonial Economic Activities of the Ga

.”

Research Review

n.s.,

11

(

1–2

):

60

–

74

.

Odotei

,

Irene

.

2002

. “

Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition

.”

Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana

6

:

17

–

34

.

Olupona

,

Jacob

.

2011

.

City of 201 Gods: Ilé-Ifè in Time, Space, and the Imagination

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Omaboe

,

Narh

.

2011

.

History of West Africa and the Ga (Osu) People

.

Accra

:

EPP Books

.

Omaetu

,

Numo Blafo Akotia

, III.

2006

. “

The Ga Wulɔmɔ and the Challenges of Modern Society

.” Diploma in Communication Studies, Africa Institute of Journalism and Communications.

Omenyo

,

Cephas

.

2002

. “

Charismatic Churches in Ghana and Contextualization

.”

Exchange

31

(

3

):

252

–

77

.

Omenyo

,

Cephas

.

2005

. “

From the Fringes to the Centre: Pentecostalization of the Mainline Churches in Ghana

.”

Exchange

34

(

1

):

39

–

60

.

Ong

,

Walter J.

1982

.

Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the World

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Onyinah

,

Opoku

.

2009

. “

Deliverance as a Way of Confronting Witchcraft in Contemporary Africa

.” In

The Spirit in the World: Emerging Pentecostal Theologies in Global Contexts

, edited by

Veli-Matti

Kärkkäinen

,

181

–

203

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

William B

. Eerdmans.

Oosterbaan

,

Martijn

.

2009

. “

Sonic Supremacy: Sound, Space and Charisma in a Favela in Rio de Janeiro

.”

Critique of Anthropology

29

(

1

):

81

–

104

.

Oosterbaan

,

Martijn

.

2014

. “

Public Religion and Urban Space in Europe

.”

Social & Cultural Geography

15

(

6

):

591

–

602

.

Opoku

,

Kofi Asare

.

1978

.

West African Traditional Religion

.

Singapore

:

FEP International Private Limited

.

Opuni-Frimpong

,

Kwabea

.

2012

.

Indigenous Knowledge and Christian Missions: Perspectives of Akan Leadership Formation on Christian Leadership Development

.

Accra

:

SonLife Press

.

Orsi

,

Robert A.

2016

.

History and Presence

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Osei-Tutu

,

John Kwadwo

.

2000

–

2001

. “

‘Space’, and the Marking of ‘Space’ in Ga History, Culture, and Politics

.”

Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana

, n.s.,

4–5

:

55

–

81

.

Owusu

,

Maxwell

.

1996

. “

Tradition and Transformation: Democracy and the Politics of Popular Power in Ghana

.”

Journal of Modern African Studies

34

(

2

):

307

–

43

.

Parker

,

John

.

2000

.

Making the Town: Ga State and Society in Early Colonial Accra

.

Portsmouth, NH

:

Heinemann

.

Parrinder

,

Geoffrey

. (1962)

1976

.

African Traditional Religion

.

Westport, CT

:

Greenwood Press

.

Parsons

,

Robert Thomas

.

1962

.

Some Problems in the Integration of Christianity and African Culture in Ghana, 1918–1955

.

Accra

:

University of Ghana

.

Payer

,

Peter

.

2007

. “

The Age of Noise: Early Reactions in Vienna, 1870–1914

.”

Journal of Urban History

33

(

5

):

773

–

93

.

Peel

,

J. D. Y.

2016

.

Christianity, Islam, and Oriṣa–Religion: Three Traditions in Comparison and Interaction

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Petryna

,

Adriana

.

2002

.

Life Exposed—Biological Citizens after Chernobyl

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Phillips

,

Ruth B.

, and

Christopher B.

Steiner

, eds.

1999

.

Unpacking Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial Worlds

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Picker

,

John M.

2003

.

Victorian Soundscapes

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Piot

,

Charles

.

1999

.

Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa

.

Chicago

:

Chicago University Press

.

Plageman

,

Nate

.

2013

.

Highlife Saturday Night: Popular Music and Social Change in Urban Ghana

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Pobee

,

John

.

1976

. “

Aspects of African Traditional Religion

.”

Sociological Analysis

37

(

1

):

1

–

18

.

Quansah

,

Agnes

.

2013

. “

A Theological and Ethical Study of Loud Christian Prayer on the University of Ghana Campus

.”

MPhil thesis, University of Ghana, Legon

.

Quarcoo

,

Alfred Kofi

.

1967

. “

The Lakpa—Principal Deity of Labadi

.”

Research Review—University of Ghana

3

(

3

):

2

–

44

.

Quarcoopome

,

Samuel S.

1992

. “

Urbanisation, Land Alienation and Politics in Accra

.”

Research Review New Series

8

(

1–2

):

40

–

54

.

Quarcoopome

,

Samuel S.

2006

. “

The Decline of Traditional Authority: The Case of the Ga Mashie State of Accra

.” In

Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development

, edited by

Irene K.

Odotei

and

Albert K.

Awedoba

,

395

–

408

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Quashigah

,

Kofi

.

2010

. “

Religion and the Secular State in Ghana

.” In

Religion and the Secular State

, edited by

Janvier

Martinez-Torrón

and

W. Cole

Durham

,

331

–

38

.

Provo, UT

:

Brigham Young University

.

Quaye

,

Irene

.

1972

. “

The Gas and Their Neighbours 1600–1742

.” PhD thesis,

University of Ghana

.

Quayson

,

Ato

.

2014

.

Oxford Street, Accra: City Life and the Itineraries of Transnationalism

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Radano

,

Ronald

, and

Tejumola

Olaniyan

.

2006

. “

Introduction; Hearing Empire—Imperial Listening

.” In

Audible Empire: Music, Global Politics, Critique

, edited by

Roland

Radano

and

Tejumola

Olaniyan

,

1

–

25

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Radovac

,

Lilian

.

2011

. “

The ‘War on Noise’: Sound and Space in La Guardia's New York

.”

American Quarterly

63

(

3

):

733

–

60

.

Ranger

,

Terence

.

1983

. “

The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa

.” In

The Invention of Tradition

, edited by

Eric

Hobsbawm

,

211

–

63

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Ranger

,

Terence

.

1993

. “

The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa

.” In

Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth Century Africa

, edited by

Terence

Ranger

and

Olufemi

Vaughan

,

62

–

111

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Rath

,

Richard Cullen

.

2013

. “

The Howling Wilderness

.” In

Sound Studies: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies

, edited by

Michael

Bull

,

145

–

84

.

Abingdon

:

Routledge

.

Rathbone

,

Richard

.

2000

.

Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana 1951–60

.

Accra

:

F. Reimmer

.

Rattray

,

Robert Sutherland

.

1923

.

Ashanti

.

Oxford

:

The Clarendon Press

.

Reindorf

,

Carl C.

(1895)

1966

.

The History of the Gold Coast and Asante

.

Accra

:

Ghana University Press

.

Reinharz

,

Shulamit

.

2011

.

Observing the Observer: Understanding Our Selves in Field Research

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Robbins

,

Joel

.

2004

. “

The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity

.”

Annual Review of Anthropology

22

:

117

–

43

.

Robertson

,

Claire

.

1984

.

Sharing the Same Bowl: A Socioeconomic History of Women and Class in Accra, Ghana

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Robinson

,

Dylan

.

2020

.

Hungry Listening: Resonant Theory for Indigenous Sound Studies

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Roseman

,

Marina

, and

Philip M.

Peek

.

1994

. “

The Sounds of Silence: Cross-World Communication and the Auditory Arts in African Societies

.”

American Ethnologist

21

(

3

):

474

–

94

.

Sackey

,

Brigid M.

2001

. “

Charismatics, Independents and Missions: Church Proliferation in Ghana

.”

Culture and Religion

2

(

1

):

41

–

59

.

Sackeyfio-Lenoch

,

Naaborko

.

2014

.

The Politics of Chieftaincy: Authority and Property in Colonial Ghana, 1920–1950

.

Rochester, NY

:

University of Rochester Press

.

Sanneh

,

Lamin

.

1980

. “

The Domestication of Islam and Christianity in African Societies: A Methodological Exploration

.”

Journal of Religion in Africa

11

(

1

):

1

–

12

.

Sarbah

,

John Mensah

.

1906

.

Fanti National Constitution

.

London

:

Clowes

.

Scales

,

Rebecca P.

2016

.

Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Schauert

,

Paul

.

2015

.

Staging Ghana: Artistry and Nationalism in State Dance Ensembles

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Schmidt

,

Leigh Eric

.

2000

.

Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Schopenhauer

,

Arthur

. (1819)

1969

.

The World as Will and Representation

.

New York

:

Dover

.

Schwartz

,

Hillel

.

2011

.

Making Noise: From Babel to the Big Bang and Beyond

.

New York

:

Zone

.

Scott

,

David

, and

Charles

Hirschkind

, eds.

2006

.

Powers of the Secular Modern: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Scott

,

James

.

1985

.

Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance

.

New Haven, CT

:

Yale University Press

.

Sewald

,

Ronda

.

2011

. “

Forced Listening: The Contested Use of Loudspeakers for Commercial and Political Messages in the Public Soundscape

.”

