Skip to Main Content

Skip Nav Destination

Book Chapter

Female Film Entrepreneurs in Ghana: Shirley Frimpong-Manso and Evelyn Asampana in Focus

By

Robin Steedman

Search for other works by this author on:

Google

;

Rashida Resario

Rashida Resario

Search for other works by this author on:

Google

Doi:

https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478060413-009

Published:

April 2025

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Digital production and spectatorship have fundamentally disrupted the way Ghanaian filmmakers make movies and run their businesses. Digital distribution mechanisms have devastated parts of the industry principally because consumers no longer buy DVDs due to the accessibility of films on digital platforms such as YouTube, while at the same time distribution on online platforms has opened up new business models. This chapter examines women’s experiences of the digital transition through a comparison of two contemporary Ghanaian female filmmakers: Shirley Frimpong-Manso and Evelyn Asampana. Whether by developing a bespoke distribution platform or trying to build a business on YouTube, Frimpong-Manso and Asampana were ambitiously trying to seize digital opportunities, something that required a constellation of resources and competencies, so they could build the kinds of careers they wanted and produce the kinds of movies that resonated with their audiences.

female filmmakers, Ghana, digital distribution

This content is only available as PDF.

Filmography

Ademinokan

,

Daniel

, dir.

Gone

.

Blue Pictures

.

2021

.

Adepoju

,

Yemi

, and

Isaac

Femi-Akintunde

, dirs.

The Train: The Journey of Faith

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

2020

.

Adetiba

,

Kemi

, dir.

King of Boys: The Return of the King

.

Kemi Adetiba Visuals

.

2021

.

Adetiba

,

Kemi

, dir.

The Wedding Party

.

EbonyLife Films

.

2016

.

Adorkor

,

Eyram

, dir.

Dzigbeza

.

2016

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

The CEO

.

2016

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

Citation

.

Golden Effects Pictures

.

2020

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

The Figurine

.

Golden Effects Pictures

.

2009

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

Mokalik

.

2019

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

October 1

.

2014

.

Afroman

. “

Because I Got High

.” Music video. Directed by

Michael

Alperowitz

.

2000

.

Agyapong

,

Isaac

, dir.

Forkboyz

.

2019

.

Ahuja

,

Hamisha Daryani

, dir.

Namaste Wahala

.

Forever 7 Entertainment

.

2020

.

Akande

,

Bola

, dir.

Behind the Mask

.

2019

.

Akande

,

Bola

, dir.

Broken

.

2018

.

Akinmolayan

,

Niyi

, dir.

Prophetess

.

Anthill Studios/Filmone Entertainment

.

2021

.

Amarteifio

,

Nicole

, dir.

Before the Vows

.

2018

.

Ansah

,

Kwaw

, dir.

Love Brewed in the African Pot

.

1981

.

Araújo

,

Joel Zito

, dir.

Meu amigo Fela

.

2019

.

Asamoah

,

Kofi

, dir.

Amakye and Dede

.

2016

.

Asamoah

,

Kofi

, dir.

John and John

.

2017

.

Asamoah

,

Kofi

, dir.

Kalybos in China

.

2015

.

Asampana

,

Evelyn

, dir.

Anamkena

.

Family Entertainment

.

2019

.

Asurf

,

Oluseyi

, dir.

Hakkunde/In Between

.

Asurf Films

.

2017

.

Austen-Peters

,

Bolanle

, dir.

The Man of God

.

BAP Productions

.

2022

.

Baccar

,

Selma

, dir.

Fatma 75

.

1976

.

Bamiloye

,

Mike

, dir.

Haunting Shadow

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

2005

.

Bamiloye

,

Mike

, dir.

Rupantar

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

2014

.

Bandaele

,

Biyi

, and

Kenneth

Gyang

, dirs.

Blood Sisters

.

2022

.

Bekolo

,

Jean-Pierre

, dir.

Les armes miraculeuses

(Miraculous Weapons).

2017

.

Bekolo

,

Jean-Pierre

, dir.

Les saignantes

.

Quartier Mozart Films

.

2005

.

Benlyazid

,

Farida

, dir.

Une porte sur le ciel

(Door to the Sky).

1989

.

Beti

,

Ellerson

, dir.

Sisters of the Screen: African Women in the Cinema

.

Women Make Movies

.

2002

.

Beyoncé

. “

Brown Skin Girl

.” Music video. Directed by

Beyoncé

and

Jenn

Nkiru

.

2020

.

Blomkamp

,

Neill

, dir.

District 9

.

2009

.

Bradbeer

,

Harry

, and

Tim

Kirkby

, dirs.

Fleabag

.

2016

–19.

Brown

,

Chris

, and

Davido

. “

Blow My Mind

.” Music video. Directed by

Edgar

Esteves

.

2019

.

Burnett

,

Charles

, dir.

Killer of Sheep

.

1978

.

Chiazor

,

Chinwe

, dir.

Mended

.

2017

.

Chisembele

,

Dominic

, dir.

The Lawyer

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2008

.

Dila

,

Dilman

, dir.

Cursed Widow Blues

.

2017

.

Dila

,

Dilman

, dir.

How to Start a Zombie Apocalypse

.

2017

.

Dila

,

Dilman

, dir.

No Letting Go

.

2017

.

Djebar

,

Assia

, dir.

La nouba des femmes du Mont Chenoua

.

L'Office National du Commerce et de l'Industrie Cinématographique

.

1978

.

Djebar

,

Assia

, dir.

La Zerda ou les chants de l'oubli

.

Radiodiffusion Télévision Algérienne

.

1981

.

Dougherty

,

Libby

, dir.

Panic Button

.

2014

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

, dir.

From One Woman to Another: The Screen Worlds of Bongiwe Selane

.

2023

.

Dumisa

,

Nosipho

, dir.

Blood and Water

.

2020

.

Ejiofor

,

Chiwetel

, dir.

The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind

.

2019

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

, dir.

Sisters of the Screen

.

2002

.

El Maanouni

,

Ahmed

, dir.

Alyam, Alyam

.

1978

.

El Maanouni

,

Ahmed

, dir.

Trances

.

1981

.

Emma

,

Ikenna

, dir.

Palace Maid

.

2009

.

Falz

. “

This Is Nigeria

.” Music video. Directed by Geezy (Iyobosa Rehoboth).

2018

.

Faye

,

Safe

, dir.

Mossane

.

1996

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

Adam's Apples

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2011

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

The Perfect Picture: 10 Years Later

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2019

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

Potato Potahto

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2017

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

Potomanto

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2013

.

Gambino

,

Childish

. “

This Is America

.” Directed by

Hiro

Murai

.

2018

.

Greene

,

Tim

, dir.

Skeem

.

2011

.

Gulabrai

,

Ramesh Jai

, dir.

Bad Luck Joe

.

2018

.

Gulabrai

,

Ramesh Jai

, dir.

Life

.

2017

.

Gyang

,

Kenneth

, dir.

Oloture

.

EbonyLife Films

.

2019

.

Hood

,

Gavin

, dir.

Tsotsi

.

2005

.

Husayn

,

Shafiq

. “

Cheeba

.” First single from

En’ A-Free-Ka

. Music video. Directed by

Kahlil

Joseph

.

2010

.

Husayn

,

Shafiq

.

En’ A-Free-Ka

.

Album

.

2009

.

Husayn

,

Shafiq

. “

Le'Star

.” Track 14 on

En’ A-Free-Ka

.

2009

.

Imanuke

,

Chief

, and

Bismark

Idan

, dirs.

Hashtag Series

.

2021

.

Iñárritu

,

Alejandro G.

, dir.

Birdman

.

2014

.

Jafa

,

Arthur

, dir.

Dreams Are Colder Than Death

.

2014

.

Joseph

,

Kahlil

, dir.

Belhaven Meridian

.

2010

.

Kahiu

,

Wanuri

, dir.

Rafiki

.

2018

.

Karekezi

,

Joel

, dir.

La miséricorde de la jungle

(The Mercy of the Jungle).

2018

.

Kasum

,

Kayode

, dir.

Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards

.

2020

.

Kasum

,

Kayode

, dir.

Quam's Money

.

2020

.

Keïta

,

Rahmatou

, dir.

The Wedding Ring

.

2016

.

Kouyaté

,

Dany

, dir.

Sia, la rêve du python

(Sia, the Dream of the Python).

2001

.

Lamis

,

Louis

, dir.

Kejetia and Makola

.

2017

.

Lediga

,

Kagiso

, and

Tebogo

Malope

, dirs.

Queen Sono

.

2020

.

Makama

,

Abba

, dir.

The Lost Okoroshi

.

Osiris Film and Entertainment

.

2019

.

Maldoror

,

Sarah

, dir.

Sambizanga

.

1972

.

Mambéty

,

Djibril Diop

, dir.

Touki Bouki

.

1973

.

Manuvor

,

Horla

, Jr., dir.

Camouflage

.

2021

.

Manuvor

,

Horla

, Jr., dir.

Inside Life

.

2021

.

Manuvor

,

Horla

, Jr., dir.

What's Up

.

2016

.

Marin

,

Cheech

, and

Tommy

Chong

, dirs.

Up in Smoke

.

1978

.

Martin

,

Chris

. “

Monsters You Made

.” Music video. Directed by

Meji

Alabi

.

2020

.

McBaror

,

Toka

, dir.

Dark October

.

Filmone Production

.

2023

.

McBaror

,

Toka

, dir.

Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons

.

Corporate World Entertainment/FilmOne

.

2018

.

Mekwunye

,

Ekene

dir.

One Lagos Night

.

Bukana Motion Pictures / Riverside productions

.

2021

.

Minghella

,

Anthony

,

Charles

Sturridge

, and

Tim

Fywell

, dirs.

