Book Chapter
Introduction: Disjunctive Temporalities, Discrepant Futures
-
Published:February 2025
This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.
The introduction analyzes how ideas of the future and futurity shape the labor and lives of agents working in India’s business process outsourcing (BPO) industry. Providing customer service to Global North customers, this industry brings together global capitalism, racial capitalism, semiocapitalism, and affective capitalism into an assemblage of interwoven and discontinuous components. The BPO industry is future-oriented, forever reinventing itself to stay ahead of capitalist, technological, and geopolitical transformations. Futures, subjectively and collectively imagined, are distinct from futurity, which refers to affective-temporal potentialities that generate action and subjectivity. Futurity refers to the capacity to imagine or strive for a future. Futurity is a second-order phenomenon that is not observable but is generative of futures that could be articulated. The chapter explores how we can think about the future of futurity in contexts of affective labor and racial capitalism.
This content is only available as PDF.
References Cited
Ablett
, Jonathan
, Aadarsh
Baijal
, Eric
Beinhocker
, Anupam
Bose
, Diana
Farell
, Ulrich
Gersch
, Ezra
Greenberg
, Shishir
Gupta
, and Sumit
Gupta
. 2007
. “The ‘Bird of Gold’: The Rise of India's Consumer Market
.” McKinsey Global Institute
, May
1
, 2007
. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/asia-pacific/the-bird-of-gold.Abraham
, Janaki
. 2014
. “Contingent Caste Endogamy and Patriarchy: Lessons for Our Understanding of Caste
.” Economic and Political Weekly
49
(2
): 56
–65
.Abu-Lughod
, Lila
. 1986
. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society
. Oakland
: University of California Press
.Adams
, Vincanne
, Michelle
Murphy
, and Adele E.
Clarke
. 2009
. “Anticipation: Technoscience, Life, Affect, Temporality
.” Subjectivity
28
(1
): 246
–65
.Adorno
, Theodor
. 1991
. The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture
. Edited by J. M.
Bernstein
. London
: Routledge
.Agamben
, Giorgio
. 1998
. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life
. Translated by Daniel
Heller-Roazen
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Agamben
, Giorgio
. 2003
. Potentialities: Collected Essays in Philosophy
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Ahmed
, Sara
. 2006
. Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Ahmed
, Sara
, Claudia
Casteda
, and Anne-Marie
Fortier
, eds. 2003
. Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration
. London
: Routledge
.Akhouri
, Piyush Raj
. 2022
. “Covid Impact: How IT Outsourcing Is Booming Worldwide
. India Today
, March
17
, 2022
. https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/covid-impact-how-it-outsourcing-is-booming-worldwide-1926464–2022–03–17.Alim
, H. Samy
. 2009
. “Translocal Style Communities: Hip Hop Youth as Cultural Theorists of Style, Language, and Globalization
.” Pragmatics
19
(1
): 103
–27
.Alim
, H. Samy
. 2016
. “Who's Afraid of the Transracial Subject? Raciolinguistics and the Political Project of Transracialization
.” In Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas About Race
, edited by H. Samy
Alim
, John R.
Rickford
, and Arnetha F.
Ball
, 33
–50
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.Alim
, H. Samy
, John R.
Rickford
, and Arnetha F.
Ball
, eds. 2016
. Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas About Race
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.Allison
, Anne
. 2009
. Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure, and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Alsop
, Thomas
. 2020
. “Cisco Employees by Region 2010–2019
.” Statista, March
2
, 2020
. https://www.statista.com/statistics/350519/cisco-employees-by-region/.Althusser
, Louis
. (1970) 2006
. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation)
.” In The Anthropology of the State: A Reader
, edited by Akhil
Gupta
and Aradhana
Sharma
, 86
–98
. Malden, MA
: Blackwell Publishing
.Althusser
, Louis
. 1971
. Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays
. New York
: Monthly Review Press
.Ameeriar
, Lalaie
. 2012
. “The Sanitized Sensorium
.” American Anthropologist
114
(3
): 509
–20
.Ameeriar
, Lalaie
. 2015
. “Pedagogies of Affect: Docility and Deference in the Making of Immigrant Women Subjects
.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
40
(2
): 467
–86
.Amrute
, Sareeta
. 2016
. Encoding Race, Encoding Class: Indian IT Workers in Berlin
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Ananthamurthy
, U. R.
, and Chandan
Gowda
. 2019
. A Life in the World: U. R. Ananthamurthy in Conversation with Chandan Gowda
. Noida
: HarperCollins
.Aneesh
, A.
2006
. Virtual Migration: The Programming of Globalization
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Aneesh
, A.
2015
. Neutral Accent: How Language, Labor, and Life Become Global
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Appadurai
, Arjun
. 1996
. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Appadurai
, Arjun
. 2004
. “The Capacity to Aspire: Culture and the Terms of Recognition
.” In Culture and Public Action
, edited by Vijayendra
Rao
and Michael
Walton
, 59
–84
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Appadurai
, Arjun
. 2013
. The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition
. London
: Verso
.Appel
, Hannah
. 2012
. “Offshore Work: Oil, Modularity, and the How of Capitalism in Equatorial Guinea
.” American Ethnologist
39
(4
):692
–709
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548–1425.2012.01389.x.Appel
, Hannah
. 2019
. The Licit Life of Capitalism: US Oil in Equatorial Guinea
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Asad
, Talal
. 1986
. “The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Social Anthropology
.” In Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography
, edited by James
Clifford
and George E.
Marcus
, 141
–64
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Ashman
, Sam
. 2012
. “Combined and Uneven Development
.” In The Elgar Companion to Marxist Economics
, edited by Ben
Fine
, Alfredo
Saad-Filho
, and Marco
Boffo
, 60
–65
. Cheltenham, UK
: Edward Elgar
.Assadi
, Muzaffar
. 2002
. “Hindutva Policies in Coastal Region: Towards a Social Coalition
.” Economic and Political Weekly
37
(23
): 2211
–13
.Bajaj
, Vikas
. 2011
. “Philippines Overtakes India as Hub of Call Centers
,” New York Times
, November
25
, 2011
.Balsamo
, Anne
. 1995
. Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Barriteau
, Violet Eudine
. 2014
. “A (Re)Turn to Love: An Epistemic Conversation between Lorde's ‘Uses of the Erotic’ and Jonasdottir's ‘Love Power.’
” In Love: A Question for Feminism in the Twenty-First Century
, edited by Anna G.
Jonasdottir
and Ann
Ferguson
, 77
–96
. London
: Routledge
.Bassnett
, Susan
, and André
Lefevere
, eds. 1990
. Translation, History, and Culture
. New York
: Pinter Publishers
.Bear
, Laura
, Karen
Ho
, Anna Lowenhaupt
Tsing
, and Sylvia
Yanagisako
. 2015
. “Gens: A Feminist Manifesto for the Study of Capitalism
.” Fieldsights
, March
30
, 2015
. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/gens-a-feminist-manifesto-for-the-study-of-capitalism.Benjamin
, Solomon
. 2000
. “Governance, Economic Settings and Poverty in Bangalore
.” Environment and Urbanization
12
(1
): 35
–56
.Benjamin
, Solomon
. 2010
. “Manufacturing Neoliberalism: Lifestyling Indian Urbanity
.” In Accumulation of Dispossession: Transformative Cities in the New Global Order
, edited by Swapna
Banerjee-Guha
, 92
–124
. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India.Benjamin
, Solomon
, and R.
Bhuvaneswari
. 2006
. “Urban Futures of Poor Groups in Chennai and Bangalore: How These Are Shaped by the Relationship between Parastatal and Local Bodies
.” In Local Governance in India: Decentralization and Beyond
, edited by Niraja Gopal
Jayal
, Amit
Prakash
, and Pradeep K.
Sharma
. New Delhi
: Oxford University Press
.Benjamin
, Solomon
, and R.
Bhuvaneswari
. 2001
. Democracy, Inclusive Governance and Poverty in Bangalore
. Birmingham, UK
: International Development Department
.Benjamin
, Walter
. (1935) 1968
. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
.” In Illuminations
, translated by Harry
Zohn
, 217
–52
. New York
: Schocken Books
.Benjamin
, Walter
. (1982) 2002
. The Arcades Project
. Translated by Howard
Eiland
and Kevin
McLaughlin
. Cambridge, MA
: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
.Berardi
, Franco
“Bifo
.” 2009
. The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy
. Translated by Francesca
Cadel
and Giuseppina
Mecchia
. Los Angeles
: Semiotext(e
).Berardi
, Franco
“Bifo
.” 2011
. After the Future
. Edited by Gary
Genosko
and Nicholas
Thoburn
. Stirling
: AK Press
.Berardi
, Franco
“Bifo
.” 2012
. The Uprising: On Poetry and Finance
. Los Angeles
: Semiotext(e)
.Berardi
, Franco
“Bifo.” 2013. “What Does Cognitariat Mean? Work, Desire and Depression
.” Cultural Studies Review
11
(2
): 57
. https://doi.org/10.5130/csr.v11i2.3656.Berardi
, Franco
“Bifo.” 2019
. Futurability: The Age of Impotence and the Horizon of Possibility
. London
: Verso
.Bergson
, Henri
. (1889) 2001
. Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness
. Mineola, NY
: Dover Publications
.Bergson
, Henri
. (1896) 1990
. Matter and Memory
. Translated by N. M
Paul
and W. S.
Palmer
. New York
: Zone Books
.Berlant
, Lauren
. 1998
. “Intimacy: A Special Issue
.” Critical Inquiry
24
(2
): 281
–88
. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1344169.Berlant
, Lauren
, and Michael
Warner
. 1998
. “Sex in Public
.” Critical Inquiry
24
(2
): 547
–66
. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1344178.Berry
, Chris
, Fran
Martin
, and Audrey
Yue
. 2003
. Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Bharathi
, Naveen
, Deepak
Malghan
, Sumit
Mishra
, and Andaleeb
Rahman
. 2022
. “Residential Segregation and Public Services in Urban India
.” Urban Studies
59
(14
): 2912
–32
. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211072855.Bhatt
, Rakesh M.