American Quarterly

63

(

3

):

761

–

80

.

Sharpe

,

William

, and

Leonard

Wallock

, eds.

1987

.

Visions of the Modern City

.

Baltimore, MD

:

Johns Hopkins University Press

.

Shaw

,

Rosalind

.

1990

. “

The Invention of ‘African Traditional Religion.’

”

Religion

20

:

339

–

53

.

Shipley

,

Jesse Weaver

.

2015

.

Trickster Theatre: The Poetics of Freedom in Urban Africa

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Simone

,

AbdouMaliq

.

2008

. “

The Last Shall Be First: African Urbanities and the Larger Urban World

.” In

Other Cities, Other Worlds: Urban Imaginaries in a Globalizing Age

, edited by

Andreas

Huysse

,

99

–

119

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Smith

,

Daniel A.

2002

. “

Media Matters: Evaluating the Role of the Media in Ghana's 2000 Elections

.”

African Affairs

101

:

585

–

605

.

Smith

,

Jonathan Z.

2004

.

Relating Religion: Essays in the Study of Religion

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago

.

Smith

,

Mark M.

2013

. “

Listening to the Heard Worlds of Antebellum America

.” In

Sound Studies: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies

, edited by

Michael

Bull

,

137

–

63

.

Abingdon

:

Routledge

.

Stark

,

Rodney

, and

William S.

Rainbridge

.

1987

.

A Theory of Religion

.

New York

:

Peter Lang

.

Steegstra

,

Marijke

.

2005

.

Dipo and the Politics of Culture in Ghana

.

Accra

:

Woeli PubServices

.

Sterne

,

Jonathan

.

2005

. “

Urban Media and the Politics of Sound Space

.”

Cahier on Art and the Public Domain

9

:

6

–

15

.

Stoever

,

Jennifer L.

2016

.

The Sonic Color Line: Race and the Cultural Politics of Listening

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Stoller

,

Paul

.

1989

.

Fusion of the Worlds: An Ethnography of Possession among the Songhay of Niger

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Stoller

,

Paul

, and

Cheryl

Olkes

.

1987

.

In Sorcery's Shadow: A Memoir of Apprenticeship among the Songhay of Niger

.

Chicago

:

The University of Chicago Press

.

Sykes

,

Jim

.

2015

. “

Sound Studies, Religion and Urban Space: Tamil Music and the Ethical Life in Singapore

.”

Ethnomusicology Forum

24

(

3

):

380

–

413

.

Tafjord

,

Bjørn Ola

.

2013

. “

Indigenous Religion(s) as an Analytical Category

.”

Method & Theory in the Study of Religion

25

(

3

):

221

–

43

.

Tafjord

,

Bjørn Ola

.

2016

. “

How Talking about Indigenous Religion May Change Things: An Example from Talamanca

.”

Numen

63

(

5–6

):

548

–

75

.

Tamimi Arab

,

Pooyan

.

2017

.

Amplifying Islam in the European Soundscape: Religious Pluralism and Secularism in the Netherlands

.

London

:

Bloomsbury Academic

.

Tan

,

Marcus Cheng Chye

.

2012

.

Acoustic Interculturalism: Listening to Performance

.

Basingstoke

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Taylor

,

Charles

.

2001

. “

Western Secularity

.” In

Rethinking Secularism

, edited by

Craig

Calhoun

,

Mark

Juergensmeyer

, and

Jonathan

VanAntwerpen

,

31

–

54

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Thompson

,

Emily Ann

.

2002

.

The Soundscape of Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Culture of Listening in America, 1900–1933

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Tsikata

,

Dzozi

, and

Wayo

Seini

.

2004

. “

Identities, Inequalities, and Conflicts in Ghana

.” CRISE Working Paper 5. Queen Elizabeth House,

University of Oxford

.

Turner

,

Victor Q.

(1966)

1995

.

The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure

.

New York

:

Aldine de Gruyter

.

Tweneboah

,

Seth

.

2019

.

Religion, Law, Politics and the State in Africa: Applying Legal Pluralism in Ghana

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Ubink

,

Janine

.

2007

. “

Traditional Authority Revisited: Popular Perceptions of Chiefs and Chieftaincy in Peri-Urban Kumasi, Ghana

.”

Journal of Legal Pluralism

55

:

123

–

61

.

Vaillant

,

Derek

.

2003

. “

Peddling Noise: Contesting the Civic Soundscape of Chicago, 1890–1913

.”

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society

96

(

3

):

257

–

87

.

Van der Veer

,

Peter

.

1994

.

Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Van der Veer

,

Peter

.

2001

.

Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Van Dijk

,

Rijk

.

2001

. “

Contesting Silence

.”

Ghana Studies

4

:

31

–

64

.

Ward

,

William Ernest Frank

.

1967

.

A History of Ghana

.

London

:

Allen & Unwin

.

Waterman

,

Alex

.

2017

. “

Listening to Resonant Words

.” In

Theorizing Sound Writing

, edited by

Deborah

Kapchan

,

117

–

37

.

Middletown, CT

:

Wesleyan University Press

.

Weiner

,

Isaac

.

2014

.

Religion Out Loud: Religious Sound, Public Space, and American Pluralism

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Wellington

,

H. Nii-Adziri

.

2011

.

Stones Tell Stories at Osu: Memories of a Host Community of the Danish Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Wenger

,

Tisa

.

2009

.

We Have a Religion: The 1920s Pueblo Indian Dance Controversy and American Religious Freedom

.

Chapel Hill

:

University of North Caroline Press

.

Westerlund

,

David

.

1985

.

African Religion in African Scholarship: A Preliminary Study of the Religious and Political Background

.

Stockholm

:

Almqvist & Wiksell International

.

Winter

,

James

.

1993

.

London's Teeming Streets, 1830–1914

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Wiredu

,

Kwasi

.

1995

. “

Democracy and Consensus in African Traditional Politics: A Plea for a Non-Party Polity

.”

The Centennial Review

39

(

1

):

53

–

64

.

Wissman

,

Torsten

.

2014

.

Geographies of Urban Sound

.

Farnham, Surrey, UK

:

Ashgate

.

Wohlrab-Sahr

,

Monika

, and

Marian

Burchardt

.

2012

. “

Multiple Secularities: Toward a Cultural Sociology of Secular Modernities

.”

Comparative Sociology

11

(

6

):

875

–

909

.

Wohlrab-Sahr

,

Monika

, and

Marian

Burchardt

.

2017

. “

Revisiting the Secular: Multiple Secularities and Pathways to Modernity

.” No. 2 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Yablon

,

Nick

.

2007

. “

Echoes of the City: Spacing Sound, Sounding Space, 1888–1916

.”

American Literary History

19

(

3

):

629

–

60

.

Yakubu

,

Abdul-Rahman

.

2022

.

The Gods Are Not Jealous: Lived Contextualization of Religious Identity and Dialogue through Dagomba Rites of Passage

.

Leipzig

:

Evangelische Verlagsanstalt

.

Yankah

,

Kwesi

.

1985

. “

The Making and Breaking of Kwame Nkrumah: The Role of Oral Poetry

.”

Journal of African Studies

12

(

2

):

86

–

92

.

Yong

,

Amos

.

2010

.

In the Days of Caesar: Pentecostalism and Political Theology

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

W

. B. Eerdmans.

Zahan

,

Dominique

.

2000

. “

Some Reflections on African Spirituality

.” In

African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings, and Expressions

, edited by

Jacob K.

Olupona

,

3

–

25

.

New York

:

Crossroad

.

Zemmin

,

Florian

.

2019

. “

How (Not) to Take ‘Secularity’ Beyond the Modern West: Reflections from Islamic Sociology

.” No. 9 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Zubrzycki

,

Geneviève

,

2012

. “

Religion, Religious Tradition, and Nationalism: Jewish Revival in Poland and ‘Religious Heritage’ in Quebec

.”

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

51

(

3

):

442

–

55

.

Figures & Tables

Book cover for The Noise Silence Makes: Secularity and Ghana's Drum Wars

Religious Cultures of African and African Diaspora People

The Noise Silence Makes: Secularity and Ghana's Drum Wars

By

Duke University Press

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478060406

Copyright:

This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License, available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

ISBN electronic:

978-1-4780-9429-6

Publication date:

2025

References

Abbey

,

E. T. A.

1967

.

Kɛji afo Yordan: Gbele kɛ Yarafeemɔ

.

Accra

:

Bureau of Ghana Languages

.

Abosti

,

E. Kofi

.

2020

. “

Customary Law and the Rule of Law: Evolving Tensions and Re-Engineering

.”

Arizona Journal of International Law and Comparative Law

37

(

2

):

136

–

68

.

Adogame

,

Afe

, ed.

2011

.

Who Is Afraid of the Holy Ghost? Pentecostalism and Globalization in Africa and Beyond

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Africa World Press

.

Adrover

,

Lauren

.

2013

. “

Branding Festive Bodies: Corporate Logos and Chiefly Image T-Shirts in Ghana

.” In

African Dress: Fashion, Agency, Performance

, edited by

Karen Tranberg

Hansen

and

D. Soyini

Madison

,

45

–

60

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Adrover

,

Lauren

.