The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency

.

BBC, HBO

.

2009

.

Moleya

,

Thabang

, dir.

Happiness Is a Four-Letter Word

.

2016

.

Montsho

,

Mmabatho

, dir.

Emoyeni

.

Fireworx Media, Ngonyama Kapital

.

2018

.

Montsho

,

Mmabatho

, dir.

The Groom's Price

.

2017

.

Montsho

,

Mmabatho

, dir.

Thula's Vin

e.

Coal Stove Productions

.

2017

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

Attacks from Home

.

2000

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

The Unprofitable Servant

.

1990

.

Mwape

,

Owas Ray

, dir.

Chenda

.

Owas Crystal Films

.

2015

.

Ndlovu

,

Duma

.

Muvhango

.

Word of Mouth Productions

.

1997

.

New Heritage Baptist Church

, dir.

Idile Alayo

(Happy Family).

2015

.

Nkelemba

,

Nozipho

, dir.

Mmino wa Modimo

(God's Hymns).

2017

.

Nnaji

,

Genevieve

, dir.

Lionheart

.

Entertainment Network

.

2018

.

Nworah

,

Chinenye

, dir.

Shanty Town

.

2023

.

Ojerinde

,

Opeyemi Akintude

, dir.

Stepping into Maggie's Shoes

.

2020

.

Okonkwo

,

Kenneth

, and

Francis

Agu

, dirs.

Living in Bondage

.

1992

.

Okwo

,

Mildred

, dir.

La Femme Anjola

.

Audrey Silva Company

.

2021

Oluwagbemi

,

Adeola Jerry

, dir.

Countdown

.

Mount Zion Productions

.

2017

.

Oluwagbemi

,

Adeola Jerry

, dir.

One Street One Sound (OSOS)

.

Mount Zion Productions

.

2019

.

Paterson

,

Debs

, dir.

Africa United

.

2010

.

Phiri

,

Angel

, dir.

Mushala

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2019

.

Sagne

,

Marcel

.

Résolution

.

StudioCanal

.

2019

.

Sakala

,

Henry J.

, dir.

LSK Heroes

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2014

Sakala

,

Henry J.

, dir.

Street Circles

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2013

.

Sakala

,

Henry J.

, dir.

When the Curtain Falls

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2009

.

Salam

,

Shadi Abdel

, dir.

Al Mummia

.

General Egyptian Cinema Organisation/ Merchant Ivory Productions

.

1969

.

Salam

,

Shadi Abdel

, dir.

The Eloquent Peasant

.

Arab Egyptian Films

.

1969

.

Sasore

,

Bodunrin

, dir.

God Calling

.

Heart in Motion Pictures

.

2018

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

AloeVera

.

Canal+, Gravelroad Distribution

.

2020

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Hi-MUMMY

.

2014

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Keteke

.

2017

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Master and 3 Maids

.

OldFilm Productions

.

2016

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Percher

.

2013

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Sidechic Gang

.

2018

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

The Traveller

.

2014

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, and

Kofi

Asamoah

, dirs.

Away Bus

.

2019

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

, dir.

Borom Sarret

.

1963

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

, dir.

La noire de … /Black Girl

.

1966

.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

Mpali

.

Zambezi Magic Production

.

2018

–.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

Njila: The Phase

.

Zambezi Magic

.

2016

–2019.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

Njila: The Phase

.

Zambezi Magic

.

2019

.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

The Red Bag

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2014

.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

The Vanguards

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2010

.

Sinclair

,

Ingrid

, dir.

Flame

.

1996

.

Stormzy featuring Ed Sheeran and

Burna

Boy

. “

Own It

.” Directed by

Nathan James

Tettey

. Music video.

2019

.

Sy

,

Kalista

, dir.

Maîtresse d'un homme marié

(Mistress of a Married Man). Marodi TV.

2019

–20.

Sy

,

Kalista

, dir.

Yaay 2.0

.

Kalista Productions

.

2022

.

Tafesse

,

Moges

, dir.

Kuragnaye/Enchained

.

Synergy Habesha Films

.

2019

.

Thompson

,

Lawrence

, dir.

Kabanana

.

Picture Perfect Productions/Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation

.

2001

–2004.

Thompson

,

Lawrence

, dir.

Makofi

.

Zambezi Magic Production

.

2021

.

Thompson

,

Lawrence

, dir.

Turn of Fortune

.

Centripetal Media

.

2019

.

Towey

,

Chris

, and

Leah

Warshawski

, dirs.

Finding Hillywood

.

2013

.

Traoré

,

Apolline

, dir.

Desrances

.

Orange Studio, Les Films Selmon, and Araucania Films

.

2019

.

Tutu

,

Mpho Osei

, dir.

Zone 14

.

Bomb Film/The Bomb Shelter

.

2018

.

Ugah

,

Adze

,

Thabang

Moleya

,

Amanda

Lane

,

Catherine

Stewart

, and

Neil

Sundstrom

, dirs.

Jacob's Cross

.

Bomb Film/The Bomb Shelter

.

2007

–13.

Vundla

,

Mfundi

.

Generations

.

1993

.

Weaver

,

Lloyd

, dir.

I Need to Know

.

Nigerian Television Authority Network

.

1997

–2002.

West

,

Kanye

. “

Ultralight Beam

.” Track 1 on

The Life of Pablo

.

2016

.

References

Adamu

,

Abdalla Uba

.

2010

. “

Islam, Hausa Culture, and Censorship in Northern Nigerian Video Film

.” In

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and Nollywood Video Revolution

, edited by

Mahir

Saul

and

Ralph

Austen

,

11

–

25

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Adejunmobi

,

Jonathan Adegoke

.

1974

. “

The Development of Radio Broadcasting in Nigeria, West Africa

.” Master's thesis.

North Texas State University

. Accessed

December

10

,

2020

. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663486/m2/1/high_res_d/1002773656-Adejunmobi.pdf.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2007

. “

Nigerian Film as Minor Transnational Practice

.”

Postcolonial Text

3

(

2

):

1

–

16

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2011

. “

Nollywood, Globalization and Regional Media Corporations in Africa

.”

Popular Communication

9

(

2

):

67

–

78

. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2011.562101.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2014

. “

Evolving Nollywood Template for Minor Transnational Film

.”

Black Camera

5

(

2

):

74

–

94

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2015

. “

African Film's Televisual Turn

.”

Cinema Journal

54

(

2

):

120

–

25

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2016

. “

African Media Studies and Marginality at the Center

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

125

–

39

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2019

. “

Streaming Quality, Streaming Cinema

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmella

Garritano

,

219

–

43

.

New York

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Adepoju

,

Adunola

.

2005

. “

Sexuality Education in Nigeria: Evolution, Challenges and Prospects

.” Understanding Human Sexuality Seminar Series 3.

Lagos

:

Africa Regional Sexuality Resource Centre

. Accessed

December

10

,

2019

. http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/uhsss/adepoju_sexed.pdf.

Aderinsola

,

Ajao

.

2019

. “

Un demi-siècle en dents de scie/A Checkered Half-Century

.”

Awotele: La revue the ciné panafricaine

12

:

34

–

35

.

Adom

,

Kwame

.

2016

. “

Tackling Informal Entrepreneurship in Ghana: A Critical Analysis of the Dualist/Modernist Policy Approach, Some Evidence from Accra

.”

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business

28

(

2/3

):

216

–

33

. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.076640.

AFP Relaxnews

.

2020

. “

Netflix Doubles Down on Efforts to Tap African Market

.”

INQUIRER.net

,

October

10

. https://business.inquirer.net/309352/netflix-doubles-down-on-efforts-to-tap-african-market#ixzz6v6dA3W2c.

AfriqueITNews

.

2013

. “

Marodi.tv, futur concurrent de Youtube en Afrique?

”

October

6

. https://afriqueitnews.com/interviews/marodi-tv-futur-concurrent-youtube-en-afrique/.

Agamben

,

Giorgio

.

2009

. “

What Is the Contemporary?”

In

What Is an Apparatus? And Other Essays

, translated by

David

Kishik

and

Stefan

Pedatella

,

39

–

54

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Agina

,

Añulika

.

2019

. “

Cinema-Going in Lagos: Three Locations, One Film, One Weekend

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

32

(

2

):

131

–

45

. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2019.1615871.

Agina

,

Añulika

.

2021

. “

Netflix and the Transnationalization of Nollywood

.” From

New Filmic Geographies

, edited by

Suzanne

Enzerink

.

Post 45

,

April

13

. https://post45.org/2021/04/netflix-and-the-transnationalization-of-nollywood/.

Agina

,

Añulika

.

2022

. “

Nigerian Film Audiences on the Internet: Influences, Preferences and Contentions

.” In

Routledge Handbook of African Popular Culture

, edited by

Grace

Musila

,

237

–

59

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Agina

,

Añulika

, and

Vinzenz

Hediger

.

2020

. “

Nollywood and Netflix's Burgeoning Relationship

.”

Nation Online

,

December

1

. https://thenationonlineng.net/nollywood-and-netflixs-burgeoning-relationship/.

Ajibade

,

Babson

.

2013

. “

Nigerian Videos and Their Imagined Western Audiences: The Limits of Nollywood's Transnationality

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

264

–

84

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Akingbe

,

Niyi

, and

Paul Ayodele

Onanuga

.

2020

. “

‘Voicing Protest’: Performing Cross-Cultural Revolt in Gambino's ‘This Is America’ and Falz's ‘This Is Nigeria.’

”

Contemporary Music Review

39

(

1

):

6

–

36

. https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2020.1753473.

Akomfrah

,

John

, and

Juan

Canela

.