2005
. “Expert Discourses, Local Practices, and Hybridity: The Case of Indian Englishes
.” In Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice
, edited by A. Suresh
Canagarajah
, 25
–54
. Mahwah, NJ
: Lawrence Erlbaum
.Bhatt
, Rakesh M.
2015
. “Landmarks English as a Second Language: Pedagogy, Paradigms, and Politics
.” Language and Language Teaching
4
(2
): 54
–61
.Bhattacharya
, Ananya
. 2020
. “Genpact's Response to Coronavirus Is a Lesson in What Not to Do during a Pandemic
.” Quartz India
, March
25
, 2020
. https://qz.com/india/1824158/genpacts-insensitive-coronavirus-response-riles-indian-employees/.Boris
, Eileen
, and Rhacel Salazar
Parreñas
. 2010
. Introduction to Intimate Labors: Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care
, edited by Eileen
Boris
and Rhacel Salazar
Parreñas
, 1
–12
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Bourdieu
, Pierre
. 1984
. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste
. Translated by Richard
Nice
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Brenner
, Robert
, and Mark
Glick
. 1991
. “The Regulation Approach: Theory and History
.” New Left Review
, 1st ser., no. 188
, 45
–119
. https://newleftreview.org/I/188/robert-brenner-mark-glick-the-regulation-approach-theory-and-history.Brosius
, Christiane
. 2010
. India's Middle Class: New Forms of Urban Leisure, Consumption, and Prosperity
. London
: Routledge
.Business Today
. 2020
. “Permanent ‘Work From Home’ for IT Employees Now Possible! Govt Relaxes Rules
.” November
6
, 2020
. https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/permanent-work-from-home-for-it-employees-now-possible-govt-relaxes-rules/story/421254.html.Camiscioli
, Elisa
. 2013
. “Women, Gender, Intimacy, and Empire
.” Journal of Women's History
25
(4
): 138
–48
.Campt
, Tina
. 2017
. “Quiet Soundings: The Grammar of Black Futurity
.” In Listening to Images
, 13
–47
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Capers
, Bennett
. 2021
. “Afrofuturism and the Law
.” Critical Analysis of Law
9
(1
): 1
–7
.Castells
, Manuel
. 2000
. The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age—Economy, Society, and Culture, Vol. I
. 2nd ed. Oxford
: Blackwell Publishing
.Chakrabarty
, Dipesh
. 2000
. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Chowdhury
, Prem
. 2004
. “Caste Panchayats and the Policing of Marriage in Haryana: Kinship and Territorial Exogamy
.” Contributions to Indian Sociology
38
(1–2
): 1
–42
.Chowdhury
, Prem
. 2009
. “ ‘First Our Jobs Then Our Girls’: The Dominant Caste Perceptions on the ‘Rising’ Dalits
.” Modern Asian Studies
43
(2
): 437
–79
.Choy
, Catherine C.
2003
. Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Chua
, Beng Huat
, ed. 2000
. Consumption in Asia: Lifestyle and Identities
. Abingdon, UK
: Routledge
.Chua
, Beng Huat
. 2003
. Life Is Not Complete without Shopping: Consumption Culture in Singapore
. Singapore
: NUS Press
.Chua
, Jocelyn Lim
. 2014
. In Pursuit of the Good Life: Aspiration and Suicide in Globalizing South India
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Chuh
, Kandice
, and Karen
Shimakawa
, eds. 2001
. Orientations: Mapping Studies in Asian Diaspora
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Chun
, Jennifer Jihye
. 2017
. “Building Political Agency and Movement Leadership: The Grassroots Organizing Model of Asian Immigrant Women Advocates
.” In Building Citizenship from Below: Precarity, Migration, and Agency
, edited by Marcel
Paret
and Shannon
Gleeson
, 103
–19
. New York
: Routledge
.Chun
, Jennifer Jihye
. 2022
. “Protesting Precarity: South Korean Workers and the Labor of Refusal
.” Journal of Asian Studies
81
(1
): 107
–18
. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911821001479.Chun
, Jennifer Jihye
, and Rina
Agarwala
. 2016
. “Global Labour Politics in Informal and Precarious Jobs
.” In The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Work and Employment,
edited by Stephen
Edgell
, Heidi
Gottfried
, and Edward
Granter
, 634
–50
. London
: SAGE
.Chun
, Jennifer Jihye
, and Cynthia
Cranford
. 2018
. “Becoming Homecare Workers: Chinese Immigrant Women and the Changing Worlds of Work, Care, and Unionism
.” Critical Sociology
44
(7–8
): 1013
–27
.Ciotti
, Manuela
. 2010
. “Futurity in Words: Low-Caste Women Political Activists’ Self-Representation and Post-Dalit Scenarios in North India
.” Contemporary South Asia
18
(1
): 43
–56
.Clough
, Patricia T.
2007
. Introduction to The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social
, edited by Patricia T.
Clough
with Jean
Halley
, 1
–33
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Clough
, Patricia T.
2008
. “The Affective Turn: Political Economy, Biomedia and Bodies
.” Theory, Culture and Society
25
(1
): 1
–22
.Constable
, Nicole
. 2003
. Romance on a Global Stage: Pen Pals, Virtual Ethnography, and “Mail Order” Marriages
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnr50.Constable
, Nicole
. 2007
. “Love at First Site? Visual Images and Virtual Encounters with Bodies
.” In Love and Globalization: Transformations of Intimacy in the Contemporary World
, edited by Mark B.
Padilla
, Jennifer S.
Hirsch
, Miguel
Muñoz-Laboy
, Robert E.
Sember
, and Richard G.
Parker
, 252
–70
. Nashville, TN
: Vanderbilt University Press
.Constable
, Nicole
. 2009
. “The Commodification of Intimacy: Marriage, Sex, and Reproductive Labor
.” Annual Review of Anthropology
38
(1
): 49
–64
. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085133.Constable
, Nicole
. 2013
. “Correspondence Marriages, Imagined Virtual Communities, and Countererotics on the Internet
.” In Media, Erotics, and Transnational Asia
, edited by Purnima
Mankekar
and Louisa
Schein
, 111
–38
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Cottom
, Tressie McMillan
. 2020
. “Where Platform Capitalism and Racial Capitalism Meet: The Sociology of Race and Racism in the Digital Society
.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity
6
(4
): 441
–49
.Credit Suisse
. 2015
. Global Wealth Report
. Switzerland
: Credit Suisse Research Institute
.Cresswell
, Tim
. 2010
. “Towards a Politics of Mobility
.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
28
(1
): 17
–31
.CRN Team
. 2020
. “Surge of WFH Jobs in India and How It Impacts the IT Industry
.” CRN India
, September
18
, 2020
. https://www.crn.in/news/surge-of-wfh-jobs-in-india-and-how-it-impacts-the-it-industry/.Cross
, Jamie
. 2015
. “The Economy of Anticipation: Hope, Infrastructure, and Economic Zones in South India
.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
35
(3
): 424
–37
. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-3426277.Cupples
, Julie
, and Lee
Thompson
. 2010
. “Heterotextuality and Digital Foreplay: Cell Phones and the Culture of Teenage Romance
.” Feminist Media Studies
10
(1
): 1
–17
.Cutts
, Elmer H.
1953
. “The Background of Macaulay's Minute
.” American Historical Review
58
(4
): 824
–53
. https://doi.org/10.2307/1842459..
2022
. “Pandemic and New Age Technologies Drive Rapid Expansion of BPOs in India
.” August
25
, 2022
. https://cxotoday.com/interviews/pandemic-new-age-technologies-drive-rapid-expansion-of-bpos-in-india/.Daniel
, E. Valentine
. 1987
. Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Das
, Veena
. 2006
. Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Datar
, Chhaya
. 1999
. “Non-Brahmin Renderings of Feminism in Maharashtra: Is it a More Emancipatory Force?
” Economic and Political Weekly
34
(41
): 2964
–68
.Dave
, Sachin
. 2020
. “European Firms, Banks Take Outsourced Jobs Back Home Fearing Data Leaks amid Covid-19
.” Economic Times
, August
11
, 2020
. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/european-firms-banks-take-outsourced-jobs-back-home-fearing-data-leaks-amid-covid-19/articleshow/77465621.cms?from=mdr.Davé
, Shilpa S.
2013
. Indian Accents: Brown Voice and Racial Performance in American Television and Film
. Urbana
: University of Illinois Press
.David
, Gaby
, and Carolina
Cambre
. 2016: Screened Intimacies: Tinder and the Swipe Logic
. Social Media + Society
2
(2
): 1
–16
.Dávila
, Arlene
. 2016
. El Mall: The Spatial and Class Politics of Shopping Malls in Latin America
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Deleuze
, Gilles
. (1968) 1995
. Difference and Repetition
. Translated by Paul
Patton
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Deleuze
, Gilles
. 1992
. “Postscript on the Societies of Control
.” October
59
(Winter): 3
–7
. https://www.jstor.org/stable/778828.Deleuze
, Gilles
. 1997
. “Desire and Pleasure
.” In Foucault and His Interlocutors
, edited by Arnold I.
Davidson
, 183
–92
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Derrida
, Jacques
. (1993) 2006
. Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International
. Translated by Peggy
Kamuf
. New York
: Routledge
.Dery
, John
. 1994
. “Black to the Future: Interviews with Samuel R. Delany, Greg Tate, and Tricia Rose
.” In Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture
, edited by John
Dery
, 179
–222
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Deshpande
, Satish
. 2013
. “Caste and Castelessness: Towards a Biography of a General Category
.” Economic and Political Weekly
48
(15
): 32
–39
.Deutsche Welle (English edition)
. 2020
. “Bangalore Riots: India's Tech City Sees Deadly Violence over Anti-Islam Facebook Post
.” August
13
, 2020
. https://www.pressreader.com/germany/deutsche-welle-english-edition/20200813/281973200010701.Devika
, J.
, Mary E.
John
, Kalpana
Kannabiran
, Samita
Sen
, and Padmini
Swaminathan
. “Sharmila Rege (1964–2013): Tribute to a Phule-Ambedkarite Feminist Welder
.” Economic and Political Weekly
48
, no. 32
(2013
): 22
–25
.Dietrich
, Gabrielle
. 1992
. Reflections on the Women's Movement in India: Religion, Ecology, Development
. New Delhi
: Horizon India
.Ducey
, Ariel
. 2007
. “More Than a Job: Meaning, Affect and Training Health Care Workers
.” In The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social
, edited by Patricia T.