2018

. “

The Currency of Chieftaincy: Corporate Branding and the Commodification of Political Authority in Ghana

.” In

The Politics of Custom: Chiefship, Capital, and the State in Contemporary Africa

, edited by

Jean

Comaroff

and

John

Comaroff

,

231

–

47

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Agawu

,

Kofi

.

2006

. “

Tonality as a Colonizing Force in Africa

.” In

Audible Empire: Music, Global Politics, Critique

, edited by

Ronald

Radano

and

Tejumola

Olaniya

,

334

–

57

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Ahumah

,

R. S. Attoh

.

1911

.

The Gold Coast and National Consciousness

.

Liverpool

:

D. Marples

.

Akrong

,

Abraham

.

2007

. “

Pre-Monarchical Political Leadership among the Gas, with Special Reference to the People of La

.”

Research Review of the Institute of African Studies

21

(

12

):

137

–

47

.

Albanese

,

Catherine

.

1999

.

America: Religion and Religions

.

Belmont, CA

:

Wadsworth

.

Amanor

,

Kwabena J. Darkwa

.

2009

. “

Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches in Ghana and the African Culture: Confrontation or Compromise?

”

Journal of Pentecostal Theology

18

:

123

–

40

.

Amartey

,

A. A.

1991

.

Omanye Aba

.

Accra

:

Bureau of Ghana Languages

.

Ambani

,

J. Osogo

.

2021

.

Africa and the Decolonization of State-Religion Policies

.

Leiden

:

Brill

.

Ambani

,

J. Osogo

, and

Ochieng

Ahaya

.

2015

. “

The Wretched African Traditionalists in Kenya: The Challenges and Prospect of Customary Law in the New Constitutional Era

.”

Strathmore Law Journal

1

:

41

–

58

.

Ammah

,

E. A.

2016

.

Kings, Priests & Kinsmen: Essays on Ga Culture and Society

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Amoah

,

Michael

.

2007

.

Reconstructing the Nation in Africa: The Politics of Nationalism in Ghana

.

London

:

Tauris Academic Studies

.

Anderson

,

Allan

.

2004

.

An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Anquandah

,

James

.

2006

. “

The Accra Plains c. AD 1400–1800: An Overview of Trade, Politics and Culture from the Perspective of Historical Archaeology

.”

Institute of African Studies Research Review

17

:

1

–

20

.

Archer

,

Melissa L.

2012

. “

The Worship Scenes in the Apocalypse, Effective History, and Early Pentecostal Periodical Literature

.”

Journal of Pentecostal Theology

21

: 87–112

Arthur

,

Justice Anquandah

.

2017

.

The Politics of Religious Sound: Conflict and the Negotiation of Religious Diversity in Ghana

.

Berlin

:

LIT Verlag

.

Asad

,

Talal

.

1993

.

Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam

.

Baltimore, MD

:

Johns Hopkins University Press

.

Asad

,

Talal

.

2003

.

Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Asad

,

Talal

.

2013

.

Is Critique Secular? Blasphemy, Injury, and Free Speech

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2005a

.

African Charismatics: Current Developments within Independent Indigenous Pentecostalism in Ghana

.

Leiden

:

Brill

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2005b

. “

Anointing through the Screen: Neo-Pentecostalism and Televised Christianity in Ghana

.”

Studies in World Christianity

11

(

1

):

9

–

28

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2014

. “

Pentecostalism and Transformation of the African Christian Landscape

.” In

Pentecostalism in Africa

, edited by

Martin

Linhardt

,

100

–

114

.

Leiden

:

Brill

.

Asamoah-Gyadu

,

Kwabena

.

2015

.

Sighs and Signs of the Spirit

.

Eugene, OR

:

Wipf & Stock

.

Asante

,

Richard

.

2011

. “

Ethnicity, Religion, and Conflict in Ghana: The Roots of Ga Nativism

.”

Ghana Studies

14

:

81

–

131

.

Asare

,

Amos Darkwa

.

2022

. “

Arts Management and Cultural Policy in Ghana

.” In

Arts Management, Cultural Policy, & the African Diaspora

, edited by

Antonio C.

Cuyler

,

29

–

50

.

Cham

:

Springer

.

Assimeng

,

John M.

1995

.

Salvation, Social Crisis and the Human Condition

.

Accra

:

Ghana Universities Press

.

Astor

,

Avi

,

Marian

Burchardt

, and

Mar

Griera

.

2017

. “

The Politics of Religious Heritage: Framing Claims to Religion as Culture in Spain

.”

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

56

(

1

):

126

–

42

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2006a

. “

International Human Rights, Religious Pluralism and the Future of Chieftaincy in Ghana

.”

Exchange

35

(

4

):

360

–

82

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2006b

. “

‘Singing with Understanding’: The Story of Gospel Music in Ghana

.”

Studies in World Christianity

12

(

2

):

142

–

63

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2014

. “

Fighting for the Rights of the Gods: Tradition, Religious Rights, and the Modern Nation-State in Africa

.”

Studies in World Christianity & Interreligious Relations

48

:

233

–

47

.

Atiemo

,

Abamfo Ofori

.

2015

. “

Religion and Custom Are Not the Same: Sacred Traditional States and Religious Human Rights in Contemporary Ghana

.” In

Law and Religion in Africa—The Quest for the Common Good in Pluralistic Societies

, edited by

Peter

Coertzen

,

M. Christian

Green

, and

Len

Hansen

,

157

–

73

.

Stellenbosch

:

SUN Press

.

Attali

,

Jacques

.

1985

.

Noise: The Political Economy of Music

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Attuquayefio

,

Philip

.

2012

. “

Culture, Religion and Land: The Conflict over the Ga Ban on Drumming and Noise-Making

.” In

Peacemaking in Ghana: Lessons Learnt, Options for the Future

, edited by

L.

Darkwa

,

Philip

Attuquayefio

, and

Afua

Yakohene

,

17

–

53

.

Accra

:

Imagine Communications Limited

.

Bailey

,

Peter

.

1996

. “

Breaking the Sound Barrier: A Historian Listens to Noise

.”

Body & Society

2

(

2

):

49

–

66

.

Ballinger

,

Pamela

.

1998

. “

The Culture of Survivors: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Memory

.”

History and Memory

10

:

99

–

132

.

Barrett

,

David

.

1988

. “

The Twentieth-Century Pentecostal/Charismatic Renewal in the Holy Spirit, with Its Goal of World Evangelization

.”

International Bulletin of Missionary Research

12

(

3

):

119

–

29

.

Baudrillard

,

Jean

.

1994

.

Simulacra and Simulation

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Beck

,

Guy L.

1993

.

Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound

.

Columbia

:

University of South Carolina Press

.

Bediako

,

Kwame

.

2004

. “

Christianity, Islam and the Kingdom of God: Rethinking the Relationship from an African Perspective

.”

Journal of African Christian Thought

7

:

3

–

7

.

Bennett

,

Tom W.

1995

.

Human Rights and African Customary Law under the South African Constitution

.

Cape Town

:

Juta

.

Bennett

,

Tony

.

1995

.

The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Berger

,

Peter L.

1999

. “

The Desecularization of the World: A Global Overview

.” In

The Desecularization of the World

, edited by

Peter

Berger

,

1

–

19

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

William B

. Eerdmans.

Berger

,

Peter L.

2008

. “

Secularization Falsified

.”

First Things

.

February

. Accessed

October

12

,

2017

. https://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/02/secularization-falsified.

Berger

,

Peter L.

2010

. “

Max Weber Is Alive and Well, and Living in Guatemala: The Protestant Ethic Today

.”

The Review of Faith & International Affairs

8

(

4

):

3

–

9

.

Bhargava

,

Rajeev

.

2013

. “

Reimagining Secularism: Respect, Domination and Principled Distance

.”

Economic and Political Weekly

48

(

50

):

79

–

92

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2001

. “

The Diabolical Symphony of the Mechanical Age: Technology and Symbolism of Sound in European and North American Noise Abatement Campaigns, 1900–40

.”

Social Studies of Science

31

:

37

–

70

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2003

. “

‘The City of Din’: Decibels, Noise, and Neighbors in the Netherlands, 1910–1980

.”

Osiris

18

:

173

–

93

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2008

.

Mechanical Sound: Technology, Culture, and Public Problems of Noise in the Twentieth Century

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Bijsterveld

,

Karin

.

2013

. “

Introduction

.” In

Soundscapes of the Urban Past: Staged Sound as Mediated Cultural Heritage

, edited by

Karin

Bijsterveld

,

11

–

31

.

Bielefeld

:

Transcript Verlag

.

Birmingham

,

David

.

1998

.

Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Blacking

,

John

.

1973

.

How Musical Is Man?

Seattle

:

University of Washington Press

.

Bob-Milliar

,

George B.

2009

. “

Chieftaincy, Diaspora, and Development: The Institution of Nkɔsuohene in Ghana

.”

African Affairs

108

(

433

):

541

–

58

.

Bomes

,

Michael

, and

Patrick

Wright

.

1982

. “

‘Charms of Residence’: The Public and the Past

.” In

Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics

, edited by

Richard

Johnson

,

253

–

301

.