2018

. “

John Akomfrah ‘Purple’ at Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid: John Akomfrah in Conversation with Juan Canela

.”

Mousse Magazine

,

February

20

. https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/john-akomfrah-juan-canela-2018/.

Akwei

,

Ismail

.

2017

. “

Sex Education in Schools Sparks Debate in Conservative Nigeria

.”

Africa News

, accessed

July

7

,

2021

. https://www.africanews.com/2017/08/15/sex-education-in-schools-sparks-debate-in-conservative-nigeria/.

Alexander

,

Neta

.

2016

. “

Catered to Your Future Self: Netflix's ‘Predictive Personalization’ and the Mathematization of Taste

.” In

The Netflix Effect: Technology and Entertainment in the 21st Century

, edited by

Kevin

McDonald

and

Daniel

Smith-Rowsey

,

81

–

98

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Al-Hassan

,

Ramatu

, and

Xinshen

Diao

.

2007

. “

Regional Disparities in Ghana: Policy Options and Public Investment Implications

.” IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00693.

Accra

:

International Food Policy Research Institute

.

Allman

,

Jean Marie

.

2004a

. “

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

.” In

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

, edited by

Jean Marie

Allman

,

1

–

10

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Allman

,

Jean Marie

.

2004b

. “

‘Let Your Fashion Be in Line with Our Ghanaian Costume’: Nation, Gender, and the Politics of Clothing in Nkrumah's Ghana

.” In

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

, edited by

Jean Marie

Allman

,

144

–

65

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Andrade-Watkins

,

Claire

.

1996

. “

France's Bureau of Cinema–Financial and Technical Assistance, 1961–1977: Operations and Implications for African Cinema” [1990]. Rpt

. In

African Experiences of Cinema

, edited by

Imruh

Bakari

and

Mbye

Cham

,

112

–

27

.

London

:

British Film Institute

.

Andrews

,

Samuel Samiái

.

2020

. “

Netflix Naija: Creative Freedom in Nigeria's Emerging Digital Space?

”

The Conversation

,

March

19

. https://theconversation.com/netflix-naija-creative-freedom-in-nigerias-emerging-digital-space-133252.

Ang

,

Ien

.

1991

.

Desperately Seeking the Audience

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Apata

,

Kolade

, and

Lukuman

Azeez

.

2019

. “

Motivations for Engaging in Radio Phone-In Programmes among Radio Users in Osogbo

.”

New Media and Mass Communication

81

:

36

–

44

. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/NMMC/article/view/48348.

Appiah

,

Kwame Anthony

.

1991

. “

Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post- in Postcolonial?

”

Critical Inquiry

17

(

2

):

336

–

57

.

Appiah

,

Kwame Anthony

.

2006

.

Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers

.

London

:

Penguin

.

Arnold

,

Gina

.

2017

. “

Why Psy? Music Videos and the Global Market

.” In

Music/Video: Histories, Aesthetics, Media

, edited by

Gina

Arnold

,

Daniel

Cookney

,

Kirsty

Fairclough

, and

Michael N.

Goddard

,

245

–

54

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Arnold

,

Gina

,

Daniel

Cookney

,

Kirsty

Fairclough

, and

Michael N.

Goddard

.

2017

. “

Introduction: The Persistence of the Music Video Form from MTV to Twenty-First Century Social Media

.” In

Music/Video: Histories, Aesthetics, Media

, edited by

Gina

Arnold

,

Daniel

Cookney

,

Kirsty

Fairclough

, and

Michael N.

Goddard

,

1

–

13

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Arsenal

.

2015

. “

La zerda et les chants de l'oubli

.” Accessed

January

4

,

2022

. http://films.arsenal-berlin.de/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/1282/lang/en_US#.

Au Sénégal

.

2018

. “

Les web TV veulent changer le visage médiatique au Sénégal

.”

December

5

. https://www.au-senegal.com/les-web-tv-veulent-changer-le-visage-mediatique-au-senegal,15532.html?lang=fr.

Auslander

,

Philip

.

2008

.

Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture

.

Abingdon, UK

:

Routledge

.

Aveh

,

M. Africanus

.

2020

. “

FESPACO—Promoting African Film Development and Scholarship

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

117

–

28

.

Ayenalem

,

Seblewongiel

.

2015

. “

Causes and Consequences of Sexual Abuse and Resilience Factors in Housemaids Working in Addis Ababa: A Qualitative Inquiry

.”

Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences

1

(

1

):

24

–

38

.

Bâ

,

Saër Maty

, and

Kate E.

Taylor-Jones

.

2012

. “

Affective Passions: The Dancing Female Body and Colonial Rupture in Zouzou (1934) and Karmen Geï (2001)

.” In

De-Westernizing Film Studies

, edited by

Saër Maty

Bâ

and

Will

Higbee

,

53

–

66

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Bachmann-Medick

,

Doris

.

2016

.

Cultural Turns: New Orientations in the Study of Culture

.

Berlin

:

De Gruyter

.

Bakari

,

Imruh

.

2020

. “

Towards Reframing FESPACO

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

289

–

300

.

Bamiloye

,

Mike

.

2013

. “

African Drama Missions

.”

Mount Zion Faith Ministries Newsletter

,

1

–

12

.

Banda

,

Fackson

.

2009

. “

Zambia—Teaming Up for Public Interest Communication

.” In

Beyond Broadcasting: The Future of State-Owned Broadcasters in Southern Africa

, edited by

Guy

Berger

,

45

–

68

.

Windhoek

:

Fesmedia Africa and

FES.

Banerjee

,

Abhijit

,

Eliana La

Ferrara

, and

Victor Hugo

Orozco-Olvera

.

2019

. “

The Entertaining Way to Behavioral Change: Fighting HIV with MTV (English)

.” Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 8998, World Bank Group,

Washington, DC

. Accessed

December

10

,

2019

. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/518151568049461993/The-Entertaining-Way-to-Behavioral-Change-Fighting-HIV-with-MTV.

Banks

,

Mark

, and

Justin

O'Connor

.

2021

. “

A Plague upon Your Howling: Art and Culture in the Viral Emergency

.”

Cultural Trends

30

(

1

):

3

–

18

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

1982

. “

Popular Reactions to the Petro-Naira

.”

Journal of Modern African Studies

20

(

3

):

431

–

50

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

1987

. “

Popular Arts in Africa

.”

African Studies Review

30

(

3

):

1

–

78

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

1997

. “

Preliminary Notes on the Audience in Africa

.”

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

67

(

3

):

347

–

62

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

2000

.

The Generation of Plays: Yorùbá Popular Life in Theater

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

2022

. “

Foreword

.” In

Routledge Handbook of African Popular Culture

, edited by

Grace

Musila

,

xv

–

xx

.

Abingdon

:

Routledge

.

Barlet

,

Olivier

.

2000

.

African Cinemas: Decolonizing the Gaze

.

London

:

Zed Books

.

Barlet

,

Olivier

.

2020

. “

FESPACO 2019: Moving toward Resurrection

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

320

–

36

.

Barnard

,

Alan

.

2000

.

History and Theory in Anthropology

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Barnett

,

Michael

.

2005

. “

The Many Faces of Rasta: Doctrinal Diversity within the Rastafari Movement

.”

Caribbean Quarterly

51

(

2

):

67

–

78

.

Bastian

,

Misty L.

1996

. “

Female ‘Alhajis’ and Entrepreneurial Fashions: Flexible Identities in Southeastern Nigerian Clothing Practice

.” In

Clothing and Difference: Embodied Identities in Colonial and Post-colonial Africa

, edited by

Hildi

Hendrickson

,

97

–

132

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Bayala

,

Marie-Laurentine

.

2019

. “

FESPACO: The Locomotive Driving Burkinabe Cinema for 50 Years

.”

Awotele: La revue ciné panafricaine

12

:

9

.

BBC World Service Trust

.

2009

.

Ten Stories of Change

.

London

:

BBC World Service Trust

. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b5440f0b64974000ac2/trust_at_10_web.pdf.

Becker

,

Heiki

.

2013

. “

Nollywood in Urban Southern Africa: Nigerian Video Films and Their Audiences in Cape Town and Windhoek

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

179

–

98

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Benstock

,

Shari

.

2006

. “

Afterword

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

253

–

56

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Benyah

,

Francis

.

2019

. “

Church Branding and Self-Packaging: The Mass Media and African Pentecostal Missionary Strategy

.”

Journal of Religion in Africa

48

(

3

):

1

–

24

.

Bernstorff

,

Madeleine

.

2013

. “

Let a Hundred Living Archives Bloom!”

Arsenal Berlin

. Accessed

January

4

,

2022

. https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/living-archive/projects/living-archive-archive-work-as-a-contenporary-artistic-and-curatorial-practice/individual-projects/madeleine-bernstorff.html.

Bhabha

,

Homi

.

1994

.

The Location of Culture

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Bisschoff

,

Lizelle

.

2012

. “

The Emergence of Women's Film-making in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: From Pioneering Figures to Contemporary Directors

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

4

(

2

):

157

–

73

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac.4.2.157_1.

Bisschoff

,

Lizelle

.

2017

. “

The Future Is Digital: An Introduction to African Digital Arts

.”

Critical African Studies

9

(

3

):

261

–

67

. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681392.2017.1376506.

Bisschoff

,

Lizelle

, and

Stefanie

Van de Peer

.

2020

.

Women in African Cinema: Beyond the Body Politic

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Blaser

,

Mario

, and

Marisol

de la Cadena

.

2018

. “

Introduction: Pluriverse: Proposals for a World of Many Worlds

.” In

A World of Many Worlds

, edited by

Marisol

de la Cadena

and

Mario

Blaser

,

1

–

22

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Böhme

,

Claudia

.