Clough
, Jean O.
Halley
, and M.
Hardt
, 187
–208
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Dumont
, Louis
. 1981
. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Dyer-Witheford
, Nick
. 1999
. Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-Technology Capitalism
. Urbana
: University of Illinois Press
.Economic Times
. 2021
. “Indian IT-BPM Sector Saw Recovery in Revenue Growth at 7.9% in FY20: Economic Survey 2020–21
.” January
29
, 2021
. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/indian-it-bpm-sector-saw-recovery-in-revenue-growth-at-7–9-in-fy20-economic-survey-2020–21/articleshow/80586683.cms?from=mdr.Economist
. 2018
. “India's Missing Middle Class
.” January
11
, 2018
. www.economist.com/briefing/2018/01/11/indias-missing-middle-class.Edelman
, Lee
. 2004
. No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Elias
, Norbert
. (1939) 1978
. The Civilizing Process, Vol 1: The History of Manners
. Translated by Edmund
Jephcott
. New York
: Urizen Books
.Elwood
, Sarah
, and Agnieszka
Leszczynski
. 2018
. “Feminist digital geographies
.” Gender, Place and Culture
25
(5
): 629
–44
.Emont
, Jon
. 2020
. “Is That a Rooster on My Customer-Support Call? Yes, Blame Coronavirus
.” Wall Street Journal
, May
14
, 2020
. https://www.wsj.com/articles/customer-support-call-animal-noises-rooster-coronavirus-11589465454.Errighi
, Lorenza
, Charles
Bodwell
, and Sameer
Khatiwada
. 2016
. “Business Process Outsourcing in the Philippines: Challenges for Decent Work
.” ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series, December
14
. https://www.ilo.org/publications/business-process-outsourcing-philippines-challenges-decent-work.Everest Group
. 2019
. “Everest Group BPS Top 50
.” https://www.everestgrp.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Everest-Group-BPS-Top-50–2019.pdf.Faier
, Lieba
. 2007
. “Filipina Migrants in Rural Japan and Their Professions of Love
.” American Ethnologist
34
(1
): 148
–62
.Favero
, Paolo
. 2005
. “India Dreams: Cultural Identity among Young Middle-Class Men in New Delhi
.” PhD diss., Stockholm University
.Ferguson
, James
, and Akhil
Gupta
. 2002
. “Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality
.” American Ethnologist
29
(4
): 981
–1002
.Fernandes
, Leela
. 2004
. “The Politics of Forgetting: Class Politics, State Power and the Restructuring of Urban Space in India
.” Urban Studies
41
(12
): 2415
–30
. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980412331297609.Fernandes
, Leela
. 2006
. India's New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Reform
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Fernandes
, Leela
. 2009
. “The Political Economy of Lifestyle: Consumption, India's New Middle Class, and State-Led Development
.” In The New Middle Classes: Globalizing Lifestyles, Consumerism, and Environmental Concern
, edited by Hellmuth
Lange
and Lars
Meir
, 219
–34
. New York
: Springer
.Fernandes
, Leela
, and Patrick
Heller
. 2006
. “Hegemonic Aspirations: New Middle Class Politics and India's Democracy in Comparative Perspective
.” Critical Asian Studies
38
(4
): 495
–522
.Fersht
, Phil
, and Jamie
Snowdon
. 2016
. “Making the Leap from Effective to Strategic BPM
.” HFS Research, September 19, 2016. Accessed August
8
, 2024
. https://www.hfsresearch.com/research/making-leap-effective-strategic-bpm/.Ford
, Martin
. 2015
. Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future
. New York
: Basic Books
.Forrester
, Katrina
, and Moira
Weigel
. 2020
. “Bodies on the Line
.” Dissent
. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/bodies-on-the-line.Foucault
, Michel
. (1975) 1977
. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
. Translated by Alan
Sheridan
. New York
: Pantheon
.Frank
, Andre Gunder
. 1998
. ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Franken
, Paul
, and Derk-Jan
Dijk
. 2009
. “Circadian Clock Genes and Sleep Homeostasis
.” European Journal of Neuroscience
29
(9
): 1820
–29
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460–9568.2009.06723.x.Frayer
, Lauren
, and Sushmita
Pathak
. 2020
. “India's Lockdown Puts Strain on Call Centers
.” NPR, April
24
, 2020
. https://www.npr.org/2020/04/24/841698386/indias-lockdown-puts-strain-on-call-centers.Frazier
, Camille
. 2019
. “Urban Heat: Rising Temperatures as Critique in India's Air-Conditioned City
.” City and Society
31
(3
): 441
–61
.Freeman
, Carla
. 2000
. High Tech and High Heels in the Global Economy: Women, Work, and Pink-Collar Identities in the Caribbean
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Freeman
, Carla
. 2014
. Entrepreneurial Selves: Neoliberal Respectability and the Making of a Caribbean Middle Class
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Freeman
, Carla
. 2020
. “Feeling Neoliberal
.” Feminist Anthropology
1
(1
): 71
–88
. https://doi.org/10.1002/fea2.12010.Friedman
, Thomas L.
2005
. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century
. New York
: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
.Friginal
, Eric
. 2007
. “Outsourced Call Centers and English in the Philippines
.” World Englishes
26
(3
): 331
–45
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–971X.2007.00512.x.Fuchs
, Christian
. 2019
. Rereading Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism
. London
: Pluto
.Fuchs
, Christian
, and Sebastian
Sevignani
. 2013
. “What is Digital Labour? What is Digital Work? What's their Difference? And Why Do These Questions Matter for Understanding Social Media?
” TripleC
11
(2
): 237
–93
.Fuller
, Chris
, and Haripriya
Narasimhan
. 2007
. “Information Technology Professionals and the New-Rich Middle Class in Chennai
.” Modern Asian Studies
41
(1
): 121
–50
.Fuller
, Chris
, and Haripriya
Narasimhan
. 2008
. “From Landlords to Software Engineers: Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans
.” Comparative Studies in Society and History
50
(1
): 170
–96
.Gajarawala
, Toral
. 2020
. “The Postman and the Tramp: Cynicism, Commitment, and the Aesthetics of Subaltern Futurity
.” Cultural Critique
, no. 108
, 40
–68
.Gal
, Susan
. 2015
. “Politics of Translation
.” Annual Review of Anthropology
44
(1
): 225
–40
.Gatade
, Subhash
. 2014
. “Pawns In, Patrons Still Out: Understanding the Phenomenon of Hindutva Terror
.” Economic and Political Weekly
49
(13
): 36
–43
.Geetha
, V.
2007
. “History and the Caste Imagination: Some Notes on Contemporary Tamil Fiction
.” In History and Imagination: Tamil Culture in Global Context
, edited by R.
Cheran
, Darshan
Ambalavanar
, and Chelva
Kanayanagakam
. Toronto, ON
: TSAR Publications
.GEP
. 2020
. “The Impact of COVID-19 on the BPO Industry
.” May
18
, 2020
. https://www.gep.com/blog/mind/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-bpo-industry.Gerschenkron
, Alexander
. 1962
. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Ghosh
, Amitav
. 2016
. The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Ghosh
, Amitav
, and Dipesh
Chakrabarty
. 2002
. “A Correspondence on Provincializing Europe
.” Radical History Review
2002
(83
): 146
–72
.Gibson-Graham
, Julie Katherine
. 1996
. The End of Capitalism (as We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy
. Oxford
: Blackwell
.Giddens
, Anthony
. 1992
. The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Glenn
, Evelyn Nakano
. 1985
. “Racial Ethnic Women's Labor: The Intersection of Race, Gender and Class Oppression
.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
17
(3
): 86
–108
.Glenn
, Evelyn Nakano
. 1992
. “From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor
.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
18
(1
):1
–43
.Glenn
, Evelyn Nakano
. 1999
. “The Social Construction and Institutionalization of Gender and Race
.” In Revisioning Gender
, edited by Myra Marx
Ferree
, Judith
Lorber
, and Beth B.
Hess
, 3
–43
. Walnut Creek, CA
: AltaMira
.Glenn
, Evelyn Nakano
. 2012
. Forced to Care: Coercion and Caregiving in America
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Goldman
, Michael
. 2011a
. “Speculating on the Next World City
.” In Worlding Cities: Experiments and the Art of Being Global
, edited by Ananya
Roy
and Aihwa
Ong
, 229
–58
. Malden, MA
: Wiley-Blackwell
.Goldman
, Michael
. 2011b
. “Speculative Urbanism and the Making of the Next World City
.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
35
(3
): 555
–81
.Gooptu
, Nandini
. 2009
. “Neoliberal Subjectivity, Enterprise Culture and New Workplaces: Organised Retail and Shopping Malls in India
.” Economic and Political Weekly
44
(22
): 45
–54
.Gooptu
, Nandini
, ed. 2013a
. Enterprise Culture in Neoliberal India: Studies in Youth, Class, Work and Media
. London
: Routledge
.Gooptu
, Nandini
. 2013b
. “Servile Sentinels of the City: Private Security Guards, Organized Informality, and Labour in Interactive Services in Globalized India
.” International Review of Social History
58
(1
): 9
–38
.Gordon
, Avery
. 2011
. “Some Thoughts on Haunting and Futurity
.” Borderlands
10
(2
): 1
–21
.Gottfried
, Heidi
, and Jennifer Jihye
Chun
. 2018
. “Care Work in Transition: Transnational Circuits of Gender, Migration, and Care
.” Critical Sociology
44
(7–8
): 997
–1012
.Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner
. 2011
. “Census Tables
.” Accessed July
25
, 2024
. https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables.Govinda
, Radhika
. 2022
. “Interrogating Intersectionality: Dalit Women, Western Classrooms, and the Politics of Feminist Knowledge Production
.” Journal of International Women's Studies
23
(2
): 72
–86
.Goyal
, Malini
, and Raj
Chengappa
. 2002
. “India Becomes World Leader in Call Center Business; BPO Emerges as New Sunshine Sector
.” India Today
, November
18
, 2002
. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20021118-india-becomes-world-leader-in-call-centre-business-bpo-emerges-as-new-sunshine-sector-759851–2012–03–06.Grand View Research
. 2022
. “Business Process Outsourcing Market Size, Share and Trends Analysis Report by Service Type (Customer Services, Finance and Accounting), by Outsourcing Type (Onshore, Offshore), by Deployment, by End-Use, by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2024–2030
.” Accessed July
26
, 2024
. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/business-process-outsourcing-bpo-market#.Gregg
, Melissa
. 2010
. “On Friday Night Drinks: Workplace Affects in the Age of the Cubicle
.” In The Affect Theory Reader
, edited by Melissa
Gregg
, Gregory J.