London

:

Hutchinson

.

Botwe-Asamoah

,

Kwame

.

2005

.

Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Policies

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Boutin

,

Aimée

.

2015

.

City of Noise: Sound and Nineteenth-Century Paris

.

Urbana

:

University of Illinois Press

.

Boym

,

Svetlana

.

2001

.

The Future of Nostalgia

.

New York

:

Basic Books

.

Brennan

,

Vicki L.

2018

.

Singing Yoruba Christianity: Music, Media, and Morality

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Brubaker

,

Rogers

.

2016

. “

A New ‘Christianist’ Secularism in Europe

.”

The Immanent Frame

.

October

11

. Accessed

November

13

,

2020

. https://tif.ssrc.org/2016/10/11/a-new-christianist-secularism-in-europe/.

Brumann

,

Christoph

.

1999

. “

Writing for Culture: Why a Successful Concept Should Not Be Discarded

.”

Current Anthropology

40, Supplement 1:

1

–

27

.

Bunten

,

Alexis Celeste

.

2010

. “

Indigenous Tourism: The Paradox of Gaze and Resistance

.”

La Ricerca Folklorica

61

:

51

–

59

.

Cady

,

Linell E.

, and

Elizabeth S.

Hurd

, eds.

2010

.

Comparative Secularisms in a Global Age

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Cardoso

,

Leonardo

.

2017

. “

The Politics of Noise Control in São Paulo

.”

Journal of Latin American Studies

49

(

4

):

917

–

45

.

Casanova

,

Jose

.

1994

.

Public Religions in the Modern World

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Casanova

,

Jose

.

2001

. “

The Secular, Secularizations, Secularisms

.” In

Rethinking Secularism

, edited by

Craig

Calhoun

,

Mark

Juergensmeyer

, and

Jonathan

VanAntwerpen

,

54

–

75

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Chandola

,

Tripta

.

2012

. “

Listening to Others: Moralising the Soundscapes in Deli

.”

International Development Planning Review

34

(

4

):

391

–

408

.

Chatterjee

,

Partha

.

1993

.

The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Chidester

,

David

.

1996

.

Savage Systems: Colonialism and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa

.

Charlottesville

:

University Press of Virginia

.

Chikowero

,

Mhoze

.

2015

.

African Music, Power, and Being in Colonial Zimbabwe

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Christian Council of the Gold Coast

.

1955

.

Christianity and African Culture: Report of Proceedings of a Conference Held at Accra, May 2nd–6th, under the Auspices of the Christian Council of the Gold Coast

.

Accra

:

Christian Council of the Gold Coast

.

Classen

,

Constance

.

1993

.

Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across Cultures

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Classen

,

Constance

.

1997

. “

Foundations for an Anthropology of the Senses

.”

International Social Science Journal

49

:

401

–

12

.

Coe

,

Cati

.

2005

.

Dilemmas of Culture in African Schools. Youth, Nationalism, and the Transformation of Knowledge

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Coleman

,

Simon

, and

Rosalind I. J.

Hackett

, eds.

2015

.

The Anthropology of Global Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism

.

New York

:

NYU Press

.

Comaroff

,

Jean

.

2012

. “

Pentecostalism, Populism and the New Politics of Affect

.” In

Pentecostalism and Development: Churches, NGOs and Social Change in Africa

, edited by

Dena

Freeman

,

41

–

66

.

Basingstoke

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Comaroff

,

Jean

, and

John

Comaroff

.

2000

. “

Privatising the Millenium: New Protestant Ethics and the Spirits of Capitalism in Africa, and Elsewhere

.”

Afrika Spectrum

35

(

3

):

293

–

312

.

Corten

,

André

, and

Ruth

Marshall-Fratani

, eds.

2001

.

Between Babel and Pentecost: Transnational Pentecostalism in Africa and Latin America

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Cox

,

Harvey G.

1984

.

Religion in the Secular City: Toward a Postmodern Theology

.

New York

:

Simon & Schuster

.

Daniell

,

William F.

1856

. “

On the Ethnography of Akkrah and Adampe, Gold Coast, Western Africa

.”

Journal of the Ethnological Society of London

4

:

1

–

32

.

Daniels

,

David

.

2008

. “

‘Gotta Moan Sometime’: A Sonic Exploration of Earwitnesses to Early Pentecostal Sound in North America

.”

Pneuma

30

:

5

–

32

.

Daughtry

,

J. Martin

.

2015

.

Listening to War: Sound, Music, Trauma and Survival in Wartime Iraq

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Davie

,

Grace

.

2002

.

Europe, the Exceptional Case: Parameters of Faith in the Modern World

.

London

:

Darton, Longman & Todd

.

De Boeck

,

Filip

, and

Marie-Françoise

Plissart

.

2006

.

Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City

.

Ghent

:

Ludion

.

Decoteau

,

Claire Laurier

.

2013

. “

Hybrid Habitus: Toward a Post-Colonial Theory of Practice

.”

Postcolonial Sociology

24

:

263

–

93

.

De Marees

,

Pieter

. (1602)

1987

.

Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

De Roover

,

Jakob

.

2011

. “

Secular Law and the Realm of False Religion

.” In

After Secular Law

, edited by

Winnifred Fallers

Sullivan

,

Robert A.

Yelle

, and

Mateo

Taussig-Rubbo

,

43

–

60

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford Law Books

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2004

. “

Afrikania's Dilemma: Reframing African Authenticity in a Christian Public Sphere

.”

Etnofoor

17

(

1

):

133

–

55

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2005

. “

The Spectacular and the Spirits: Charismatics and Neo-Traditionalists on Ghanaian Television

.”

Material Religion

1

(

3

):

314

–

34

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2008a

. “

Accra's Sounds and Sacred Spaces

.”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

32

(

3

):

690

–

709

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

.

2008b

.

Spirit Media: Charismatics, Traditionalists, and Mediation Practices in Ghana

.

Amsterdam

:

Ipskamp Print Printers

.

De Witte

,

Marleen

, and

Birgit

Meyer

.

2012

. “

African Heritage Design: Entertainment Media and Visual Aesthetics in Ghana

.”

Civilizations

61

(

1

):

43

–

64

.

Diouf

,

Mamadou

.

1999

. “

Urban Youth and Senegalese Politics: Dakar 1988–1994

.” In

Cities and Citizenship

, edited by

James

Holston

,

42

–

67

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Douglas

,

Mary

. (1954)

1999

. “

The Lele of Kasai

.” In

African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples

, edited by

D.

Forde

,

1

–

27

.

London

:

James Currey

.

Douglas

,

Mary

. (1966)

2002

.

Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Dovlo

,

Elom

.

1998

. “

The Church in Africa and Religious Pluralism: The Challenge of New Religious Movements and Charismatic Churches

.”

Exchange

27

(

1

):

52

–

69

.

Dovlo

,

Elom

.

2005

. “

Religion in the Public Sphere: Challenges and Opportunities in Ghanaian Lawmaking, 1989–2004

.”

BYU Law Review

3

(

4

):

629

–

58

.

Dressler

,

Markus

.

2008

. “

Religio-secular Metamorphoses: The Re-making of Turkish Alevism

.”

Journal of the American Academy of Religion

76

(

2

):

280

–

311

.

Dressler

,

Markus

.

2019

. “

Modes of Religionization: A Constructivist Approach to Secularity

.” No. 7 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Eisenlohr

,

Patrick

.

2011

. “

The Anthropology of Media and the Question of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism

.”

Social Anthropology

19

(

1

):

40

–

55

.

Eisenlohr

,

Patrick

.

2018

.

Sounding Islam: Voice, Media, and Social Atmospheres in an Indian Ocean World

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Eisenstadt

,

Shmuel N.

2000

. “

Multiple Modernities

.”

Daedalus

129

(

1

):

1

–

29

.

Elsner

,

John

, and

Roger

Cardinal

, eds.

1994

.

The Cultures of Collecting

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Emiola

,

Akintunde

.

1997

.

The Principles of African Customary Law

.

Ogbomoso

:

Emiola Publishers

.

Engelke

,

Matthew

.

2010

. “

Religion and the Media Turn: A Review Essay

.”

American Ethnologist

37

(

2

):

371

–

79

.

Engelke

,

Matthew

.

2015

. “

Secular Shadows: African, Immanent, Post-Colonial

.”

Critical Research on Religion

3

(

1

):

86

–

100

.

Etikpah

,

Samuel E.

2015

. “

The Kundum Festival in Ghana. Ritual Interaction with the Nonhuman among the Akan

.”

Journal of Africana Religions

3

(

4

):

343

–

96

.

Feld

,

Steven

.

2012

. S

ound and Sentiment: Birds, Weeping, Poetics, and Song in Kaluli Expression

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Field

,

Margaret

.

1937

.

Religion and Medicine of the Ga People

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Fitzgerald

,

Timothy

.

2000

.

The Ideology of Religious Studies

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Fitzgerald

,

Timothy

.

2007

.

Discourse on Civility and Barbarity: A Critical History of Religion and Related Categories

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Fosu

,

Kwaku Amoako-Attah

.

1999

.

Festivals in Ghana

.

Kumasi

:

Centre for National Culture

.