2013

. “

Bloody Bricolages: Traces of Nollywood in Tanzanian Video Films

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

327

–

46

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Boni

,

Marta

.

2017

. “

Introduction: Worlds, Today

.” In

World Building: Transmedia, Fans, Industries

, edited by

Marta

Boni

,

9

–

27

.

Amsterdam

:

Amsterdam University Press

.

Bourdieu

,

Pierre

.

1984

.

Distinction

.

London

:

Routledge and Kegan Paul

.

Bourdieu

,

Pierre

.

1994

. “

Structures, Habitus and Practices

.” In

The Polity Reader in Social Theory

, edited by

Polity

Press

,

95

–

110

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Brown

,

Matthew H.

2016

. “

African Screen Media Studies: Immediacy, Modernization, and Informal Forms

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

140

–

58

.

Bruno

,

Giuliana

.

2014

.

Surface: Matters of Aesthetics, Materiality, and Media

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Brunson

,

James

, III.

2011

. “

Showing, Seeing: Hip-Hop, Visual Culture, and the Show-and-Tell Performance

.”

Black History Bulletin

74

(

1

):

6

–

12

.

Bryce

,

Jane

.

2013

. “

TEN ‘African Movies’ in Barbados: Proximate Experiences of Fear and Desire

.” In

Global Nollywood. The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

223

–

44

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Buchsbaum

,

Jonathan

.

2015

. “

Militant Third World Film Distribution in the United States, 1970–1980

.”

Revue Canadienne D’Études Cinématographiques / Canadian Journal of Film Studies

24

(

2

):

51

–

65

.

Buckland

,

Warren

.

2020

. “

The Wes Anderson Brand: New Sincerity across Media

.” In

Transmedia Directors: Artistry, Industry and New Audiovisual Aesthetics

, edited by

Carol

Vernallis

,

Holly

Rogers

, and

Lisa

Perrott

,

19

–

34

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Bud

,

Alexander

.

2014

. “

The End of Nollywood's Guilded Age? Marketers, the State and the Struggle for Distribution

.”

Critical African Studies

6

(

1

):

91

–

121

.

Bud

,

Alexander

.

2019

. “

In Search of the Nigerian Pastoral: Nollywood and the Nigerian Creative-Industrial System

.” PhD diss.,

The Open University

.

Bud

,

Alexander

.

2021

. “

Squandermania or Nigerian Urban Renaissance? Houses, Hotels and Nollywood in an African Creative Economy

.”

Anthropologie & développement

52

:

29

–

49

.

Burns

,

Lori

, and

Stan

Hawkins

.

2019

. “

Introduction: Undertaking Music Video Analysis

.” In

The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Analysis

, edited by

Lori A.

Burns

and

Stan

Hawkins

,

1

–

10

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury Academic

.

Capraru

,

Jennifer H.

, and

Kim

Solga

.

2013

. “

Performing Survival in the Global City: Theatre ISOKO's The Monument

.” In

Performance and the Global City

, edited by

D. J.

Hopkins

and

Kim

Solga

,

40

–

60

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Caputi

,

Jane

, and

Lauri

Sagle

.

2004

. “

Femme Noire: Dangerous Women of Color in Popular Film and Television

.”

Race, Gender and Class

11

(

2

):

90

–

111

.

Carus

,

Paul

.

1905

. “

The Conception of the Soul and the Belief in Resurrection among the Egyptians

.”

The Monist

15

(

3

):

409

–

28

.

Chávez

,

Christopher A.

, and

Ashley

Cordes

.

2018

. “

Selling Subversion: An African City and the Promise of Online Television

.”

Television and New Media

19

(

3

):

191

–

207

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476417712458.

Christensen

,

Clayton M.

,

Michael E.

Raynor

, and

Rory

McDonald

.

2015

. “

What Is Disruptive Innovation?

”

Harvard Business Review

,

December

. https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation.

Chukwuezi

,

Barth

.

2001

. “

Through Thick and Thin: Igbo Rural-Urban Circularity, Identity and Investment

.”

Journal of Contemporary African Studies

19

(

1

):

56

–

66

.

Chutel

,

Lynsey

.

2019

. “

One of Africa's Most Influential Film Festivals Has Survived DVDs and Now Terrorism

.”

Quartz Africa

,

February

21

. https://qz.com/africa/1556071/fespaco-burkina-faso-film-festival-celebrates-50-years/.

Cieplak

,

Piotr A.

2008

. “

Hooray for Hillywood

.”

Sight and Sound

18

(

7

):

9

.

Cieplak

,

Piotr A.

2009

. “

Image and Memory: An Interview with Eric Kabera

.”

French Cultural Studies

20

(

2

):

199

–

208

.

Cieplak

,

Piotr A.

2010

. “

Alternative African Cinemas: A Case Study of Rwanda

.”

Journal of African Media Studies

2

(

1

):

73

–

90

.

Cieplak

,

Piotr

.

2017

.

Death, Image, Memory: The Genocide in Rwanda and Its Aftermath in Photography and Documentary Film

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Clark

,

Ebun

.

1979

.

Hubert Ogunde: The Making of Nigerian Theatre

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Clarke

,

Robert

, and

Mark

Merlin

.

2013

.

Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

CNRA

.

2019

. “

DÉCISION Nº0001 / Traitement plainte contre le téléfilm ‘La Maîtresse d'un homme marié.’

”

March

30

. http://www.cnra.sn/do/decision-n0001-traitement-plainte-contre-le-telefilm-la-maitresse-dun-homme-marie/.

Conquergood

,

Dwight

.

2013

.

Cultural Struggles: Performance. Ethnography, Praxis

. Edited by

E. Patrick

Johnson

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Cooley

,

Heidi Rae

.

2014

. “

It's All about the Fit: The Hand, the Mobile Screenic Device and Tactile Vision

.”

Journal of Visual Culture

3

(

2

):

133

–

55

.

Courtois

,

Cédric

, and

Pieter

Verdegem

.

2016

. “

With a Little Help from My Friends: An Analysis of the Role of Social Support in Digital Inequalities

.”

New Media and Society

18

(

8

):

1508

–

27

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562162.

Craik

,

Jennifer

.

2003

. “

The Cultural Politics of the Uniform

.”

Fashion Theory

7

(

2

):

127

–

47

.

Cropper

,

Tom

.

2009

. “

Hillywood Dreams

.”

New Internationalist

,

November

6

. https://newint.org/features/special/2009/11/06/hillywood-dreams.

Cunningham

,

Stuart

, and

Jon

Silver

.

2013

.

Screen Distribution and the New King Kongs of the Online World

.

New York

:

Palgrave Pivot

.

Curtin

,

Michael

, and

Kevin

Sanson

, eds.

2016

.

Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Daadaoui

,

Mohamed

.

2011

.

Moroccan Monarchy and the Islamist Challenge

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Dallas

,

Paul

.

2017

. “

Kahlil Joseph on Sound, Silence and Spirituality

.”

Extra Extra: Nouveau Magazine Erotique

9

:

134

–

53

.

DataReportal

.

2020

. “

Digital 2020: Senegal

.”

February

18

. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-senegal.

Dauge-Roth

,

Alexandre

.

2010

.

Writing and Filming the Genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda: Dismembering and Remembering Traumatic History

.

Lanham, MD

:

Lexington Books

.

Dauge-Roth

,

Alexandre

.

2017

. “

Conferring Visibility on Trauma within Rwanda's National Reconciliation: Kivu Ruhorahoza's Disturbing and Salutary Camera

.” In

Scars and Wounds: Film and Legacies of Trauma

, edited by

Nick

Hodgin

and

Amit

Thakkar

,

77

–

100

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Debuysere

,

Stoffel

.

2020

, “Out

of the Shadows: The Pioneering Work of Atteyat Al-Abnoudy, Assia Djebar, Jocelyne Saab, Heiny Srour

.” Courtisane Festival. Accessed

January

3

,

2022

. https://www.courtisane.be/en/section/out-of-the-shadows-0.

De Kosnik

,

Abigail

.

2013

. “

Fandom as Free Labor

.” In

Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory

, edited by

Trebor

Scholz

,

98

–

111

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

de Valck

,

Marijke

.

2014

. “

Supporting Art Cinema at a Time of Commercialization: Principles and Practices, the Case of the International Film Festival Rotterdam

.”

Poetics

42

(

February

):

40

–

59

. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2013.11.004.

DeVeaux

,

Scott

.

1991

. “

Constructing the Jazz Tradition: Jazz Historiography

.”

Black American Literature Forum

25

(

3

):

525

–

60

.

de Villiers

,

James

.

2019

. “

Multichoice Plans to Make 52 Local Movies the Next Year—And Saw Streaming Subscriber Double

.” News24,

June

22

. https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/multichoice-netflix-showmax-dstv-dtsv-now-local-movies-streaming-service-naspers-2019–6.

Diallo

,

Ibrahima

.

2016

. “

‘Wiri Wiri,’ la série sénégalaise qui a détrôné les telenovelas dans les foyers dakarois

.”

Le360afrique.com

,

December

20

. http://afrique.le360.ma/senegal/culture/2016/12/20/8396-wiri-wiri-la-serie-senegalaise-qui-detrone-les-telenovelas-dans-les-foyers-dakarois-8396.

Diawara

,

Manthia

.

2006

. “

Troubling the Waters: A Conversation with Manthia Diawara.” Interview by Audret McCluskey

.

Black Camera

21

(

1

): 1–2,

9

–

10

.

Diawara

,

Manthia

.

2010

.

African Film: New Forms of Aesthetics and Politics

.

Munich

:

Prestel

.

Dickinson

,

K.

,

N.

Djedouani

,

J.

El Tahri

,

A.

Essafi

,

O.