Seigworth
, and Sara
Ahm
ed, 250
–68
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Grewal
, Inderpal
. 1996
. Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Grewal
, Inderpal
. 2005
. Transnational America: Feminisms, Diasporas, Neoliberalisms
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Grewal
, Inderpal
, and Caren
Kaplan
. 1994
. Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Grosz
, Elizabeth
. 2018
. The Incorporeal: Ontology, Ethics, and the Limits of Materialism
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Gupta
, Akhil
. 1998
. Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Gupta
, Akhil
. 2012
. Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence, and Poverty in India
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Gupta
, Akhil
, and James
Ferguson
. 1992
. “Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference
.” Cultural Anthropology
7
(1
): 6
–23
. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1992.7.1.02a00020.Gupta
, Akhil
, and Aradhana
Sharma
. 2006
. “Globalization and Postcolonial States
.” Current Anthropology
47
(2
): 277
–307
. https://doi.org/10.1086/499549.Gupta
, Akhil
, and Aradhana
Sharma
, eds. 2008
. The Anthropology of the State: A Reader
. Malden, MA
: Blackwell
.Gupta
, Hemangini
, and Kaveri
Medappa
. 2020
. “Nostalgia as Affective Landscape: Negotiating Displacement in the ‘World City.’ ” Antipode
52
(6
): 1688
–1709
.Gupta
, Kristina
. 2015
. “Compulsory Sexuality: Evaluating an Emerging Concept
.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
41
(1
): 131
–54
.Guru
, Gopal
. 1998
. “The Politics of Naming
.” Seminar
, no. 471
, November
1998
. https://www.india-seminar.com/2018/710/710_gopal_guru.htm.Guru
, Gopal
. 2017
. “Dalit Middle Class Hangs in the Air
.” In Middle Class Values in India and Western Europe
, edited by Imtiaz
Ahmad
and Helmut
Reifeld
, 141
–51
. London
: Routledge
.Guru
, Gopal
. 2019
. “Archaeology of Untouchability
.” In The Cracked Mirror: An Indian Debate on Experience and Theory
, edited by Gopal
Guru
and Sundar
Sarukkai
, 200
–222
. New Delhi
: Routledge
.Hage
, Ghassan
. 2009
. “Waiting Out the Crisis: On Stuckedness and Governmentality
.” In Waiting
, edited by Ghassan
Hage
. Melbourne
: University of Melbourne Press
.Haraway
, Donna
. 1985
. “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late 20th Century
.” Socialist Review
, no. 80
, 65
–108
.Haraway
, Donna
. 1991
. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature
. New York
: Routledge
.Hardt
, Michael
. 1999
. “Affective Labor
.” boundary 2
26
(2
): 89
–100
. http://www.jstor.org/stable/303793.Hardt
, Michael
, and Antonio
Negri
. 2005
. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
. New York
: Penguin
.Hartman
, Saidiya
. 1997
. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Harvey
, David
. 1991
. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change
. Cambridge
: Blackwell
.Harvey
, David
. 2007
. A Brief History of Neoliberalism
. New York
: Oxford University Press
.Harvey
, Penny
, and Hannah
Knox
. 2015
. Roads: An Anthropology of Infrastructure and Expertise
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Haug
, Wolfgang F.
1986
. Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society
. Translated by Robert
Bock
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Heitzman
, James
. 2004
. Network City: Planning the Information Society in Bangalore
. New Delhi
: Oxford University Press
.Hickey
, Amber
. 2019
. “Rupturing Settler Time: Visual Culture and Geographies of Indigenous Futurity
. World Art
9
(2
): 163
–80
.The Hindu
. 2009
. “We'll Not Spare Dating Couples on Valentine's Day: Muthalik
.” February
6
, 2009
. https://web.archive.org/web/20120308160858/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/06/stories/2009020657590100.htm.Hochschild
, Arlie R.
2012
. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Hollan
, Douglas
. 2012
. “Emerging Issues in the Cross-Cultural Study of Empathy
.” Emotion Review
4
(1
): 70
–78
. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911421376.Holmes
, Mary
. 2004
. “An Equal Distance? Individualisation, Gender and Intimacy in Distance Relationships
.” Sociological Review
52
(2
): 180
–200
.Hong
, Grace Kyungwon
, and Roderick A.
Ferguson
, eds. 2011
. Strange Affinities: The Gender and Sexual Politics of Comparative Racialization
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.hooks
, bell.
1986
. “Sisterhood: Political Solidarity Between Women
.” Feminist Review
, no. 23
, 125
–38
.Horkheimer
, Max
, and Theodor
Adorno
. (1947) 2002
. Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments
. Edited by Gunzelin
Schmid Noerr
, translated by Edmund
Jephcott
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Hsu
, Funie
. 2015
. “The Coloniality of Neoliberal English: The Enduring Structures of American Colonial English Instruction in the Philippines and Puerto Rico
.” L2 Journal
7
(3
): 123
–45
. http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/L27323549.HT Correspondent
. 2010
. “Cabbie Who Raped and Killed Pratibha Escapes Death
.” Hindustan Times
, October
8
, 2010
. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cabbie-who-raped-and-killed-pratibha-escapes-death/story-MDyvrMBZHhW6C1q1eHzt1H.html.Hune
, Shirley
. 1989
. “Expanding the International Dimension of Asian-American Studies
.” Amerasia Journal
15
(2
): xix
–xxiv
.IANS
. 2018
. “Indian BPM industry largest in the world
” Business Standard
, October
4
, 2018
. https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-bpm-industry-largest-in-the-world-nasscom-118100400881_1.html.Indian Panorama
. 2022
. “Budget 2022: India's Job Crisis Leading to a ‘Nowhere Generation.’
” February
5
, 2022
. https://www.theindianpanorama.news/opinion/perspective/budget-2022-indias-job-crisis-leading-to-a-nowhere-generation/.Jayadeva
, Sazana
. 2015
. “Overcoming the English Handicap: Seeking English in Bangalore, India
.” PhD diss., University of Cambridge
.Jayadeva
, Sazana
. 2018
. “ ‘Below English Line’: An Ethnographic Exploration of Class and the English Language in Post-Liberalization India
.” Modern Asian Studies
52
(2
): 576
–608
. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000639.Jeffrey
, Craig
. 2010
. Timepass: Youth, Class, and the Politics of Waiting in India
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Jenkins
, Henry
. 2006
. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide
. New York
: New York University Press
.John
, Sujit
, and Mini Joseph
Tejaswi
. 2006
. “Sex and BPO: Crackdown On
.” Times of India
, October
8
, 2006
. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sex-BPO-Crackdown-on/articleshow/2116438.cms.Jyothirmai
, D.
, and K. Sree
Ramesh
. 2017
. “African American Womanism Speaks to Dalit Feminism: Special Reference to Telugu Literature
.” Roopkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities
9
(1
): 140
–50
.Kachru
, Braj B.
1965
. “The Indianness in Indian English
.” Word
21
(3
): 391
–410
. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1965.11435436.Kachru
, Braj B.
1996
. “World Englishes: Agony and Ecstasy
.” Journal of Aesthetic Education
30
(2
): 135
–55
. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333196.Kalyanaraman
, Jananie
. 2021
. “Window Seats: Making Connection through Transport and Mobility in Bengaluru, India
.” PhD diss., University of California
, Los Angeles
.Kang
, Milliann
. 2010
. The Managed Hand: Race, Gender, and the Body in Beauty Service Work
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Kanjilal
, Sucharita
. 2023
. “The Digital Life of Caste: Affect, Synesthesia, and the Social Body Online
.” Feminist Media Studies
, July
2023
, 1
–16
. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2229053.Kannan
, P. V.
2020
. “Customer Service Continuity and Lessons Learned during the COVID-19 Pandemic
.” [24]7.ai
, April
10
, 2020
. https://www.247.ai/blogs/customer-service-continuity-and-lessons-learned-during-covid-19-pandemic.Kaplan
, Caren
. 1996
. Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of Displacement
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Kaplan
, Caren
. 2002
. “Transporting the Subject: Technologies of Mobility and Location in an Era of Globalization
.” Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
117
(1
): 32
–42
. https://doi.org/10.1632/003081202x63492.Kaplan
, Caren
. 2003
. “Transporting the Subject: Technologies of Mobility and Location in an Era of Globalization
.” In Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration
, edited by Sara
Ahmed
, Claudia
Castaneda
, Anne-Marie
Fortier
, and Mimi
Sheller
, 207
–24
. London
: Berg
.Kapur
, Devesh
, Neelanjan
Sircar
, and Milan
Vaishnav
. 2017
. “The Importance of Being Middle Class in India
.” In The New Middle Class in India and Brazil
, edited by Dawid Danilo
Bartelt
and Axel
Harneit-Sievers
, 39
–58
. New Delhi
: Academic Foundation
.Karlsson
, Bengt G.
, and Dolly
Kikon
. 2017
. “Wayfinding: Indigenous Migrants in the Service Sector of Metropolitan India
.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
40
(3
): 447
–62
. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2017.1319145.Kaur
, Ravinder
. 2012
. “Nation's Two Bodies: Rethinking the Idea of ‘New’ India and Its Other
.” In Interrogating India's Modernity: Democracy, Identity, and Citizenship
, edited by Surinder
Jodhka
, 221
–42
. New Delhi
: Oxford University Press
.Kaviraj
, Sudipta
. 1997
. “Filth and the Public Sphere: Concepts and Practices about Space in Calcutta
.” Public Culture
10
(1
): 83
–113
.Kelley
, Robin D. G.