Foucault

,

Michel

. (1980)

2014

.

On the Government of the Living: Lectures at the College de France, 1979–1980

.

Houndmills

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Foucault

,

Michel

.

2007

.

Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–78

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Foucault

,

Michel

.

2013

.

Lectures on the Will to Know: Lectures at the College de France, 1970–1971

.

Houndmills

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Gautier

,

Ana María Ochoa

.

2014

.

Aurality: Listening and Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century Colombia

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Gerety

,

Finnian M. M.

2017

. “

The Amplified Sacrifice: Sound, Technology, and Participation in Modern Vedic Ritual

.”

South Asian History and Culture

8

(

4

):

560

–

78

.

Gifford

,

Paul

.

1998

.

African Christianity: Its Public Role

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Gifford

,

Paul

.

2004

.

Ghana's New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a Globalizing African Economy

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Gocking

,

Roger S.

2005

.

The History of Ghana

.

Westport, CT

:

Greenwood Press

.

Göle

,

Nilüfer

.

2010

. “

Manifestations of the Religious-Secular Divide: Self, State, and the Public Sphere

.” In

Comparative Secularisms in a Global Age

, edited by

Linell E.

Cady

and

Elizabeth S.

Hurd

,

41

–

53

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Göle

,

Nilüfer

.

2015

.

Islam and Secularity: The Future of Europe's Public Sphere

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Gorski

,

Philip S.

2000

. “

Historicizing the Secularization Debate: Church, State and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ca. 1300–1700

.”

American Sociological Review

65

:

138

–

67

.

Goshadze

,

Mariam

.

2019

. “

When the Deities Visit for Hɔmɔwɔ: Translating Religion in the Language of the Secular

.”

Journal of the American Academy of Religion

87

(

1

):

191

–

224

.

Goshadze

,

Mariam

.

2022a

. “

Heritage out of Control: Is Libation a Prayer?

”

Allegra Lab

.

February

,

2022

. https://allegralaboratory.net/heritage-out-of-control-is-libation-a-prayer/.

Goshadze

,

Mariam

.

2022b

. “

The Varieties of Sonic Experience: ‘Quiet’ vs. ‘Not-Noise’ in a Ghanaian Harvest Festival

.”

American Anthropologist

124

(

1

):

165

–

74

.

Griffith

,

W. Brandford

.

1887

.

Ordinances of the Settlements of the Gold Coast and of the Gold Coast Colony in Force April 7th, 1887

.

London

:

Waterlow

.

Griffith

,

W. Brandford

.

1903

.

Ordinances of the Gold Coast Colony and the Rules and Orders Thereunder in Force 31st March, 1903

. Vol

1

.

London

:

Stevens and Sons

.

Griffith

,

W. Brandford

.

1887

.

Ordinances of the Settlements of the Gold Coast and of the Gold Coast Colony in Force April 7th, 1887

.

London

:

Waterlow

.

Grillo

,

Laura S.

,

Adriaan van

Klinken

, and

Hassan J.

Ndzovu

.

2019

.

Religions in Contemporary Africa: An Introduction

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Guha

,

Ranajit

, and

Gayatri Chakravorty

Spivak

.

1988

.

Selected Subaltern Studies

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Guss

,

David M.

2000

.

The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism as Cultural Performance

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Gyampong

,

Samuel K.

2006

. “

The Role of Chieftaincy in Ghana's Democratic Experiment

.” In

Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development

, edited by

Irene K.

Odotei

and

Albert K.

Awedoba

,

183

–

91

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Gyimah

,

Cynthia

.

1985

. “

The Hɔmɔwɔ Festival of the Ga Mashi: People of Accra

.” MA thesis,

York University, Toronto

.

Haberlandt

,

Michael

.

1900

.

Ethnology

. Translated by

J. H.

Lowe

.

London

:

J.M. Dent

.

Hackett

,

Rosalind

.

1991

. “

Revitalization in African Traditional Religion

.” In

African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Society

, edited by

Jacob K.

Olupona

,

135

–

48

.

New York

:

Paragon House

.

Hackett

,

Rosalind

.

2022

. “

From Festive Sacred to Festive Secular? Indigenous Religious Presence in Two Nigerian Festivals

.”

Numen

69

(

4

):

341

–

89

.

Handler

,

Richard

.

1988

.

Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec

.

Madison

:

University of Wisconsin Press

.

Harrison

,

Rodney

.

2013

.

Heritage: Critical Approaches

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Henderson-Quartey

,

David K.

2002

.

The Ga of Ghana

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Hervieu-Leger

,

Daniele

.

2002

. “

Space and Religion: New Approaches to Religious Spatiality in Modernity

.”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

26

(

1

):

99

–

105

.

Hess

,

Janet

.

2001

. “

Exhibiting Ghana: Display, Documentary, and ‘National’ Art in the Nkrumah Era

.”

African Studies Review

44

(

1

):

59

–

77

.

Hirschkind

,

Charles

.

2006

.

The Ethical Soundscape: Cassette Sermons and Islamic Counterpublics

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Hirschkind

,

Charles

.

2011

. “

Is There a Secular Body?

”

Cultural Anthropology

26

(

4

):

633

–

47

.

Hobsbawm

,

Eric

, and

Terence

Ranger

.

1983

.

The Invention of Tradition

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Horton

,

Robin

.

1984

. “

Judeo-Christian Spectacles: Boon or Bane to the Study of African Religions?

”

Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines

96

:

391

–

436

.

Howes

,

David

.

2005

.

Empire of the Senses: The Sensual Culture Reader

.

Oxford

:

Berg

.

Howes

,

David

, ed.

1991

.

The Varieties of Sensory Experience. A Sourcebook in the Anthropology of the Senses

.

Toronto

:

University of Toronto Press

.

Hulsether

,

Mark

.

2005

. “

Religion and Culture

.” In

The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion

, edited by

John R.

Hinnells

,

501

–

20

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Hurd

,

Elizabeth Shakman

.

2015

.

Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Idowu

,

Bolaji

.

1965

.

Towards an Indigenous Church

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Idowu

,

Bolaji

.

1973

.

African Traditional Religion: A Definition

.

London

:

SCM Press

.

Iliffe

,

John

.

1979

.

A Modern History of Tanganyika

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Innis

,

Harold

. (1972)

2007

.

Empire and Communications

.

Lanham, MD

:

Rowman & Littlefield

.

Jay

,

Martin

.

1998

. “

Scopic Regimes of Modernity

.” In

Visual Culture Reader

, edited by

Nicholas

Mirzoeff

,

66

–

69

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Johnson

,

Greg

.

2007

.

Sacred Claims: Repatriation and Living Tradition

.

Charlottesville

:

University of Virginia Press

.

Joppke

,

Christian

.

2018

. “

Culturalizing Religion in Western Europe: Patterns and Puzzles

.”

Social Compass

65

(

2

):

234

–

46

.

Jouili

,

Jeanette S.

, and

Annelies

Moors

.

2014

. “

Introduction: Islamic Sounds and the Politics of Listening

.”

Anthropological Quarterly

87

(

4

):

977

–

88

.

Jütte

,

Robert

.

2005

.

A History of the Senses: From Antiquity to Cyberspace

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Kallinen

,

Timo

.

2016

.

Divine Rulers in a Secular State

.

Helsinki

:

Finnish Literature Society

.

Kalu

,

Ogbu

.

2008

.

African Pentecostalism: An Introduction

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Kalu

,

Ogbu

.

2009

. “

Sankofa: Pentecostalism and African Cultural Heritage

.” In

The Spirit in the World: Emerging Pentecostal Theologies in Global Contexts

, edited by

Veli-Matti

Kärkkäinen

,

135

–

52

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

William B

. Eerdmans.

Kelley

,

Robin D. G.

1993

. “

‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in a New South City, 1929–1970

.”

Journal of American History

80

(

1

):

75

–

112

.

Kilson

,

Marion

.

1971

.

Kpele Lala: Ga Religious Songs and Symbols

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Kilson

,

Marion

.

1974

.

African Urban Kinsmen: The Ga of Central Accra

.

London

:

C. Hurst & Company

.

Kilson

,

Marion

.

2013

.

Dancing with the Gods: Essays in Ga Ritual

.

Lanham, MD

:

University Press of America

.

Kingdon

,

Donald

.

1920

.

The Laws of the Gold Coast Colony: Containing the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Colony and the Orders, Proclamations, Rules, Regulations and Bye-laws Made Thereunder in Force on the 31st Day of December, 1919, and the Principal Imperial Statutes, Orders in Council, Letters Patent and Royal Instructions Relating to the Gold Coast Colony

.

London

:

Waterlow and Sons

.

Kirby

,

Benjamin

.

2019

. “

Pentecostalism, Economics, Capitalism: Putting The Protestant Ethic to Work

.”

Religion

49

(

4

):

571

–

91

.

Klein

,

Tobias Robert

.

2010

. “

Fondling Breasts and Playing Guitar: Textual and Contextual Expressions of a Socio-Musical Conflict in Accra

.”

Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Musiktheorie

7

:

261

–

78

.

Kleine

,

Christoph

.