Haddouchi

,

S.

Jubara

,

M.

Maurer

,

M.

Nasr Eldien

,

E.

Rongen-Kaynakçi

,

R.

Salti

, and

M.

Yaqubi

.

2019

. “

Liberate the Image

” Manifesto. Documentary Convention,

Leipzig, Germany

,

April

2019

. https://documentary-convention.org/archive-manifesto-liberate-the-image/.

Dieng

,

Rama

, ed.

2021

.

Féminismes africains, une histoire décoloniale

.

Paris

:

Présence Africaine

.

Dila

,

Dilman

.

2017a

. “

Cursed Widow Blues

.” Uploaded by Dilstories. YouTube. Accessed

December

19

,

2018

. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gOnhZbZOKU.

Dila

,

Dilman

.

2017b

. “

How to Start a Zombie Apocalypse

.” Uploaded by Dilstories. YouTube. Accessed

December

19

,

2018

. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnJob5gW9B0.

Dione

,

Ibrahima

.

2019

. “

Senegal: Where Local Soap Operas Outshine Foreign Telenovelas

.” APA News,

September

11

. http://apanews.net/en/news/senegal-where-local-soap-operas-outshine-foreign-telenovelas.

Dipio

,

Dominica

.

2014

.

Gender Terrains in African Cinema

.

Pretoria

:

Unisa Press

.

Doane

,

Mary Ann

.

1991

. “

Film and the Masquerade: Theorising the Female Spectator

.” In

Femmes Fatales: Feminism, Film Theory, Psychoanalysis

,

17

–

32

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2010

. “

African Film and Video: Pleasure, Politics, Performance

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

22

(

1

):

1

–

6

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2012

. “

New Looks: The Rise of African Women Filmmakers

.”

Feminist Africa

16:

18

–

36

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2015a

. “

‘Bergman in Uganda’: Ugandan Veejays, Swedish Pirates, and the Political Value of Live Adaptation

.” In

The Politics of Adaptation: Media Convergence and Ideology

, edited by

Dan

Hassler-Forest

and

Pascal

Nicklas

,

99

–

113

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2015b

.

Curating Africa in the Age of Film Festivals

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2015c

. “

Through the Eye of a Film Festival: Toward a Curatorial and Spectator Centered Approach to the Study of African Screen Media

.”

Cinema Journal

54

(

2

):

126

–

32

. https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.2015.0005.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2018

. “

Entertaining Africans: Creative Innovation in the (Internet) Television Space

.”

Media Industries

5

(

2

):

94

–

110

. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mij.15031809.0005.206.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2020

. “

African Film Festivals in Africa: Curating ‘African Audiences’ for ‘African Films.’

”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

12

–

47

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2023

. “

Intermediality in Academia: Creative Research through Film

.”

Arts

12

(

4

):

1

–

12

. https://www.mdpi.com/2076–0752/12/4/169.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2025

. “

Transforming Documentary Film Cultures in East Africa: Judy Kibinge and Docubox

.” In

Women and Global Documentary

, edited by

Najmeh

Moradiyan Rizi

and

Shilyh

Warren

,

27

–

50

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

, and

Estrella

Sendra Fernandez

.

2023

. “

Towards Decolonised Film Festival Worlds

.” In

Rethinking Film Festivals in the Pandemic Era and After

, edited by

Marijke

de Valck

and

Antoine

Damiens

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

. E-book.

Dupré

,

Colin

.

2012

.

Le Fespaco, une affaire d’État(s)

.

Paris

:

L'Harmattan

.

Dupré

,

Colin

.

2020

. “

FESPACO Film Festival

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

282

–

86

.

Dy

,

Angela Martinez

,

Susan

Marlow

, and

Lee

Martin

.

2017

. “

A Web of Opportunity or the Same Old Story? Women Digital Entrepreneurs and Intersectionality Theory

.”

Human Relations

70

(

3

):

286

–

311

. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716650730.

Ebelebe

,

Ugo Ben

.

2017

. “

Reinventing Nollywood: The Impact of Online Funding and Distribution on the Nigerian Cinema

.”

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

25

(

3

):

1

–

13

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517735792.

Edmonds

,

Enis Barrington

.

2003

.

Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Edmonds

,

Ennis Barrington

.

2012

.

Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Edwards

,

Matthew

, ed.

2018

.

The Rwandan Genocide on Film: Critical Essays and Interviews

.

Jefferson, NC

:

McFarland

.

Edwards

,

Paul N.

,

Lisa

Gitelman

,

Gabrielle

Hecht

,

Adrien

Johns

,

Brian

Larkin

, and

Neil

Safier

.

2011

. “

AHR Conversation: Historical Perspectives on the Circulation of Information

.”

American Historical Review

116

(

5

):

1393

–

435

.

Ekwok

,

Lawrence

.

2017

. “

Women as Tireless Goddesses, Super-humans and Geniuses in the African Alternative Cinema

.”

International Journal of Information and Communication Sciences

2

(

5

):

68

–

74

.

El Echi

,

Sadar

, and

Ly

Aïssatou

.

2019

. “

Regard au féminin

.”

Le pays

(

Burkina Faso

),

March

1

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2000

.

Sisters of the Screen: Women of Africa on Film, Video and Television

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Africa World Press

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2015

. “

Teaching African Women in Cinema: Part One

.”

Black Camera

7

(

1

):

251

–

61

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2016

. “

Teaching African Women in Cinema: Part Two

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

217

–

33

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2020

. “

Fifty Years of Women's Engagement at FESPACO

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

246

–

54

.

Entwistle

,

Joanne

.

2000

.

The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress, and Modern Social Theory

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Ezepue

,

Ezinne

.

2020

. “

The New Nollywood: Professionalization or Gentrification of Cultural Industry

.”

SAGE Open

10

(

3

):

1

–

10

.

Fabian

,

Johannes

.

2014

.

Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Fair

,

Laura

.

2018

.

Reel Pleasures: Cinema Audiences and Entrepreneurs in Twentieth-Century Urban Tanzania

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Fanon

,

Frantz

.

2008

.

Black Skin, White Masks

.

London

:

Pluto Press

.

Ferreira

,

Thinus

.

2015

. “

DStv Adds New Channel for Southern Africa Viewers

.” Channel24. Accessed

March

23

,

2020

. https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/DStv-adds-new-channel-for-Southern-Africa-viewers-20150701.

Ferriss

,

Suzanne

, and

Mallory

Young

.

2006

.

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Field

,

Allyson

,

Jan-Christopher

Horak

, and

Jacqueline Najuma

Stewart

.

2015

.

L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

FilmOne Entertainment

.

2020

. “

Cinema Count: Angolophone West Africa

.”

Nigeria Box Office Year Book 2020

. Accessed

August

13

,

2024

. http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/kumi/#p=12.

Forman

,

Murray

.

2011

. “

‘Represent’: Race, Space and Place in Rap Music

.”

Popular Music

19

(

1

):

65

–

90

.

Forrest

,

Adam

.

2018

. “

This Is Nigeria Parody Banned in Nigeria

.”

Independent

,

August

16

. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/this-is-nigeria-ban-video-falz-childish-gambino-a8494861.html.

Fouad

,

Ahmed

.

2019

. “

Will Netflix Boost Stagnant Local TV Industry?

”

New African

597

:

58

–

59

.

Frassinelli

,

Pier Paolo

.

2019

. “

Africa's Top Film Festival Celebrates 50 Years: What's to Celebrate, and Learn

.”

The Conversation

,

March

18

. https://theconversation.com/africas-top-film-festival-celebrates-50-years-whats-to-celebrate-and-learn-113393.

Frassinelli

,

Pier Paolo

.

2021

. “

Joburg without Joburg: The Black South African Romcom

.”

Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies

47

(

1

):

37

–

52

.

Freeland

,

Cynthia A.

2018

.

The Naked and the Undead: Evil and the Appeal of Horror

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Ganti

,

Tejaswini

.

2012

.

Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Garritano

,

Carmela

.

2008

. “

Contesting Authenticities: The Emergence of Local Video Production in Ghana

.”

Critical Arts

22

(

1

):

21

–

48

. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560040802166219.

Garritano

,

Carmela

.

2013

.

African Video Movies and Global Desires: A Ghanaian History

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Gibson

,

James J.

1979

.

The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception

.

Boston

:

Houghton Mifflin

.

Gibson

,

Sarah

.

2018

. “

The Landscapes and Aesthetics of Soap Opera: Townships, Television and Tourism

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

10

(

1–2

):

95

–

110

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac.10.1–2.95_1.

Girma

,

Mohammed

.

2012

.

Understanding Religion and Social Change in Ethiopia: Toward a Hermeneutic of Covenant

.

Basingstoke UK

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Givanni

,

June

, ed.

2000

.

Symbolic Narratives / African Cinema: Audiences, Theory and the Moving Image

.

London

:

British Film Institute

.

Gleason

,

Benjamin

.

2018

. “

Thinking in Hashtags: Exploring Teenagers’ New Literacies Practices on Twitter

.”

Learning, Media and Technology

43

(

2

):

165

–

80

.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1462207

.

Goodwin

,

Andrew

.

1992

.

Dancing in the Distraction Factory: Music Television and Popular Culture

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Goyal

,

Pawan

.

2014

. “

Hashtags on Twitter: Linguistic Aspects, Popularity Prediction and Information Diffusion

.” Presentation to Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kharagpur, India

,

July

24–28

. Accessed

December

5

,

2019

. https://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~pawang/courses/SC14/lec3.pdf.

Gqola

,

Pumla

.

2010

.

What Is Slavery to Me? Postcolonial / Slave Memory in Post-apartheid South Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Green-Simms

,

Lindsey

.