2017
. “What Did Cedric Robinson Mean by Racial Capitalism?
” Boston Review
, January
12
, 2017
. https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/robin-d-g-kelley-introduction-race-capitalism-justice/.Kelley
, Robin D. G.
2020
. “ ‘Western Civilization Is Neither’: Black Studies’ Epistemic Revolution
.” Black Scholar
50
(3
): 4
–10
.Klinke
, Ian
. 2012
. “Chronopolitics: A Conceptual Matrix
.” Progress in Human Geography
37
(5
): 673
–90
.Kochhar
, Rakesh
. 2021
. “In the Pandemic, India's Middle Class Shrinks and Poverty Spreads While China Sees Smaller Changes
.” Pew Research Center, March
18
, 2021
. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/.Koselleck
, Reinhart
. 2004
. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Krishnan
, Sandhya
, and Neeraj
Hatekar
. 2017
. “Rise of the New Middle Class in India and Its Changing Structure
.” Economic and Political Weekly
52
(22
): 40
–8
.Kulkarni
, Pragati
. 2014
. “Reconstructing Dalit Feminist Standpoint Theory: Looking at Sharmila Rege's Work’
” August
27
, 2014
. https://www.academia.edu/9914284/Reconstructing_Dalit_Feminist_Standpoint_Theory_Looking_at_Sharmila_Reges_work?auto=download.Kumar
, Gudipati Rajendera
. 2017
. “An Analysis on the Role of India's Informal Economy
.” The Hans India
, July
14
, 2017
. https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2017–07–14/An-analysis-on-the-role-of-Indias-informal-economy/312388?infinitescroll=1.Kuntsman
, Adi
. 2004
. “Cyberethnography as Home-Work
.” Anthropology Matters
6
(2
): 1
–10
.Lazzarato
, Maurizio
. 2007
. “Machines to Crystallize Time: Bergson
.” Theory, Culture and Society
24
(6
): 93
–122
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407078714.Lazzarato
, Maurizio
. 2014
. Signs and Machines: Capitalism and the Production of Subjectivity
. Translated by Joshua David
Jordan
. Los Angeles
: Semiotext(e
).Lee
, Min Joo
. 2020
. “Touring the Land of Romance: Transnational Korean Television Drama Consumption from Online Desires to Offline Intimacy
.” Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change
18
(1
): 67
–80
. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1707467.Lee
, Rachel C.
, and Sau-ling Cynthia
Wong
, eds. 2013
. Asian America.Net: Ethnicity Nationalism and Cyberspace
. New York
: Routledge
.Lenin
, Vladimir Ilʹich
. (1917) 1939
. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism
. New York
: International Publishers
.Leonard
, Karen
. 1992
. Making Ethnic Choices: California's Punjabi Mexicans
. Philadelphia
: Temple University Press
.Lockwood
, Jane
. 2012
. “Are We Getting the Right People for the Job? A Study of English Language Recruitment Assessment Practices in the Business Processing Outsourcing Sector: India and the Philippines
.” Journal of Business Communication
49
(2
): 107
–27
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021943612436975.Lorde
, Audre
. 1984
. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches
. Berkeley, CA
: Crossing Press
.Lorde
, Audre
. 1993
. “The Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power
.” In The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader
, edited by Henry
Abelove
, Michèle Aina
Barale
, and David M.
Halperin
, 339
–43
. New York
: Routledge
.Lowe
, Lisa
. 1996
. Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Lowe
, Lisa
. 2001
. “Epistemological Shifts: National Ontology and the New Asian Immigrant
.” In Orientations: Mapping Studies in the Asian Diaspora
, edited by Kandice
Chuh
and Karen
Shimakawa
, 267
–76
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Lowe
, Lisa
. 2012
. “Reckoning Nation and Empire: Asian American Critique
.” In A Concise Companion to Asian American Studies
, edited by John Carlos
Rowe
, 229
–44
. Hoboken, NJ
: Wiley-Blackwell
.Lowe
, Lisa
. 2015
. The Intimacies of Four Continents
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Lutz
, Catherine
. 1986
. “Emotion, Thought, and Estrangement: Emotion as a Cultural Category
.” Cultural Anthropology
1
(3
): 287
–309
. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1986.1.3.02a00020.Lutz
, Catherine
, and Lila
Abu-Lughod
, eds. 1990
. Language and the Politics of Emotion
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Luxemburg
, Rosa
. (1913) 2003
. The Accumulation of Capital
. Translated by Agnes
Schwarzschild
. London
: Routledge
.Macaulay
, Thomas B.
(1835) 1979
. Macaulay’ s Speeches: A Selection
. New York
: AMS Press
.Mahmood
, Saba
. 2011
. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Malik
, Bismah
. 2020
. “Malware Attacks Threaten Companies as Hybrid Workspace Model Gains Prominence
.” New Indian Express
, November
15
, 2020
. https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/nov/15/malware-attacks-threaten-companies-as-hybrid-workspace-model-gains-prominence-2223772.html.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 1999
. Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 2003
. “Off-Centre: Feminism and South Asian Studies in the Diaspora
.” In At Home in Diaspora: South Asian Scholars and the West
, edited by Jackie
Assayag
, Vironique
Binio
, and Véronique
Bénéï
, 52
–65
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 2004
. “Dangerous Desires: Television and Erotics in Late Twentieth-Century India
.” Journal of Asian Studies
63
(2
): 403
–31
.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 2012
. “Television and Embodiment: A Speculative Essay
.” South Asian History and Culture
3
(4
): 603
–13
.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 2013
. “ ‘We Are Like This Only:’ Aspiration, Jugaad, and Love in Enterprise Culture
.” In Enterprise Culture in Neoliberal India: Studies in Youth, Class, Work and Media
, edited by Nandini
Gooptu
, 27
–41
. London
: Routledge
.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 2015
. Unsettling India: Affect, Temporality, Transnationality
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 2021a
. “ ‘Love Jihad,’ Digital Affect, and Feminist Critique
.” Feminist Media Studies
21
(4
): 697
–701
.Mankekar
, Purnima
. 2021b
. “Mobile Love: Moral Panics, Erotics and Affect
.” In The Routledge Companion to Romantic Love
, edited by Ann
Brooks
, 80
–95
. London
: Routledge
.Mankekar
, Purnima
, and Akhil
Gupta
. 2016
. “Intimate Encounters: Affective Labor in Call Centers
.” Positions
24
(1
): 17
–43
. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847–3320029.Mankekar
, Purnima
, and Akhil
Gupta
. 2017
. “Future Tense: Capital, Labor, and Technology in a Service Industry
.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
7
(3
): 67
–87
.Mankekar
, Purnima
, and Akhil
Gupta
. 2023
. “Affective Sovereignties: Mobility, Emplacement, Potentiality
.” In Sovereignty Unhinged: An Illustrated Primer for the Study of Present Intensities, Disavowals, and Temporal Derangements
, edited by Deborah A.
Thomas
and Joseph
Masco
, 113
–138
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Mankekar
, Purnima
, and Sucharita
Kanjilal
. 2022
. “Over-the-Top: Online Media and the Transnational Travels of Caste
.” In The Routledge Companion to Caste and Cinema in India
, edited by Joshil K.
Abraham
and Judith
Misrahi-Barak
, 117
–31
. London
: Routledge
. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003343578.Mankekar
, Purnima
, and Louisa
Schein
. 2013
. “Mediation and Transmediations: Erotics, Sociality, and ‘Asia.’
” In Media, Erotics, and Transnational Asia
, edited by Purnima
Mankekar
and Louisa
Schein
, 1
–32
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Manorama
, Ruth
. 1992
. “Dalit Women: Downtrodden among the Downtrodden
.” In Dalit Solidarity
, edited by Bhagwan
Das
and James
Massey
, 165
–76
. New Delhi
: SPG Publications
.Martin
, Emily
. 2001
. The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction
. New York
: Beacon
.Marx
, Karl
. (1844) 1978
. “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
.” In The Marx-Engels Reader
, 2nd ed., edited by Robert C.
Tucker
. New York
: W. W. Norton
.Marx
, Karl
. (1939) 1973
. Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy
. Translated by Martin
Nicolaus
. New York
: Vintage
.Marx
, Karl
, and Friedrich
Engels
. (1848) 1967
. The Communist Manifesto
. Translated by Samuel
Moore
, introduction by A. J. P.