2018

. “

The Secular Ground Bass of Pre-Modern Japan Reconsidered: Reflections upon the Buddhist Trajectories towards Secularity

.” No. 5 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Kraft

,

Siv Ellen

.

2009

. “

Sami Indigenous Spirituality: Religion and Nationbuilding in Norwegian Sápmi

.”

Temenos

45

(

2

):

179

–

206

.

Kropp-Dakubu

,

Mary E.

1987

. “

Creating Unity: The Context of Speaking Prose and Poetry in Ga

.”

Anthropos

82

(

4–6

):

507

–

27

.

Kropp-Dakubu

,

Mary E.

(1999)

2009

.

Ga-English Dictionary

. 2nd ed.

Accra

:

University of Ghana

.

Kudadjie

,

Joshua N.

1975

. “

Aspects of Religion and Morality in Ghanaian Traditional Society with Particular Reference to the Ga-Adangme

.”

The Conch

7

(

1–2

):

26

–

53

.

Labelle

,

Brandon

.

2010

.

Acoustic Territories: Sound Culture and Everyday Life

.

New York

:

Continuum

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2008

.

Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Laryea

,

Philip Tetteh

.

2011

.

Yesu Hɔmɔwɔ Nuŋtsɔ

>.

Akropong-Akuapem

:

Regnum Africa

.

Leatt

,

Dhammamegha Annie

.

2017

.

The State of Secularism: Religion, Tradition and Democracy in South Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Lentz

,

Carola

.

2001

. “

Local Culture in the National Arena: The Politics of Cultural Festivals in Ghana

.”

African Studies Review

4

(

3

):

47

–

72

.

Lentz

,

Carola

.

2017

. “

Culture: The Making, Unmaking and Remaking of an Anthropological Concept

.”

Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie

142

(

2

):

181

–

204

.

Lentz

,

Carola

, and

Paul

Nugent

.

2000

. “

Ethnicity in Ghana: A Comparative Perspective

.” In

Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention

, edited by

Carola

Lentz

and

Paul

Nugent

,

1

–

28

.

Houndmills

:

Macmillan Press

.

Lentz

,

Carola

, and

Trevor

Wiggins

.

2017

. “

‘Kakube Has Come to Stay’: The Making of a Cultural Festival in Northern Ghana, 1989–2015

.”

Africa

87

(

1

):

180

–

210

.

Loimeier

,

Roman

.

1997

.

Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria

.

Evanston, IL

:

Northwestern University Press

.

Lokko

,

Sophia D.

1981

. “

Hunger-Hooting Festival in Ghana

.”

The Drama Review

25

(

4

):

43

–

50

.

Lonsdale

,

John

.

1994

. “

Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism

.”

Politique Africaine

61

:

98

–

115

.

Maclure

,

Jocelyn

, and

Charles

Taylor

.

2011

.

Secularism and Freedom of Conscience

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Madan

,

Triloki N.

1987

. “

Secularism in Its Place

.”

The Journal of Asian Studies

46

(

4

):

747

–

59

.

Madison

,

D. Soyini

.

2005

.

Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics, and Performance

.

Thousand Oaks, CA

:

Sage

.

Mamdani

,

Mahmood

.

1996

.

Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Mamdani

,

Mahmood

.

2012

.

Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Manoukian

,

Madeline

.

1950

.

Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples of the Gold Coast

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Marshall

,

Ruth

.

2009

.

Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Martin

,

David

.

2002

.

Pentecostalism: The World Their Parish

.

Oxford

:

Blackwell Publishers

.

Martinelli

,

Monica

.

2020

. “

Religion in Secularized and Post-Secularized Europe

.” In

Migrants and Religion: Paths, Issues, and Lenses

, edited by

Monica

Martinelli

,

74

–

110

.

Leiden

:

Brill Academic Publishers

.

Masuzawa

,

Tomoko

.

2005

.

The Invention of World Religions, Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Mazrui

,

Ali A.

1991

. “

Africa and Other Civilizations: Conquest and Counterconquest

.” In

Africa in World Politics

, edited by

John W.

Harbeson

and

Donald

Rothchild

,

69

–

80

.

Boulder, CO

:

Westview Press

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

2001

.

On the Postcolony

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Mbiti

,

John S.

1970

.

African Religions and Philosophy

.

New York

:

Anchor Books

.

McCutcheon

,

Russell T.

1997

.

Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

McCutcheon

,

Russell T.

2007

. “

They Licked the Platter Clean: On the Co-Dependency of the Religious and the Secular

.”

Method and Theory in the Study of Religion

19

(

3–4

):

173

–

99

.

McIntosh

,

Janet

.

2019

. “

Polyontologism: When ‘Syncretism’ Does Not Suffice

.”

Journal of Africana Religions

7

(

1

):

112

–

20

.

McLeod

,

Hugh

, ed.

1995

.

European Religion in the Age of Great Cities: 1830–1930

.

London

:

Routledge

.

McLuhan

,

Marshall

.

1962

.

The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man

.

Toronto

:

University of Toronto Press

.

Meinema

,

Eric H.

2021

. “

Regulating Religious Coexistence: The Intricacies of ‘Interfaith’ Cooperation in Coastal Kenya

.” PhD diss.,

Utrecht University

.

Meredith

,

Henry

.

1812

.

An Account of the Gold Coast of Africa: With a Brief History of the African Company

.

London

:

Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

1998

. “

Commodities and the Power of Prayer: Pentecostalist Attitudes towards Consumption in Contemporary Ghana

.”

Development and Change

29

(

4

):

751

–

76

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

1999

.

Translating the Devil: Religion and Modernity among the Ewe in Ghana

.

Edinburgh

:

Edinburgh University Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2004a

. “

Christianity in Africa: From African Independent to Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches

.”

Annual Reviews

33

:

447

–

74

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2004b

. “

‘Praise the Lord’: Popular Cinema and Pentecostalite Style in Ghana's New Public Sphere

.”

American Ethnologist

31

(

1

):

92

–

110

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2006a

. “

Impossible Representations: Pentecostalism, Vision and Video Technology in Ghana

.” In

Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere

, edited by

Birgit

Meyer

and

Annelies

Moors

,

290

–

312

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2006b

. “

Religious Sensations: Why Media, Aesthetics and Power Matter in the Study of Contemporary Religion

.”

Inaugural Lecture, Vreije Universiteit

,

Amsterdam

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2010

. “

Pentecostalism and Globalization

.” In

Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods

, edited by

Allan

Anderson

,

Michael

Bergunder

,

André

Drooger

, and

Cornelis van der

Laan

,

113

–

33

.

Los Angeles

:

University of California Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2011

. “

Mediation and Immediacy. Sensational Forms, Semiotic Ideologies and the Question of the Medium

.”

Social Anthropology

19

(

1

):

23

–

39

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2012

. “

Mediation and the Genesis of Presence: Towards a Material Approach to Religion

.”

Inaugural Lecture, Utrecht University

,

Utrecht

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2013

. “

Material Mediations and Religious Practices of World-making

.” In

Religion Across Media: From Early Antiquity to Late Modernity

, edited by

Knut

Lundby

,

1

–

19

.

New York

:

Peter Lang

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2015

.

Sensational Movies: Video, Vision, and Christianity in Ghana

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2020

. “

What Is Religion in Africa? Relational Dynamics in an Entangled World

.”

Journal of Religion in Africa

50

:

156

–

81

.

Mosse

,

David

.

1994

. “

The Politics of Religious Synthesis: Roman Catholicism and Hindu Village Society in Tamil Nadu, India

.” In

Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis

, edited by

Charles

Stewart

and

Rosalind

Shaw

,

85

–

108

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Mudimbe

,

Valentin Y.

1988

.

Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Navaro-Yashin

,

Yael

.

2002

.

Faces of the State: Secularism and Public Life in Turkey

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Ngwakwe

,

Eze C.

2013

.

African Customary Law: Jurisprudence, Themes and Principles

.

Abakaliki

:

Ave Maria Academic Publishers

.

Niebuhr

,

H. Richard

.

1951

.

Christ and Culture

.

New York

:

Harper & Row

.

Niezen

,

Ronald

.

2012

. “

Indigenous Religion and Human Rights

.” In

Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction

, edited by

John

Witte

Jr. and

Christian

Green

,

119

–

34

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Nii-Dortey

,

Moses Narteh

.

2012

. “

Kplejoo of Nungua and Tema: An Integrative Performance Study of Music, Dance, Ritual and Drama

.” PhD diss.,

University of Ghana

.

Nketia

,

Kwabena J. H.

1964

. “

Historical Evidence in Ga Religious Music

.” In

The Historian in Tropical Africa

, edited by

Jan

Vansina

,

265

–

83

.

London

:

Oxford University Press

.

Nketia

,

Kwabena J. H.

1974

.

The Music of Africa

.

New York

:

W.W. Norton

.

Nketia

,

Kwabena J. H.

1988

. “

The Intensity Factor in African Music

.”

Journal of Folklore Research

25

(

1–2

):

53

–

86

.

Nkrumah

,

Kwame

.

1970

.

Consciencism

.

New York

:

Modern Reader Paperbacks

.

Nolte

,

Insa

, and

Olukoya

Ogen

.