2010

. “

The Return of the Mercedes: From Ousmane Sembène to Kenneth Nnebue

.” In

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and Nollywood Video Revolution

, edited by

Mahir

Saul

and

Ralph A.

Austen

,

209

–

24

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Griffin

,

Cynthia E.

2013

. “

Midtown Bowl Closing Its Doors after 52 Years

.”

Our Weekly Los Angeles

,

June

20

. http://ourweekly.com/news/2013/jun/20/midtown-bowl-closing-its-doors-after-52-years/.

Guerrero

,

Lisa A.

2006

. “

‘Sistahs Are Doin’ It for Themselves’: Chick Lit in Black and White

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

87

–

101

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Gueye

,

Marame

.

2019

. “

Senegal's Fear of Outspoken Women

.”

Africa Is a Country

,

January

4

. https://africasacountry.com/2019/04/senegals-fear-of-outspoken-women.

Guma

,

Prince Karakire

.

2017

. “

Feminism: How Women in Uganda Are Shaping the Way We Think about Sex and Politics

.” In

Research on Gender and Sexualities in Africa

, edited by

Jane

Bennett

and

Sylvia

Tamale

,

133

–

51

.

Dakar

:

Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa

(CODESRIA).

Hall

,

Peter Geoffrey

.

1998

.

Cities in Civilization

.

New York

:

Pantheon Books

.

Hallam

,

Elizabeth

, and

Tim

Ingold

.

2007

.

Creativity and Cultural Improvisation

.

Oxford

:

Berg

.

Hamlet

,

Janice D.

2011

. “

Word! The African American Oral Tradition and Its Rhetorical Impact on American Popular Culture

.”

Black History Bulletin

74

(

1

):

27

–

31

.

Harding

,

Frances

.

2007

. “

Appearing Fabu-lous: From Tender Romance to Horrifying Sex

.”

Film International

5

(

4

):

10

–

19

.

Harrop

,

Peter

, and

Aboneh

Ashagrie

.

1984

.

A Preliminary Investigation of Dramatic Elements within Traditional Ceremonies among the Anuak, Majengo, Nuer and Shanko Nationalities of Illubador Administrative Region

.

Addis Ababa

:

Addis Ababa University Press

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

2013

.

Trash: African Cinema from Below

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

, and

Carmela

Garritano

.

2016

. “

Women in ‘African Cinema’ and ‘Nollywood Films’: A Shift in Cinematic Regimes

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

8

(

3

):

233

–

48

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

, and

Carmela

Garritano

.

2019a

.

A Companion to African Cinema

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

, and

Carmela

Garritano

.

2019b

. “

Introduction: Critical Approaches to Africa's Cinema, from the Age of Liberation and Struggle to the Global, Popular, and Curatorial

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

1

–

20

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Harzewski

,

Stephanie

.

2011

.

Chick Lit and Postfeminism

.

Charlottesville

:

University of Virginia Press

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2010

. “

A Literature Review: Nigerian and Ghanaian Videos

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

22

(

1

):

105

–

20

. https://doi.org/:10.1080/13696810903488645.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2016

.

Nollywood: The Creation of Nigerian Film Genres

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2017

.

Nollywood: The Creation of Nigerian Film Genres

.

Ibadan, Nigeria

:

Bookcraft

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2018

. “

Keeping Up: The Corporatization of Nollywood's Economy and Paradigms for Studying African Screen Media

.”

Africa Today

64

(

4

):

3

–

29

. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.64.4.02.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2019

. “

Between the Informal Sector and Transnational Capitalism: Transformations of Nollywood

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

244

–

68

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

, and

Onookome

Okome

.

1998

. “

Evolving Popular Media: Nigerian Video Films

.”

Research in African Literatures

29

(

3

):

106

–

28

.

Hearsum

,

Paula

, and

Ian

Inglis

.

2013

. “

The Emancipation of Music Video: YouTube and the Cultural Politics of Supply and Demand

.” In

The Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics

, edited by

John

Richardson

,

Claudia

Gorbman

, and

Carol

Vernallis

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press. E-book

.

Higbee

,

Will

,

Flo

Martin

, and

Jamal

Bahmad

.

2020

.

Moroccan Cinema Uncut: Decentred Voices, Transnational Perspectives

.

Edinburgh

:

Edinburgh University Press

.

Hilson

,

Gavin

,

Richard

Amankwah

, and

Grace

Ofori-Sarpong

.

2013

. “

Going for Gold: Transitional Livelihoods in Northern Ghana

.”

Journal of Modern African Studies

51

(

1

):

109

–

37

. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X12000560.

Huff

,

Quentin B.

2012

. “

A Joy to Experience: Neo-Soul Singer Bilal Oliver

.”

Pop Matters

,

January

22

. https://www.popmatters.com/152722-featuring-bilal-2495902134.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1.

Hootsuite

.

2020

.

Digital 2020 Global Overview Report

. Accessed

November

18

,

2024

. https://marketingdigital.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/datareportal20200130gd001digital2020globaldigitaloverviewjanuary2020v01-200130025629-1_compressed.pdf.

Husayn

,

S.

2009

. “

Shafiq En’ A-Free-Ka

.”

Bandcamp

:

Shafiq Husayn

.

October

6

. https://shafiqhusayn.bandcamp.com/album/shafiq-en-a-free-ka.

Independent Broadcasting Authority

.

2020

. “

About Us

.” Accessed

April

2

,

2020

. https://www.iba.org.zm/about-us/.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

1993

. “

The Temporality of the Landscape

.”

World Archaeology

25

(

2

):

152

–

74

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2007

. “

Introduction

.” In

Creativity and Cultural Improvisation

, edited by

Elizabeth

Hallam

and

Tim

Ingold

,

45

–

54

.

Oxford

:

Berg

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2008

. “

When ANT meets SPIDER: Social Theory for Arthropods

.” In

Material Agency: Towards a Non-anthropocentric Approach

, edited by

Carl

Knappett

and

Lambros

Malafouris

,

209

–

15

.

Boston

:

Springer

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2010

.

Bringing Things to Life: Creative Entanglements in a World of Materials

. NCRM Working Paper 5/10, ESRC National Centre for Research Methods,

Manchester, UK

,

July

2010

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2013

.

Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture

.

Abingdon, UK

:

Routledge

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2015

.

The Life of Lines

.

Abingdon, UK

:

Routledge

.

Ingold

,

Tim

, and

Cristián

Simonetti

.

2022

. “

Introducing Solid Fluids

.”

Theory, Culture & Society

39

(

2

):

3

–

29

. Published online

September

13

.

Iordanova

,

Dina

.

2012

. “

Digital Disruption: Technological Innovation and Global Film Circulation

.” In

Digital Disruption: Cinema Moves On-Line

, edited by

Dina

Iordanova

and

Stuart

Cunningham

,

1

–

31

.

ife, Scotland

:

University of St Andrews

.

Isoardi

,

Steven

.

1998

. “

Foreword

.” In

Central Avenue Sounds: Jazz in Los Angeles

, edited by

Clare

Bryant

,

Buddy

Collette

,

William

Green

,

Steven

Isoardi

,

Jack

Kelson

,

Horace

Tapscott

,

Gerald

Wilson

, and

Marl

Young

,

xv

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Izugbara

,

Chimaraoke O.

2011

. “

Sexuality and the Supernatural in Africa

.” In

African Sexualities: A Reader

, edited by

Sylvia

Tamale

,

533

–

58

.

Cape Town

:

Pambazuka Press

.

Jafa

,

Arthur

.

1992

. “

69

.” In

Black Popular Culture

, edited by

Gina

Dent

,

249

–

54

.

Seattle

:

Bay Press

.

Jafa

,

Arthur

.

2016

. “

Arthur Jafa in Conversation with Hans Ulrich Obrist: Los Angeles, 2016

.” Serpentine Galleries Archive. Accessed

March

24

,

2021

. https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/files/downloads/arthur_jafa_in_conversation.pdf.

Jaishree

,

S.

, and

S.

Krishnakumar

.

2020

. “

The Rhetoric and Reality of Women in the Unorganised Sector—A Study on Housemaids in Chennai

.”

Studies in India Place Names

40

(

48

):

238

–

45

.

Jaji

,

Tsitsi

.

2014

.

Africa in Stereo: Modernism, Music, and Pan-African Solidarity

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Jancovich

,

Mark

, ed.

2002

.

Horror, The Film Reader

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2012

. “

Small Screen Cinema: Informality and Remediation in Nollywood

.”

Television and New Media

13

(

5

):

431

–

46

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2013a

. “

From Nollywood to Nollyworld: Processes of Transnationalization in the Nigerian Video Film Industry

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

25

–

45

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2013b

. “

Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited

.”

Global South

7

(

1

):

157

–

78

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2016

. “

Studying Media ‘from’ the South: African Media Studies and Global Perspectives

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

174

–

93

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2017

. “

African Media and the Corporate Takeover: Video Film Circulation in the Age of Neoliberal Transformations

.”

African Affairs

116

(

465

):

671

–

91

. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx017.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2018

. “

What Netflix's Involvement in Nigeria's Massive Film Industry Really Means

.”

The Conversation Africa

,

December

31

. https://theconversation.com/what-netflixs-involvement-in-nigerias-massive-film-industry-really-means-108832.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2019

. “

African Videoscapes: Southern Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Côte d'Ivoire in Comparative Perspective

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

293

–

314

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

, and

Cacilda

Rêgo

.

2018

. “

Latin American Telenovelas and African Screen Media: From Reception to Production

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

31

(

2

):

135

–

50

. Published online

November

26

.

Jenkins

,

Henry

.

2006

.

Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Jenkins

,

Henry

.

2012

.

Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Cultur

e. 2nd ed.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Jenkins

,

Henry

,

Sam

Ford

, and

Joshua

Green

.