Taylor
. Harmondsworth, UK
: Penguin Books
.Massey
, Doreen
. 1994
. Space, Place, and Gender
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Massumi
, Brian
. 2002
. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Mathur
, Nita
. 2010
. “Shopping Malls, Credit Cards and Global Brands: Consumer Culture and Lifestyle of India's New Middle Class
.” South Asia Research
30
(3
): 211
–31
.Mazzarella
, William
. 2005
. “Indian Middle Class
.” In South Asia Keywords
, edited by Rachel
Dwyer
. Online encyclopedia, SOAS. Accessed August
6
, 2024
. https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/anthrolpology/docs/mazz_middleclass.pdf.Melamed
, Jodi
. 2011
. Represent and Destroy: Rationalizing Violence in the New Racial Capitalism
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Melbin
, Murray
. 1987
. Night As Frontier: Colonizing the World After Dark
. New York
: Free Press
.Mendieta
, Eduardo
. 2020
. “Toward a Decolonial Feminist Imaginary: Decolonizing Futurity
.” Critical Philosophy of Race
8
(1–2
): 237
–64
.Menon
, Jisha
. 2021
. Brutal Beauty: Aesthetics and Aspiration in Urban India
. Evanston, IL
: Northwestern University Press
.Menon
, Nivedita
. 2019
. “Marxism, Feminism, and Caste in Contemporary India
.” In Racism after Apartheid: Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism
, edited by Vishwas
Satgar
, 137
–155
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Meyer
, Christian
, and Nancy
Birdsall
. 2012
. “New Estimates of India's Middle Class
.” CGD Note, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC
. Accessed August
6
, 2024
. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/archive/doc/2013_MiddleClassIndia_TechnicalNote_CGDNote.pdf.Miles
, Sam
. 2017
. “Sex in the Digital City: Location-Based Dating Apps and Queer Urban Life
.” Gender, Place and Culture
24
(11
): 1595
–1610
.Miller
, Daniel
. 1995
. “Consumption and Commodities
.” Annual Review of Anthropology
24
:141
–61
. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.001041.Mirchandani
, Kiran
. 2005
. “Gender Eclipsed? Racial Hierarchies in Transnational Call Centres
.” Social Justice
32
(4
): 105
–19
.Mirchandani
, Kiran
. 2012
. Phone Clones: Authenticity Work in the Transnational Service Economy
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Mondal
, Sudipto
. 2015
. “Spike in Communal Tension Touches Karnataka's Cosmopolitan Bengaluru
.” Hindustan Times
, December
30
, 2015
. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/spike-in-communal-tensions-touch-karnataka-s-cosmopolitan-bengaluru/story-VDYasR2DPi1XHVaH5b2hKI.html.Moon
, Meenakshi
, and Urmila
Pawar
. 2008
. We Also Made History: Women in the Ambedkarite Movement
. New Delhi
: Zubaan
.Moraga
, Cherrie
, and Gloria
Anzaldúa
. 1983
. This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color
. New York
: Kitchen Table
.Morris
, Meaghan
. 1993
. “Things to Do with Shopping Centres
.” In The Cultural Studies Reader
, edited by Simon
During
, 295
–319
. New York
: Routledge
.Mosse
, David
. 2020
. “The Modernity of Caste and the Market Economy
.” Modern Asian Studies
54
(4
): 1225
–71
.Muehlebach
, Andrea
. 2011
. “On Affective Labor in Post-Fordist Italy
.” Cultural Anthropology
26
(1
): 59
–82
.Muehlebach
, Andrea
, and Nitzan
Shoshan
. 2012
. “Introduction
.” Anthropological Quarterly
85
(2
): 317
–43
.Muñoz
, José Esteban
. 2006
. “Feeling Brown, Feeling Down: Latina Affect, the Performativity of Race, and the Depressive Position
.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
31
(3
): 675
–88
.Muñoz
, José Esteban
. 2009
. Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity
. New York
: New York University Press
.Nadeem
, Shehzad
. 2011
. Dead Ringers: How Outsourcing is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Naik
, Preetigandha
. 2021
. “Dalit-Futurist Feminism: New Alliances through Dalit Feminism and Indian Science Fiction
.” Journal of International Women's Studies
20
(10
): 106
–22
.Nair
, Janaki
. 1996
. Women and Law in Colonial India: A Social History
. New Delhi
: South Asia Books
.Nair
, Janaki
. 2000
. “Singapore Is Not Bangalore's Destiny
.” Economic and Political Weekly
35
(18
): 1512
–14
.Nair
, Janaki
. 2005
. The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.Nakamura
, Lisa
. 2002
. Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet
. New York
: Routledge
.Nasscom
. 2018
. “Indian BPM Industry Shows Consistent Growth Capitalising on Newer Technologies and Re-skilling
.” =Report presented at the BPM Strategy Summit, Bengaluru, Karnataka
, October
4–5
.Nasscom
. 2020
. “BPM Council: Programs and Initiatives to Catalyse Growth of Indian BPM Industry
.” Nasscom website. Accessed August
28
. https://www.nasscom.in/about-us/what-we-do/industry-development/bpm-council.Negri
, Antonio
. 1988
. Revolution Retrieved: Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis, and New Social Subjects
. London
: Red Notes
.Negri
, Antonio
. 1989
. The Politics of Subversion: A Manifesto for the Twenty-First Century
. Cambridge
: Polity
.Negri
, Antonio
. 1999
. Insurgencies: Constituent Power and the Modern State
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Nigam
, Aditya
. 2019
. “Hindutva, Caste, and the ‘National Unconscious.’
” In Racism after Apartheid: Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism
, edited by Vishwas
Satgar
, 118
–36
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Niranjana
, Tejaswini
. 1992
. Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Niranjana
, Tejaswini
. 2000
. “Alternate Frames? Questions for Comparative Research in the Third World
.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
1
(1
): 97
–108
.Nisbett
, Nicholas
. 2007
. “Friendship, Consumption, Morality: Practising Identity, Negotiating Hierarchy in Middle-Class Bangalore
.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
13
(4
): 935
–50
.Nisbett
, Nicholas
. 2010
. Growing Up in the Knowledge Society: Living the IT Dream in Bangalore
. New Delhi
: Routledge
.Omvedt
, Gail
. 1979
. “The Downtrodden Among the Downtrodden: An Interview with a Dalit Agricultural Laborer
.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
4
(4
): 763
–74
.Ong
, Aihwa
. 1999
. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Ong
, Aihwa
. 2006
. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Ong
, Paul
, Edna
Bonacich
, and Lucie
Cheng
. 1994
. The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring
. Philadelphia
: Temple University Press
.Ortner
, Sherry B.
1995
. “Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal
.” Comparative Studies in Society and History
37
(1
): 173
–93
. http://www.jstor.org/stable/179382.Ortner
, Sherry B.
2016
. “Dark Anthropology and Its Others: Theory since the Eighties
.” Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
6
(1
): 47
–73
.Padios
, Jan M.
2018
. A Nation on the Line: Call Center as Postcolonial Predicaments in the Contemporary Philippines
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Paik
, Shailaja
. 2014
. “Building Bridges: Articulating Dalit and African American Women's Solidarity
.” Women's Studies Quarterly
42
(3–4
): 74
–96
.Palumbo-Liu
, David
. 1999
. Asian/American: Historical Crossings of a Racial Frontier
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Pandey
, Gyanendra
. 2013
. A History of Prejudice: Race, Caste, and Difference in India and the United States
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Pandian
, MSS
. 2002
. “One Step outside Modernity: Caste, Identity Politics and Public Sphere
.” Economic and Political Weekly
37
(18
): 1735
–41
.Parreñas
, Rhacel Salazar
. 2001
. Servants of Globalization: Migration and Domestic Work
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Parreñas
, Rhacel Salazar
. 2005
. Children of Global Migration: Transnational Families and Gendered Woes
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Parreñas
, Rhacel Salazar
. 2008
. The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization
. New York
: New York University Press
.Parreñas
, Rhacel Salazar
, and Eileen
Boris
. 2010
. Intimate Labors: Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Parreñas
, Rhacel Salazar
, Hung C.
Thai
, and Rachel
Silvey
. 2016
. “Intimate Industries: Restructuring (Im)Material Labor in Asia
.” Positions
24
(1
): 1
–15
. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847–3320017.Patel
, Geeta
. 2000
. “Ghostly Appearances: Time Tales Tallied Up
.” Social Text
18
(3
[64]): 47
–66
.Patel
, Reena
. 2010
. Working the Night Shift: Women in India's Call Center Industry
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Phadnis
, Shilpa
. 2020
. “IT/BPM Services Biz to Slow to 4–6%: Everest
,” Times of India
, April
7
, 2020
. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/everest-sees-services-biz-slowing-to-4–6/articleshow/75018238.cms.Phartiyal
, Sankalp
, and Sachin
Ravikumar
. 2020
. “India's Huge Outsourcing Industry Struggles with Work-From-Home Scenario
.” Reuters
, March
24
, 2020
. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-outsourcing-idCNL4N2BH3AT/.Pletsch
, Carl E.
1981
. “The Three Worlds, or the Division of Social Scientific Labor, circa 1950–1975
.” Comparative Studies in Society and History
23
(4
): 565
–90
. Accessed March
21
, 2021
. https://www.jstor.org/stable/178394.Poster
, Winifred R.
2007
. “Who's On the Line? Indian Call Center Agents Pose as Americans for U.S. Outsourced Firms
.” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society
46
(2
): 271
–304
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468–232X.2007.00468.x.Povinelli
, Elizabeth A.
2007
. “Disturbing Sexuality
.” South Atlantic Quarterly
106
(3
): 565
–76
. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876–2007–015.Povinelli
, Elizabeth A.
2011
. Economies of Abandonment: Social Belonging and Endurance in Late Liberalism
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Povinelli
, Elizabeth A.
2017
. “The Ends of Humans: Anthropocene, Autonomism, Antagonism, and the Illusions of our Epoch
” South Atlantic Quarterly
116
(2
): 293
–310
. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876–3829412.Pratt
, Geraldine
, and Victoria
Rosner
. 2006
. “Introduction: The Global and the Intimate
.” Women's Studies Quarterly
34
(1/2
): 13
–24
.Pratt
, Geraldine
, and Victoria
Rosner
. 2012
. The Global and the Intimate: Feminism in Our Time
. New York
: Columbia University Press
. https://doi.org/10.7312/prat15448.Pratt
, Mary Louise
. 1992
. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation
. London
: Routledge
.Press Trust of India (PTI)
. 2013
. “Thiruvalluvar's Statue Unveiled in Bangalore
.” Business Standard
, January
20
, 2013
. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/thiruvalluvar-s-statue-unveiled-in-bangalore-109081000076_1.html.Press Trust of India (PTI)
. 2020
. “Nasscom Pegs IT-BPM Sector Revenue at USD 192 Billion in FY20
.” Business Standard
, February
12
, 2020
. https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nasscom-pegs-it-bpm-sector-revenue-at-usd-192-billion-in-fy20–120021201709_1.html.Press Trust of India (PTI)
. 2021
. “Indian IT-BPM Sector Saw Recovery in Revenue Growth at 7.9% in FY20: Economic Survey 2020–21
.” Economic Times
, January
29
, 2021
. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/indian-it-bpm-sector-saw-recovery-in-revenue-growth-at-7-9-in-fy20-economic-survey-2020-21/articleshow/80586683.cms?from=mdr.Puar
, Jasbir K.
2007
. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Puar
, Jasbir
. 2009
. “Prognosis Time: Towards a Geopolitics of Affect, Debility and Capacity
.” Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory
19
(2
): 161
–72
. https://doi.org/10.1080/07407700903034147.Radhakrishnan
, Smitha
. 2008
. “Examining the ‘Global’ Indian Middle Class: Gender and Culture in the Silicon Valley/Bangalore Circuit
.” Journal of Intercultural Studies
29
(1
): 7
–20
.Radhakrishnan
, Smitha
. 2011
. Appropriately Indian: Gender and Culture in a New Transnational Class
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Rai
, Amit S.