2017

. “

Outlook: Religious Difference, the Yoruba and Beyond

.” In

Beyond Religious Tolerance: Muslim, Christian and Traditionalist Encounters in an African Town

, edited by

Insa

Nolte

,

Oukoya

Ogen

, and

Rebecca

Jones

,

257

–

67

.

Oxford

:

James Currey

.

Norregard

,

Georg

.

1966

.

Danish Settlements in West Africa: 1658–1850

.

Boston

:

Boston University Press

.

Nortey

,

Samuel

.

2012

. “

Artistic Evolutons of the Ga Mashie Twins Yam Festival and Its Cultural Implications

.”

Arts and Design Studies

2

:

1

–

9

.

Oakes

,

Tim

.

2010

. “

Alchemy of the Ancestors: Rituals of Genealogy in the Service of the Nation in Rural China

.” In

Faiths on Display: Religion, Tourism, and the Chinese State

, edited by

Tim

Oakes

and

Donald S.

Sutton

,

51

–

79

.

Lanham, MD

:

Rowman and Littlefield

.

Odotei

,

Irene

.

1995

. “

Pre-Colonial Economic Activities of the Ga

.”

Research Review

n.s.,

11

(

1–2

):

60

–

74

.

Odotei

,

Irene

.

2002

. “

Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition

.”

Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana

6

:

17

–

34

.

Olupona

,

Jacob

.

2011

.

City of 201 Gods: Ilé-Ifè in Time, Space, and the Imagination

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Omaboe

,

Narh

.

2011

.

History of West Africa and the Ga (Osu) People

.

Accra

:

EPP Books

.

Omaetu

,

Numo Blafo Akotia

, III.

2006

. “

The Ga Wulɔmɔ and the Challenges of Modern Society

.” Diploma in Communication Studies, Africa Institute of Journalism and Communications.

Omenyo

,

Cephas

.

2002

. “

Charismatic Churches in Ghana and Contextualization

.”

Exchange

31

(

3

):

252

–

77

.

Omenyo

,

Cephas

.

2005

. “

From the Fringes to the Centre: Pentecostalization of the Mainline Churches in Ghana

.”

Exchange

34

(

1

):

39

–

60

.

Ong

,

Walter J.

1982

.

Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the World

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Onyinah

,

Opoku

.

2009

. “

Deliverance as a Way of Confronting Witchcraft in Contemporary Africa

.” In

The Spirit in the World: Emerging Pentecostal Theologies in Global Contexts

, edited by

Veli-Matti

Kärkkäinen

,

181

–

203

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

William B

. Eerdmans.

Oosterbaan

,

Martijn

.

2009

. “

Sonic Supremacy: Sound, Space and Charisma in a Favela in Rio de Janeiro

.”

Critique of Anthropology

29

(

1

):

81

–

104

.

Oosterbaan

,

Martijn

.

2014

. “

Public Religion and Urban Space in Europe

.”

Social & Cultural Geography

15

(

6

):

591

–

602

.

Opoku

,

Kofi Asare

.

1978

.

West African Traditional Religion

.

Singapore

:

FEP International Private Limited

.

Opuni-Frimpong

,

Kwabea

.

2012

.

Indigenous Knowledge and Christian Missions: Perspectives of Akan Leadership Formation on Christian Leadership Development

.

Accra

:

SonLife Press

.

Orsi

,

Robert A.

2016

.

History and Presence

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Osei-Tutu

,

John Kwadwo

.

2000

–

2001

. “

‘Space’, and the Marking of ‘Space’ in Ga History, Culture, and Politics

.”

Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana

, n.s.,

4–5

:

55

–

81

.

Owusu

,

Maxwell

.

1996

. “

Tradition and Transformation: Democracy and the Politics of Popular Power in Ghana

.”

Journal of Modern African Studies

34

(

2

):

307

–

43

.

Parker

,

John

.

2000

.

Making the Town: Ga State and Society in Early Colonial Accra

.

Portsmouth, NH

:

Heinemann

.

Parrinder

,

Geoffrey

. (1962)

1976

.

African Traditional Religion

.

Westport, CT

:

Greenwood Press

.

Parsons

,

Robert Thomas

.

1962

.

Some Problems in the Integration of Christianity and African Culture in Ghana, 1918–1955

.

Accra

:

University of Ghana

.

Payer

,

Peter

.

2007

. “

The Age of Noise: Early Reactions in Vienna, 1870–1914

.”

Journal of Urban History

33

(

5

):

773

–

93

.

Peel

,

J. D. Y.

2016

.

Christianity, Islam, and Oriṣa–Religion: Three Traditions in Comparison and Interaction

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Petryna

,

Adriana

.

2002

.

Life Exposed—Biological Citizens after Chernobyl

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Phillips

,

Ruth B.

, and

Christopher B.

Steiner

, eds.

1999

.

Unpacking Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial Worlds

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Picker

,

John M.

2003

.

Victorian Soundscapes

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Piot

,

Charles

.

1999

.

Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa

.

Chicago

:

Chicago University Press

.

Plageman

,

Nate

.

2013

.

Highlife Saturday Night: Popular Music and Social Change in Urban Ghana

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Pobee

,

John

.

1976

. “

Aspects of African Traditional Religion

.”

Sociological Analysis

37

(

1

):

1

–

18

.

Quansah

,

Agnes

.

2013

. “

A Theological and Ethical Study of Loud Christian Prayer on the University of Ghana Campus

.”

MPhil thesis, University of Ghana, Legon

.

Quarcoo

,

Alfred Kofi

.

1967

. “

The Lakpa—Principal Deity of Labadi

.”

Research Review—University of Ghana

3

(

3

):

2

–

44

.

Quarcoopome

,

Samuel S.

1992

. “

Urbanisation, Land Alienation and Politics in Accra

.”

Research Review New Series

8

(

1–2

):

40

–

54

.

Quarcoopome

,

Samuel S.

2006

. “

The Decline of Traditional Authority: The Case of the Ga Mashie State of Accra

.” In

Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development

, edited by

Irene K.

Odotei

and

Albert K.

Awedoba

,

395

–

408

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Quashigah

,

Kofi

.

2010

. “

Religion and the Secular State in Ghana

.” In

Religion and the Secular State

, edited by

Janvier

Martinez-Torrón

and

W. Cole

Durham

,

331

–

38

.

Provo, UT

:

Brigham Young University

.

Quaye

,

Irene

.

1972

. “

The Gas and Their Neighbours 1600–1742

.” PhD thesis,

University of Ghana

.

Quayson

,

Ato

.

2014

.

Oxford Street, Accra: City Life and the Itineraries of Transnationalism

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Radano

,

Ronald

, and

Tejumola

Olaniyan

.

2006

. “

Introduction; Hearing Empire—Imperial Listening

.” In

Audible Empire: Music, Global Politics, Critique

, edited by

Roland

Radano

and

Tejumola

Olaniyan

,

1

–

25

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Radovac

,

Lilian

.

2011

. “

The ‘War on Noise’: Sound and Space in La Guardia's New York

.”

American Quarterly

63

(

3

):

733

–

60

.

Ranger

,

Terence

.

1983

. “

The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa

.” In

The Invention of Tradition

, edited by

Eric

Hobsbawm

,

211

–

63

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Ranger

,

Terence

.

1993

. “

The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa

.” In

Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth Century Africa

, edited by

Terence

Ranger

and

Olufemi

Vaughan

,

62

–

111

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Rath

,

Richard Cullen

.

2013

. “

The Howling Wilderness

.” In

Sound Studies: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies

, edited by

Michael

Bull

,

145

–

84

.

Abingdon

:

Routledge

.

Rathbone

,

Richard

.

2000

.

Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana 1951–60

.

Accra

:

F. Reimmer

.

Rattray

,

Robert Sutherland

.

1923

.

Ashanti

.

Oxford

:

The Clarendon Press

.

Reindorf

,

Carl C.

(1895)

1966

.

The History of the Gold Coast and Asante

.

Accra

:

Ghana University Press

.

Reinharz

,

Shulamit

.

2011

.

Observing the Observer: Understanding Our Selves in Field Research

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Robbins

,

Joel

.

2004

. “

The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity

.”

Annual Review of Anthropology

22

:

117

–

43

.

Robertson

,

Claire

.

1984

.

Sharing the Same Bowl: A Socioeconomic History of Women and Class in Accra, Ghana

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Robinson

,

Dylan

.

2020

.

Hungry Listening: Resonant Theory for Indigenous Sound Studies

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Roseman

,

Marina

, and

Philip M.

Peek

.

1994

. “

The Sounds of Silence: Cross-World Communication and the Auditory Arts in African Societies

.”

American Ethnologist

21

(

3

):

474

–

94

.

Sackey

,

Brigid M.

2001

. “

Charismatics, Independents and Missions: Church Proliferation in Ghana

.”

Culture and Religion

2

(

1

):

41

–

59

.

Sackeyfio-Lenoch

,

Naaborko

.

2014

.

The Politics of Chieftaincy: Authority and Property in Colonial Ghana, 1920–1950

.

Rochester, NY

:

University of Rochester Press

.

Sanneh

,

Lamin

.

1980

. “

The Domestication of Islam and Christianity in African Societies: A Methodological Exploration

.”