2013

.

Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Jeune Afrique

.

2013

. “

Le sénégalais Marodi.tv remporte le VentureOut Challenge pour l'Afrique

.”

November

4

. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/15009/economie/le-s-n-galais-marodi-tv-remporte-le-ventureout-challenge-pour-l-afrique/.

Jones

,

Kent

.

2021

. “

Notes on Film and Restoration

.”

Film Foundation

,

September

9

. https://www.film-foundation.org/sarah-maldoror-kj.

Julien

,

Eileen

.

2015

. “

The Critical Present: Where Is ‘African Literature’?

” In

Rethinking African Cultural Production

, edited by

Frieda

Ekotto

and

Kenneth

Harrow

,

17

–

28

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Justo

,

Alicia

.

2020

. “

La serie que rompe clichés sobre la mujer senegalesa

.”

Wiriko

,

April

21

. https://www.wiriko.org/wiriko/la-serie-que-rompe-cliches-sobre-la-mujer-senegalesa/.

Kaboré

,

Gaston J. M.

, and

Michael T.

Martin

.

2020

. “

Introduction

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

5

–

9

.

Kaplan

,

E. Ann

.

1987

.

Rocking around the Clock: Music Television, Postmodernism and Consumer Culture

.

New York

:

Methuen

.

Kassahun

,

Eyerusaleam

.

2018

. “

Women's Participation in Ethiopian Cinema

.” In

Cine-Ethiopia: The History and Politics of Film in the Horn of Africa

, edited by

Michael W.

Thomas

,

Alessandro

Jedlowski

, and

Aboneh

Ashagrie

,

119

–

39

.

East Lansing

:

Michigan State University Press

.

Keeling

,

Kara

.

2007

.

The Witch's Flight: The Cinematic, the Black Femme, and the Image of Common Sense

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Kemp

,

Simon

.

2020

. “

Digital 2020: Nigeria—Datareportal—Global Digital Insights

.” DataReportal,

February

18

. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-nigeria.

Kemp

,

Simon

.

2021

. “

Digital in Ghana: All the Statistics You Need in 2021—DataReportal—Global Digital Insights

.” DataReportal,

February

11

. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-ghana.

Khady

.

2019

. “

Maitresse d'un homme marié—Review

.”

Senegalese Twisted

(blog),

November

1

. https://senegalesetwisted.com/maitresse-dun-homme-marie/.

Khiun

,

Liew Kai

, and

Sangjoon

Lee

.

2020

. “

‘Transmedia and Asian Cinema’ Editors’ Introduction

.”

Asian Cinema

31

(

2

):

147

–

49

.

Khumalo

,

Fred

.

2018

. “

‘This Is Nigeria’: Childish Gambino's ‘America’ Has Found an Echo in Africa

.”

Sunday Times

,

June

10

. https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2018–06–09-childish-gambinos-america-has-found-an-echo-in-africa/.

Kifouani

,

Delphe

.

2022

. “

‘L'intimité des femmes à l’épreuve du petit écran sénégalais’: Maitresse d'un homme marié, trame des ruptures ou modèle spectaculaire?

”

Revue AKOFENA

6

(

4

):

79

–

88

.

Kimeria

,

Ciku

.

2019

. “

How a Senegalese Soap Opera Went Viral across Africa by Giving Women an Authentic Voice

.”

Quartz Africa

,

May

17

. https://qz.com/africa/1621913/senegal-s-mistress-tv-soap-sparks-feminist-controversy.

Kiyaga-Mulindwa

,

David

.

2005

. “

Nyabingi Cult and Resistance

.” In

Encyclopedia of African Histor

y, edited by

Kevin

Shillington

,

3

.

New York

:

Fitzroy Dearborn

.

Klein

,

Jessica

.

2019

. “

MTV's Revolutionary African Show. ‘Shuga’ Has Made a Real Difference in the Fight against HIV

.”

Fast Company

,

January

1

. https://www.fastcompany.com/90422484/mtvs-revolutionary-african-show-shuga-has-made-a-real-difference-in-the-fight-against-hiv.

Klenk

,

Nicole

.

2018

. “

From Network to Meshwork: Becoming Attuned to Difference in Transdisciplinary Environmental Research Encounters

.”

Environmental Science and Policy

89

:

315

–

21

.

Kolawole

,

Mary

.

2004

. “

Re-conceptualizing African Gender Theory: Feminism, Womanism and the Arere Metaphor

.” In

Re-thinking Sexualities in Africa

, edited by

Signe

Arnfred

,

251

–

68

.

Uppsala, Sweden

:

Nordiska Afrikainstitutet

.

Kozlowski

,

L.

2012

. “

The Future of Film

.”

Forbes

,

August

3

. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorikozlowski/2012/08/03/the-future-of-film/#5cd1495579d2.

KPMG

.

2020

. “

Minister of Finance Issues Order on Significant Economic Presence by Non-Nigerian Companies

.” KPMG TL Series (issue

4

). https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/ng/pdf/tax/kpmg-in-nigeria-fgn-issues-cit-(significant-economic-presence)-order-2020.pdf.

Krings

,

Matthias

.

2010

. “

Nollywood Goes East: The Localization of Nigerian Video Films in Tanzania

.” In

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and Nollywood Video Revolution

, edited by

Mahir

Saul

and

Ralph A.

Austen

,

74

–

91

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Krings

,

Matthias

.

2013

. “

Karishika with Kishwahili Flavour: A Nollywood Film Retold by a Tanzanian Video Narrator

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

306

–

26

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Krings

,

Matthias

, and

Onookome

Okome

, eds.

2013

.

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Kwansah-Aidoo

,

Kwamena

, and

Joyce Osei

Owusu

.

2012

. “

Challenging the Status Quo: A Feminist Reading of Shirley Frimpong-Manso's Life and Living It

.”

Feminist Africa

16

:

53

–

70

.

Kwansah-Aidoo

,

Kwamena

, and

Joyce Osei

Owusu

.

2017

. “

A Contemporary, Empowered Female Figure? Towards a Feminist Reading of Frimpong-Manso's Life and Living It and The Perfect Picture

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

9

(

1

):

55

–

73

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac.9.1.55_1.

Landau

,

J.

1976

. “

Otis Redding

.” In

The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll

, edited by

J.

Miller

,

210

–

13

.

New York

:

Rolling Stone Press

.

Langford

,

Rachael

.

2018

. “

Resistant Representations? Genre and Gender in Francophone African Film

.”

Transnational Cinemas

9

(

2

):

181

–

96

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2000

. “

Hausa Dramas and the Rise of Video Culture in Nigeria

.” In

Nigerian Video Films

, edited by

Jonathan

Haynes

,

209

–

41

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2004

. “

Degraded Images, Distorted Sounds: Nigerian Video and the Infrastructure of Piracy

.”

Public Culture

16

(

2

):

289

–

314

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2008

.

Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria

.

Durham NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2019

. “

The Grounds of Circulation: Rethinking African Film and Media

.”

Politique africaine

1:

105

–

26

.

Lewis

,

Desiree

.

2011

. “

Representing African Sexualities

.” In

African Sexualities: A Reader

, edited by

Sylvia

Tamale

,

199

–

216

.

Cape Town

:

Pambazuka Press

.

Lewis

,

Desiree

, and

Gabeba

Baderoon

, eds.

2021

.

Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Lewis

,

John

.

2016

. “

The New Cool: How Kamasi, Kendrick and Co Gave Jazz a New Groove

.”

Guardian

,

October

6

. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/oct/06/new-cool-kamasi-kendrick-gave-jazz-new-groove.

Lindvall

,

Terry

.

2010

.

Sanctuary Cinema: Origins of the Christian Film Industry

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Lobato

,

Ramon

.

2010

. “

Creative Industries and Informal Economies: Lessons from Nollywood

.”

International Journal of Cultural Studies

13

(

4

):

337

–

54

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877910369971.

Lobato

,

Ramon

.

2016

. “

The Cultural Logic of Digital Intermediaries: YouTube Multichannel Networks

.”

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

22

(

4

):

348

–

60

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641628.

Lobato

,

Ramon

.

2019

.

Netflix Nations

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Lobato

,

Ramon

, and

Amanda D.

Lotz

.

2020

. “

Imagining Global Video: The Challenge of Netflix

.”

Journal of Cinema and Media Studies

59

(

3

):

132

–

36

.

Lothian

,

Alexis

.

2015

. “

A Different Kind of Love Song: Vidding Fandom's Undercommons

.”

Cinema Journal

54

(

3

):

138

–

45

.

Lotz

,

Amanda

.

2017

.

Portals: A Treatise on Internet-Distributed Television

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Lotz

,

Amanda

.

2020

. “

In Between the Global and the Local: Mapping the Geographies of Netflix as a Multinational Service

.”

International Journal of Cultural Studies

14

(

2

):

1

–

21

.

Lotz

,

Amanda

,

Ramon

Lobato

, and

Julien

Thomas

.

2018

. “

Internet Distributed Television Research: A Provocation

.”

Media Industries

5

(

2

):

35

–

47

.

Mabry

,

Rochelle A.

2006

. “

About a Girl: Female Subjectivity and Sexuality in Contemporary ‘Chick’ Culture

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

191

–

206

.

London

:

Routledge

.

MacLeod

,

George

.

2020

. “

Jacqueline Kalimunda's Interactive Love Stories: Transmedia Documentary in Present-Day Rwanda

.”

Research in African Literatures

51

(

1

):

109

–

32

.

Makungu

,

Kenny

.

2004

.

The State of the Media in Zambia: From the Colonial Era to 2003

.

Lusaka

:

Media Institute of Southern Africa

, Zambian Chapter.