2009
. Untimely Bollywood: Globalization and India's New Media Assemblage
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Rai
, Amit S.
2019
. Jugaad Times: Ecologies of Everyday Hacking
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Rai
, Saritha
. 2021
. “How Big Tech Is Importing India's Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley
.” Bloomberg
, March
11
, 2021
. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley.Rajagopal
, Arvind
. 1998
. “Advertising, Politics and the Sentimental Education of the Indian Consumer
.” Visual Anthropology Review
14
(2
): 14
–31
.Rajagopal
, Arvind
. 2001a
. Politics after Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Rajagopal
, Arvind
. 2001b
. “Thinking about the New Middle Class: Gender, Advertising and Politics in an Age of Globalization
.” In Signposts: Gender Issues in Post-Independence India
, edited by Rajeswari Sunder
Rajan
, 57
–100
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Rajagopal
, Arvind
. 2001c
. “The Violence of Commodity Aesthetics: Hawkers, Demolition Raids, and a New Regime of Consumption
.” Social Text
19
(3
): 91
–113
.Ramesh
, Babu P.
2004
. “ ‘Cyber Coolies’ in BPO: Insecurities and Vulnerabilities of Non-Standard Work
.” Economic and Political Weekly
39
(5
): 492
–97
.Ramirez
, Catherine S.
2008
. “Afrofuturism/Chicanafuturism: Fictive Kin
.” Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies
33
(1
): 185
–94
.Ranganathan
, Malini
. 2014
. “ ‘Mafias’ in the Waterscape: Urban Informality and Everyday Public Authority in Bangalore
.” Water Alternatives
7
(1
): 89
–105
. www.water-alternatives.org.Rao
, Anupama
. 2005
. “ ‘Sexuality and the Family Form
.” Economic and Political Weekly
40
(8
): 715
–18
.Rao
, Anupama
. 2009
. The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Rao
, Anupama
. 2017
. “The Word and the World: Dalit Aesthetics as a Critique of Everyday Life
.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing
53
(1–2
): 147
–61
.Rao
, Mohit M.
2017
. “What Leaves Bengaluru's Washing Machines Ends Up in Its Lakes, and Dinner Plates
.” The Hindu
, June
11
, 2017
. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/more-than-a-bit-of-froth/article18936458.ece.Rao
, Mohit M.
2019
. “Study Reveals Caste-Based Segregation in Bengaluru
.” The Hindu
. January
20
. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/study-reveals-caste-based-segregation-in-bengaluru/article26039905.ece.Rao
, Rukmini
. 2020
. “Big IT Sector Reform! Permanent Work From Home Will Boost Global Competitiveness
.” Business Today
, November
20
, 2020
. https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/big-it-sector-reform-permanent-work-from-home-will-boost-global-competitiveness/story/421289.html.Rathore
, Udayan
, and Tadit
Kundu
. 2016
. “How Can India Bridge the Gap between Its Middle and Median Class?
” Livemint
, July
27
, 2016
. www.livemint.com/Opinion/uMcYLhhViH2IOX9jdzvHcM/How-can-India-bridge-the-gap-between-its-middle-and-median-c.html.Rege
, Sharmila
. 1998
. “Dalit Women Talk Differently: A Critique of ‘Difference’ and Towards a Dalit Feminist Standpoint Position
.” Economic and Political Weekly
33
(44
): WS39
–WS46
.Rege
, Sharmila
. 2000
. “ ‘Real Feminism’ and Dalit Women: Scripts of Denial and Accusation
.” Economic and Political Weekly
35
(6
): 492
–95
.Rege
, Sharmila
. 2003
. “More Than Just Tacking Women on to the ‘Macropicture’: Feminist Contributions to Globalisation Discourses
.” Economic and Political Weekly
38
(43
): 4555
–63
.Rege
, Sharmila
. 2010
. “Education as Trutiya Ratna: Towards Phule-Ambedkarite Feminist Pedagogical Practice
.” Economic and Political Weekly
45
(44–45
): 88
–98
.Rely Services
. n.d
. The Impact of Covid-19 on the BPO Industry
. Accessed July
24
, 2024
. https://www.relyservices.com/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-bpo-industry.Research Unit for Political Economy (RUPE)
. 2015
. “India's Middle Class Is Actually the World's Poor
.” Quartz India
, December
21
, 2015
. https://qz.com/562578/indias-middle-class-is-actually-the-worlds-poor/.Reuters
. 2008
. “India's Outsourcing Revenue to Hit $50 Bn
.” Financial Express
, January
29
, 2008
. https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-outsourcing-revenue-to-hit-50-bn/266661/.Robinson
, Cedric J.
(1983) 2020
. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition
. Chapel Hill
: University of North Carolina Press
.Robinson
, Cedric J.
2019
. On Racial Capitalism, Black Internationalism, and Cultures of Resistance
. Edited by H. L. T.
Quan
. London
: Pluto
.Rofel
, Lisa
, and Sylvia J.
Yanagisako
. 2019
. Fabricating Transnational Capitalism: A Collaborative Ethnography of Italian-Chinese Global Fashion
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Rosa
, Jonathan
. 2019
. Looking Like a Language, Sounding Like a Race: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and the Learning of Latinidad
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.Rosaldo
, Michelle Z.
1984
. “Toward an Anthropology of Self and Feeling
.” In Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion
, edited by Richard A.
Shweder
and Robert A.
LeVine
, 137
–57
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Rothenberg
, Janell
. 2015
. “The Social Life of Logistics on the Moroccan Mediterranean Coast
.” PhD diss., University of California
, Los Angeles
.Roth-Gordon
, Jennifer
. 2016
. “From Upstanding Citizen to North American Rapper and Back Again
.” In Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas about Race
, edited by John R.
Rickford
, H. Samy
Alim
, and Arnetha F.
Ball
, 51
–64
. New York
: Oxford University Press
.Roy
, Rajesh
, and Jon
Emont
. 2020
. “Coronavirus Sends Outsource Workers Home, Causing a Ripple Effect
.” Wall Street Journal
, April
1
, 2020
. https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-sends-outsource-workers-home-causing-a-ripple-effect-11585738803.Ruppel
, Cynthia
, Randi
Sims
, and Peter
Zeidler
. 2013
. “Emotional Labour and Its Outcomes: A Study of a Philippine Call Centre
.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration
5
(3
): 246
–61
. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-02–2013–0008.Sanyal
, Kalyan
. 2013
. Rethinking Capitalist Development: Primitive Accumulation, Governmentality, and Postcolonial Capitalism
. New Delhi
: Routledge
.Sarukkai
, Sundar
. 2014
. ‘The Phenomenology of Untouchability
.” In The Cracked Mirror: An Indian Debate on Experience and Theory
, edited by Gopal
Guru
and Sundar
Sarukkai
, 157
–99
. New Delhi
: Oxford University Press
.Saxena
, Kritika
. 2020
. “COVID-19: IT, BPO Sectors Lose 30,000 Jobs, Likely to Let Go of More
.” CNBCTV18, July
10
, 2020
. https://www.cnbctv18.com/information-technology/covid-19-it-bpo-sector-job-losses-india-6301801.htm.Schein
, Louisa
. 1996
. “The Other Goes to Market: The State, the Nation, and Unruliness in Contemporary China
.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power
2
(3
): 197
–222
.Scott
, James
. 1999
. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Searle
, Llerena G.
2016
. Landscapes of Accumulation: Real Estate and the Neoliberal Imagination in Contemporary India
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Shah
, Nayan
. 2011
. Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality and the Law in the North American West
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Sharma
, Aparna
. 2003
. “India's Experience with the Multiplex
.” Seminar
, no. 525, May
2003
. http://www.india-seminar.com/2003/525/525%20aparna%20sharma.htm.Sharma
, Bhushan
, and K. A.