Journal of Religion in Africa

11

(

1

):

1

–

12

.

Sarbah

,

John Mensah

.

1906

.

Fanti National Constitution

.

London

:

Clowes

.

Scales

,

Rebecca P.

2016

.

Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Schauert

,

Paul

.

2015

.

Staging Ghana: Artistry and Nationalism in State Dance Ensembles

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Schmidt

,

Leigh Eric

.

2000

.

Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Schopenhauer

,

Arthur

. (1819)

1969

.

The World as Will and Representation

.

New York

:

Dover

.

Schwartz

,

Hillel

.

2011

.

Making Noise: From Babel to the Big Bang and Beyond

.

New York

:

Zone

.

Scott

,

David

, and

Charles

Hirschkind

, eds.

2006

.

Powers of the Secular Modern: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Scott

,

James

.

1985

.

Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance

.

New Haven, CT

:

Yale University Press

.

Sewald

,

Ronda

.

2011

. “

Forced Listening: The Contested Use of Loudspeakers for Commercial and Political Messages in the Public Soundscape

.”

American Quarterly

63

(

3

):

761

–

80

.

Sharpe

,

William

, and

Leonard

Wallock

, eds.

1987

.

Visions of the Modern City

.

Baltimore, MD

:

Johns Hopkins University Press

.

Shaw

,

Rosalind

.

1990

. “

The Invention of ‘African Traditional Religion.’

”

Religion

20

:

339

–

53

.

Shipley

,

Jesse Weaver

.

2015

.

Trickster Theatre: The Poetics of Freedom in Urban Africa

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Simone

,

AbdouMaliq

.

2008

. “

The Last Shall Be First: African Urbanities and the Larger Urban World

.” In

Other Cities, Other Worlds: Urban Imaginaries in a Globalizing Age

, edited by

Andreas

Huysse

,

99

–

119

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Smith

,

Daniel A.

2002

. “

Media Matters: Evaluating the Role of the Media in Ghana's 2000 Elections

.”

African Affairs

101

:

585

–

605

.

Smith

,

Jonathan Z.

2004

.

Relating Religion: Essays in the Study of Religion

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago

.

Smith

,

Mark M.

2013

. “

Listening to the Heard Worlds of Antebellum America

.” In

Sound Studies: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies

, edited by

Michael

Bull

,

137

–

63

.

Abingdon

:

Routledge

.

Stark

,

Rodney

, and

William S.

Rainbridge

.

1987

.

A Theory of Religion

.

New York

:

Peter Lang

.

Steegstra

,

Marijke

.

2005

.

Dipo and the Politics of Culture in Ghana

.

Accra

:

Woeli PubServices

.

Sterne

,

Jonathan

.

2005

. “

Urban Media and the Politics of Sound Space

.”

Cahier on Art and the Public Domain

9

:

6

–

15

.

Stoever

,

Jennifer L.

2016

.

The Sonic Color Line: Race and the Cultural Politics of Listening

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Stoller

,

Paul

.

1989

.

Fusion of the Worlds: An Ethnography of Possession among the Songhay of Niger

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Stoller

,

Paul

, and

Cheryl

Olkes

.

1987

.

In Sorcery's Shadow: A Memoir of Apprenticeship among the Songhay of Niger

.

Chicago

:

The University of Chicago Press

.

Sykes

,

Jim

.

2015

. “

Sound Studies, Religion and Urban Space: Tamil Music and the Ethical Life in Singapore

.”

Ethnomusicology Forum

24

(

3

):

380

–

413

.

Tafjord

,

Bjørn Ola

.

2013

. “

Indigenous Religion(s) as an Analytical Category

.”

Method & Theory in the Study of Religion

25

(

3

):

221

–

43

.

Tafjord

,

Bjørn Ola

.

2016

. “

How Talking about Indigenous Religion May Change Things: An Example from Talamanca

.”

Numen

63

(

5–6

):

548

–

75

.

Tamimi Arab

,

Pooyan

.

2017

.

Amplifying Islam in the European Soundscape: Religious Pluralism and Secularism in the Netherlands

.

London

:

Bloomsbury Academic

.

Tan

,

Marcus Cheng Chye

.

2012

.

Acoustic Interculturalism: Listening to Performance

.

Basingstoke

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Taylor

,

Charles

.

2001

. “

Western Secularity

.” In

Rethinking Secularism

, edited by

Craig

Calhoun

,

Mark

Juergensmeyer

, and

Jonathan

VanAntwerpen

,

31

–

54

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Thompson

,

Emily Ann

.

2002

.

The Soundscape of Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Culture of Listening in America, 1900–1933

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Tsikata

,

Dzozi

, and

Wayo

Seini

.

2004

. “

Identities, Inequalities, and Conflicts in Ghana

.” CRISE Working Paper 5. Queen Elizabeth House,

University of Oxford

.

Turner

,

Victor Q.

(1966)

1995

.

The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure

.

New York

:

Aldine de Gruyter

.

Tweneboah

,

Seth

.

2019

.

Religion, Law, Politics and the State in Africa: Applying Legal Pluralism in Ghana

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Ubink

,

Janine

.

2007

. “

Traditional Authority Revisited: Popular Perceptions of Chiefs and Chieftaincy in Peri-Urban Kumasi, Ghana

.”

Journal of Legal Pluralism

55

:

123

–

61

.

Vaillant

,

Derek

.

2003

. “

Peddling Noise: Contesting the Civic Soundscape of Chicago, 1890–1913

.”

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society

96

(

3

):

257

–

87

.

Van der Veer

,

Peter

.

1994

.

Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Van der Veer

,

Peter

.

2001

.

Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Van Dijk

,

Rijk

.

2001

. “

Contesting Silence

.”

Ghana Studies

4

:

31

–

64

.

Ward

,

William Ernest Frank

.

1967

.

A History of Ghana

.

London

:

Allen & Unwin

.

Waterman

,

Alex

.

2017

. “

Listening to Resonant Words

.” In

Theorizing Sound Writing

, edited by

Deborah

Kapchan

,

117

–

37

.

Middletown, CT

:

Wesleyan University Press

.

Weiner

,

Isaac

.

2014

.

Religion Out Loud: Religious Sound, Public Space, and American Pluralism

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Wellington

,

H. Nii-Adziri

.

2011

.

Stones Tell Stories at Osu: Memories of a Host Community of the Danish Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

.

Accra

:

Sub-Saharan Publishers

.

Wenger

,

Tisa

.

2009

.

We Have a Religion: The 1920s Pueblo Indian Dance Controversy and American Religious Freedom

.

Chapel Hill

:

University of North Caroline Press

.

Westerlund

,

David

.

1985

.

African Religion in African Scholarship: A Preliminary Study of the Religious and Political Background

.

Stockholm

:

Almqvist & Wiksell International

.

Winter

,

James

.

1993

.

London's Teeming Streets, 1830–1914

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Wiredu

,

Kwasi

.

1995

. “

Democracy and Consensus in African Traditional Politics: A Plea for a Non-Party Polity

.”

The Centennial Review

39

(

1

):

53

–

64

.

Wissman

,

Torsten

.

2014

.

Geographies of Urban Sound

.

Farnham, Surrey, UK

:

Ashgate

.

Wohlrab-Sahr

,

Monika

, and

Marian

Burchardt

.

2012

. “

Multiple Secularities: Toward a Cultural Sociology of Secular Modernities

.”

Comparative Sociology

11

(

6

):

875

–

909

.

Wohlrab-Sahr

,

Monika

, and

Marian

Burchardt

.

2017

. “

Revisiting the Secular: Multiple Secularities and Pathways to Modernity

.” No. 2 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Yablon

,

Nick

.

2007

. “

Echoes of the City: Spacing Sound, Sounding Space, 1888–1916

.”

American Literary History

19

(

3

):

629

–

60

.

Yakubu

,

Abdul-Rahman

.

2022

.

The Gods Are Not Jealous: Lived Contextualization of Religious Identity and Dialogue through Dagomba Rites of Passage

.

Leipzig

:

Evangelische Verlagsanstalt

.

Yankah

,

Kwesi

.

1985

. “

The Making and Breaking of Kwame Nkrumah: The Role of Oral Poetry

.”

Journal of African Studies

12

(

2

):

86

–

92

.

Yong

,

Amos

.

2010

.

In the Days of Caesar: Pentecostalism and Political Theology

.

Grand Rapids, MI

:

W

. B. Eerdmans.

Zahan

,

Dominique

.

2000

. “

Some Reflections on African Spirituality

.” In

African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings, and Expressions

, edited by

Jacob K.

Olupona

,

3

–

25

.

New York

:

Crossroad

.

Zemmin

,

Florian

.

2019

. “

How (Not) to Take ‘Secularity’ Beyond the Modern West: Reflections from Islamic Sociology

.” No. 9 in Working Paper Series “Multiple Secularities—Beyond West, Beyond Modernities” of the Centre for Advanced Studies, Leipzig.

Zubrzycki

,

Geneviève

,

2012

. “

Religion, Religious Tradition, and Nationalism: Jewish Revival in Poland and ‘Religious Heritage’ in Quebec

.”

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

51

(

3

):

442

–

55

.