Geetha
. 2010
. “Casteing Gender: Intersectional Oppression of Dalit Women
.” Journal of International Women's Studies
22
(10
): 1
–7
.Sharma
, Preeti
. 2020
. “Irresponsible State Care and the Virality of Nail Salons: Asian American Women's Service Work, Vulnerability, and Mutuality
.” Journal of Asian American Studies
23
(3
): 491
–509
.Sheller
, Mimi
, and John
Urry
. 2006
. “The New Mobilities Paradigm
.” Environment and Planning A
38
(2
): 207
–26
.Shilpa
. 2022
. “Bengaluru Gears up for Festival of Harmony—Karaga—on April 16
.” New Indian Express
, April
7
, 2022
. https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Apr/08/bengaluru-gears-up-for-festival-of-harmony—karaga—on-april-16–2439428.html.Shome
, Raka
. 2006
. “Thinking Through the Diaspora: Call Centers, India, and a New Politics of Hybridity
.” International Journal of Cultural Studies
9
(1
): 105
–24
. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877906061167.Sidhnath
, Mimansa
. 2020
. “Caste Pervades Every Aspect of Life in Bengaluru: Panel Discussion
.” Citizen Matters, December
2
. https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/how-caste-works-in-bengaluru-panel-discussion-housing-governance-jobs-academics-solutions-53951.Smith
, Neil
. 2010
. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space
. Athens
: University of Georgia Press
.Snowdon
, Jamie
, and Phil
Fersht
. 2016
. “The HFS Market Index–IT Services and BPO Market Size and Forecast 2016–2020
.” HFS Research, July
12
, 2016
. Accessed August
6
, 2024
. https://www.hfsresearch.com/research/it-services-and-bpo-market-size-and-forecast-2016–2020/.Solomon
, Harris
. 2016
. Metabolic Living: Food, Fat, and the Absorption of Illness in India
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Solomon
, Jay
, and Kathryn
Kranhold
. 2005
. “In India's Outsourcing Boom, GE Played a Starring Role
.” Wall Street Journal
, March
23
, 2005
. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111151806639186539.Sonti
, Gautam
, dir. 2006
. Coding Culture
. In collaboration with Carol Upadhya. Film, 85 minutes.Soundararajan
, Thenmozhi
. 2012
. “The Black Indians
.” Outlook
. Accessed January
2019
. https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-black-indians/281938.Soundararajan
, Thenmozhi
. 2020
. “It's Time to Dismantle Caste in the U.S
.” Yes! Solution Journalism, September
1
, 2020
. https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2020/09/01/caste-race-united-states.Soundararajan
, Thenmozhi
. 2022
. The Trauma of Caste: A Dalit Feminist Meditation on Survivorship, Healing, and Abolition
. New York
: North Atlantic Books
.Soundararajan
, Thenmozhi
, and Sinthujan
Varatharajah
. 2015
. “Caste Privilege 101: A Primer for the Privileged
.” The Aerogram
, February
10
, 2015
. https://theaerogram.com/caste-privilege-101-primer-privileged/.Sreenath
, Shreyas
. 2016
. “On Demonetization and Its Impact on Bangalore's Waste Pickers and Recyclers
.” Waste Narratives, November
25
, 2016
. https://wastenarratives.com/2016/11/25/on-demonetization-and-its-impact-on-bangalores-waste-pickers-and-recyclers/.Sreenath
, Shreyas
. 2020
. “Black Spot: An Account of Caste, Contract, and Discards in 21st Century Bangalore
.” PhD diss., Emory University
.Sridharan
, Eswaran
. 2004
. “The Growth and Sectoral Composition of India's Middle Class: Its Impact on the Politics of Economic Liberalization
.” India Review
3
(4
): 405
–28
.Srinivas
, Smriti
. 2008
. In the Presence of Sai Baba: Body, City and Memory in a Global Religious Movement
. Hyderabad
: Orient Blackswan
.Srinivas
, Smriti
. 2016
. “Roadside Shrines, Storefront Saints, and Twenty-First Century Lifestyles: The Cultural and Spatial Thresholds of Indian Urbanism
.” In Place/No Place: Spatial Aspects of Urban Asian Religiosity
, edited by Joanne
Waghorne
, 131
–47
. Singapore
: Asia Research Institute–Springer Asia Series
.Srinivas
, Tulasi
. 2018
. The Cow in the Elevator: An Anthropology of Wonder
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Statista Research Department
. 2020
. “General Electric: Number of Employees in the U.S. 2007–2019
.” Statista. Accessed August
29
, 2020
. https://www.statista.com/statistics/220723/number-of-employees-at-general-electric-in-the-us/.Stoler
, Ann L.
1989
. “Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexual Morality in 20th-Century Colonial Cultures
.” American Ethnologist
16
(4
): 634
–60
. https://www.jstor.org/stable/645114.Stoler
, Ann L.
2006
. Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Subramanian
, Ajantha
. 2019
. The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Swamy
, Rohini
. 2020
. “Bengaluru Has Seen Eight Major Riots since 1986—Including Two over Prophet Muhammad
.” ThePrint
, August
13
. https://theprint.in/india/bengaluru-has-seen-8-major-riots-since-1986-including-two-over-prophet-muhammad/481085/.Tajima-Peña
, Renee
, dir. 1987
. Who Killed Vincent Chin
? Film News Now and WTVS. Film, 87 minutes.Takaki
, Ronald T.
1989
. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans
. Boston
: Little, Brown
.Taylor
, Charles
. 2016
. “Can Secularism Travel?
” In Beyond the Secular West
, edited by Akeel
Bilgrami
, 1
–27
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Teltumbde
, Anand
, and Suraj
Yengde
. 2018
. The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections
. New Delhi
: Penguin
.Thomas
, Jenny
. 1984
. “Cross-Cultural Discourse as Unequal Encounter
.” Applied Linguistics
5
(3
): 226
–35
.Thompson
, Edward P.
1967
. “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism
.” Past and Present
38
(1
): 56
–97
.Thrift
, Nigel
. 2004
. “Intensities of Feeling: Towards a Spatial Politics of Affect
.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography
86
(1
): 57
–78
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435–3684.2004.00154.x.Throop
, C. Jason
. 2012
. “On the Varieties of Empathic Experience: Tactility, Mental Opacity, and Pain
.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly
26
(3
): 408
–30
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548–1387.2012.01225.x.Throop
, C. Jason
, and Dan
Zahavi
. 2020
. “Dark and Bright Empathy: Phenomenological and Anthropological Reflections
.” Current Anthropology
61
(3
): 283
–303
.Tilly
, Charles
. 1975
. The Formation of National States in Western Europe
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Times of India
. 2022
. “Noise Check in Bengaluru: Police Notice for 125 Mosques, 83 Temples, 22 Churches for Ban on Loudspeakers for Azaan
.” April
6
, 2022
. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/noise-check-in-bengaluru-police-notice-for-125-mosques-83-temples-22-churches/articleshow/90675299.cms.Trivedi
, Harish
. 2003
.“CyberCoolies
.” Little India
, October
5
, 2004
. https://littleindia.com/cybercoolies/.Tronti
, Mario
. 1973
. “Social Capital
.” Telos: Critical Theory of the Contemporary
, no. 17
, Fall 1973
, 98
–121
. https://doi.org/10.3817/0973017098.Trotsky
, Leon
. (1938) 1973
. The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution: With Introductory Essays by Joseph Hansen and George Novack
. 1st ed. New York
: Pathfinder Press
.Trotsky
, Leon
. (1918) 2008
. History of the Russian Revolution
. Translated by Max
Eastman
. Chicago
: Haymarket
.Trotsky
, Leon
. (1919) 2010
. The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects
. Seattle
: Red Letter
.Tsing
, Anna Lowenhaupt
. 2004
. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Tsing
, Anna Lowenhaupt
. 2015
. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Tupas
, Ruanni
, and Aileen
Salonga
. 2016
. “Unequal Englishes in the Philippines
.” Journal of Sociolinguistics
20
(3
): 367
–81
.Tymoczko
, Maria
. 1990
. “Translation in Oral Tradition as a Touchstone for Translation Theory and Practice
.” In Translation, History, and Culture
, edited by Susan
Bassnett
and André
Lefevere
, 46
–55
. New York
: Pinter
.Upadhya
, Carol
, and Aninhalli R.
Vasavi
. 2013
. In an Outpost of the Global Economy: Work and Workers in India's Information Technology Industry
. New Delhi
: Routledge
.Vageesh
, N. S.
2015
. “Credit Card Penetration Remains Dismally Low
.” Hindu Business Line
, June
15
, 2015
. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/credit-card-penetration-remains-dismally-low/article7318930.ece.Valentine
, Gill
. 2006
. “Globalizing Intimacy: The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Maintaining and Creating Relationships
.” Women's Studies Quarterly
34
(1/2
): 365
–93
.Van der Linden
, Marcel
. 2007
. “The ‘Law’ of Uneven and Combined Development: Some Underdeveloped Thoughts
.” Historical Materialism
15
(1
): 145
–65
.Verma
, Varuna
. 2006
. “More Sex Please, We Are BPO—‘It's Common to Find Couples Cuddling in the Cafeteria.’
” Telegraph
, May
14
, 2006
. https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/more-sex-please-we-are-bpo-it-s-common-to-find-couples-cuddling-in-the-cafeteria/cid/1025123.Viswanathan
, Gauri
. 1998
. Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Vora
, Kalindi
. 2010
. “The Transmission of Care: Affective Economies and Indian Call Centers
.” In Intimate Labors Cultures, Technologies and the Politics of Care
, edited by Eileen
Boris
and Rhacel Salazar
Parreñas
, 33
–48
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Vora
, Kalindi
. 2015
. Life Support: Biocapital and the New History of Outsourced Labor
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Wabuke
, Hope
. 2020
. “Afrofuturism, Africanfuturism, and the Language of Black Speculative Literature
.” Los Angeles Review of Books
, August
27
, 2020
. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/afrofuturism-africanfuturism-and-the-language-of-black-speculative-literature/.Wallerstein
, Immanuel Maurice
. 1991
. Unthinking Social Science: The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms
. Philadelphia
: Temple University Press
.Wallerstein
, Immanuel Maurice
. 1997
. “Eurocentrism and its Avatars: The Dilemmas of Social Science
.” Sociological Bulletin
46
(1
): 21
–39
.Wallerstein
, Immanuel Maurice
. 1999
. The End of the World as We Know It: Social Science for the Twenty-First Centur
y. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Weber
, Max
. (1905) 2002
. The Protestant Ethic and the “Spirit” of Capitalism
. Edited, translated, and with an introduction by Peter
Baehr
and Gordon C.
Wells
. London
: Penguin
.Weeks
, Kathi
. 2007
. “Life within and against Work: Affective Labor, Feminist Critique, and Post-Fordist Politics
.” Ephemera: Theory and Politics in Organization
7
(1
): 233
–49
.Weeks
, Kathi
. 2011
. The Problem with Work Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Wilkerson
, Isabel
. 2020
. Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents
. New York
: Random House
.Wilson
, Ara
. 2004
. The Intimate Economies of Bangkok: Tomboys, Tycoons, and Avon Ladies in the Global City
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnd8z.Wilson
, Ara
. 2016
. “The Infrastructure of Intimacy
.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
41
(2
): 247
–80
.Womack
, Ytasha
. 2013
. Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture
. Chicago
: Lawrence Hill
.World Bank
. “Final Consumption Expenditure (Constant 2015 US$)—India
.” Accessed July
8
, 2024
. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.KD?locations=IN&most_recent_value_desc=false.Woydack
, Johanna
, and Jane
Lockwood
. 2017
. “ ‘Scripts Are Beautiful’: Managers’ and Agents’ Views of Script Use in Call Centers
.” International Journal of Business Communication
58
(3
): 333
–57
. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488417738512.Yanagisako
, Sylvia
. 2002
. Producing Culture and Capital: Family Firms in Italy
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv10crfv6.Yaszek
, Lisa
.2005
. “An Afrofuturist Reading of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man
.” Rethinking History
9
(2–3
): 297
–313
.Zuboff
, Shoshana
. 2019
. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for Human Future at the New Frontier of Power
. New York
: PublicAffairs
.