Mambwe

,

Elastus

.

2013

. “

The Use of New Media in Journalism and New Dissemination in Zambia: The Case of the Internet

.”

University of Zambia

. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21834.41922.

Mambwe

,

Elastus

.

2021

. “

Review of Mushala, Angel Phiri (2019), 120 Mins, Zambia: Muvi Television

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

13

(

1

):

91

–

93

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac_00049_5.

Mann Global Health Report

.

2016

.

Marketing Case Study Series. MTVShuga Case Study

. Accessed

December

1

,

2019

. https://mannglobalhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/MTV-Shuga-Case-Study-FINAL.pdf.

Marks

,

Laura U.

2000

.

The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Marks

,

L. U.

, and

Radek

Przedpełski

.

2021

. “

Bandwidth Imperialism and Small-File Media

.” In

New Filmic Geographies

, edited by

Suzanne

Enzerink

.

Post 45

,

April

13

. https://post45.org/2021/04/bandwidth-imperialism-and-small-file-media/.

Masquelier

,

Adeline

.

2013

. “

Forging Connections, Performing Distinctions: Youth, Dress, and Consumption in Niger

.” In

African Dress: Fashion, Agency, Performance

, edited by

Karen Tranberg

Hansen

and

D. Soyini

Madison

,

138

–

52

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Massood

,

Paula J.

,

Angel Daniel

Matos

, and

Pamela Robertson

Wojcik

, eds.

2021

.

Media Crossroads: Intersections of Space and Identity in Screen Cultures

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

1992

. “

The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Postcolony

.”

Public Culture

4

(

2

):

1

–

30

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

2001

.

On the Postcolony

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

McCall

,

John C.

2004

. “

Nollywood Confidential

.”

Transition

95

:

98

–

109

.

McDonald

,

Kevin

, and

Daniel

Smith-Rowsey

.

2016

.

Introduction

. In

The Netflix Effect: Technology and Entertainment in the 21st Century

, edited by

Kevin

McDonald

and

Daniel

Smith-Rowsey

,

1

–

12

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501309410.ch-001.

McKay

,

Andy

, and

Eric

Osei-Assibey

.

2017

. “

Inequality and Poverty in Ghana

.” In

The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence

, edited by

Ernest

Aryeetey

and

Ravi

Kanbur

,

279

–

98

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0017.

McReynolds

,

Phillip

.

2005

. “

Zombie Cinema and the Anthropocene: Posthuman Agency and Embodiment at the End of the World

.”

CINEMA

7

:

149

–

68

.

McRobbie

,

Angela

.

1989

.

Zoot Suits and Second-Hand Dresses: An Anthology of Fashion and Music

.

Basingstoke, UK

:

Macmillan

.

McRobbie

,

Angela

.

2015

.

Be Creative: Making a Living in the New Culture Industries

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Mehta

,

Ritesh

.

2017

. “

‘Hustling’ in Film School as Socialization for Early Career Work in Media Industries

.”

Poetics

63

:

22

–

32

. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2017.05.002.

Mennasemay

,

Maimire

.

2010

. “

Towards a Critical Theory of Ethiopian Education

.” In

Education, Politics and Social Change in Ethiopia

, edited by

Paulos

Milkias

and

Messay

Kebede

,

67

–

98

.

Los Angeles

:

Tsehai Publishers

.

Merriam Webster Dictionary

.

2019

. “

Cheeba

.” Accessed

January

5

,

2020

. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cheeba.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2002

. “

Pentecostalism, Prosperity and Popular Cinema in Ghana

.”

Culture and Religion

3

(

1

):

67

–

87

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2003

. “

Visions of Blood, Sex and Money: Fantasy Spaces in Popular Ghanaian Cinema

.”

Visual Anthropology

16

(

1

):

15

–

41

. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08949460309595097.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2006

. “

Impossible Representations: Pentecostalism, Vision, and Video Technology in Ghana

.” In

Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere

, edited by

Birgit

Meyer

and

Annelies

Moors

,

290

–

324

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

, ed.

2010

.

Aesthetic Formations: Media, Religion, and the Senses

.

Basingstoke, UK

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2015

.

Sensational Movies: Video, Vision, and Christianity in Ghana

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Mignolo

,

Walter

, and

Catherine

Walsh

.

2018

.

On Decoloniality: Concepts, Analytics, Praxis

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Miller

,

Jade

.

2012

. “

Global Nollywood: The Nigerian Movie Industry and Alternative Global Networks in Production and Distribution

.”

Global Media and Communication

8

(

2

):

117

–

33

.

Miller

,

Jade

.

2016

.

Nollywood Central

.

London

:

British Film Institute / Palgrave

.

Miller

,

Jade

.

2021

. “

VOD: Formal Challengers for Nollywood's Informal Domestic Market

.” In

Digital Media Distribution: Portals, Platforms, Pipelines

, edited by

Paul

McDonald

,

Courtney Brannon

Donoghue

, and

Timothy

Havens

,

259

–

76

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Mingant

,

Nolwenn

, and

Cecilia

Tirtaine

.

2012

. “

Global Film and Television Industries Today: An Analysis of Industrial and Cultural Relations

.”

InMedia

1

. https://doi.org/10.4000/inmedia.111.

Miselo

,

Terrence

.

2017

. “

Who Wins the MultiChoice ZAFTA's This Saturday?”

Daily Nation

,

March

29

. Accessed

September

2019

. https://dailynationzambia.com/2021/03/who-wins-the-multichoice-zaftas-this-saturday/.

Mistry

,

Jyoti

, and

Antje

Schuhmann

, eds.

2015

.

Gaze Regimes: Film and Feminisms in Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Mortey

,

Gershon

.

2018

. “

Photos: Joy Prime Launches New Sitcom, Master and 3 Maids

.” Adomonline.com. Accessed

June

18

,

2021

. https://www.adomonline.com/photos-joy-prime-launches-new-sitcom-master-and-3-maids/.

Motsaathebe

,

Gilbert

, and

Sarah H.

Chiumbu

, eds.

2021

.

Television in Africa in the Digital Age

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Moukarbel

,

Nayla

.

2009

. “

Not Allowed to Love? Sri Lankan Maids in Lebanon

.”

Mobilities

4

(

3

):

329

–

47

.

Moukouti Onguédou

,

Georges

.

2014

. “

[In]flujo de las telenovelas latinoamericanas en África: Popularización, efectismo y corolarios

.”

Belphégor: Littératures populaires et culture médiatique

12

(

1

). https://journals.openedition.org/belphegor/463#quotation. Published online

December

1

.

Mudimbe

,

Valentino Y.

1988

.

The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Muhanguzi

,

Florence Kyoheirwe

.

2015

. “

‘Sex Is Sweet’: Women from Low Income Contexts in Uganda Talk about Sexual Desire and Pleasure

.”

Reproductive Health Matters

23

(

46

):

62

–

70

.

MultiChoice Africa

.

2015

. “

Zambezi Magic Commissioning Brief

.” Accessed

February

8

,

2019

. https://zambezimagic.dstv.com/news/zambezi-magic-original-films.

Mulvey

,

Laura

,

2006

.

Death 24× a Second: Stillness and the Moving Image

.

London

:

Reaktion Books

.

Musila

,

Grace

, ed.

2022

.

Routledge Handbook of African Popular Culture

.

London

:

Routledge

.

National Communications Authority

.

2020

. “

Industry Market Statistics: Mobile Data Subscription for January to August 2020

.”

Accra

:

National Communications Authority

. Accessed

November

25

,

2020

. https://www.nca.org.gh/assets/Uploads/Data-v2… . August-2020.pdf.

National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF

).

2018

.

Gender Matters in the South African Film Industry

.

Johannesburg

:

National Film and Video Foundation

. http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/NFVF%20SWIFT%20Gender%20Matters%20in%20the%20SAFI%20Report.pdf.

Ndlela

,

M. N.

2013

. “

Global Television Formats in Africa: Localizing Idol

.” In

Global Television Formats: Understanding Television across Borders

, edited by

Tasha

Oren

and

Sharon

Shahaf

,

242

–

59

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Ndlovu

,

Musa

.

2003

. “

The South African Broadcasting Corporation's Expansion into Africa: South African Media Imperialism?

”

Communication

29

(

1–2

):

297

–

311

. https://doi.org/10.1080/02500160308538033.

Negus

,

Keith

, and

Michael

Pickering

.

2004

.

Creativity, Communication and Cultural Value

.

London

:

Sage

.

Nelson

,

Ediomo-Ubong E.

, and

Aniekan S.

Brown

.

2017

. “

Rural Poverty and Urban Domestic Child Work: Qualitative Study of Female House Maids in Uyo, Nigeria

.”

International Journal of Social Sciences

11

(

1

):

59

–

68

.

Newell

,

Stephanie

, and

Onookome

Okome

, eds.

2014

.

Popular Culture in Africa: The Episteme of the Everyday

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Nigerian Communications Commission

.

2019

. “

NCC Hinges Nigeria's 122 Million Internet Users’ Protection on Effective Governance

.”

July

12

. https://www.ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/media-public/news-headlines/614-ncc-hinges-nigeria-s-122-million-internet-users-protection-on-effective-governance.

Nwaolikpe

,

Onyinyechi

.

2018

. “

Communicating HIV/AIDS to Adolescents in South-West Nigeria: The Case of MTV Shuga Series

.”

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science

23

(

1

):

36

–

45

. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2023%20Issue1/Version-1/E2301013645.pdf.

Nyairo

,

Joyce

.

2015

.

Kenya@50: Trends, Identities and the Politics of Belonging

.

Nairobi

:

Contact Zones

NRB.

Obadare

,

Ebenezer

.

2018

.

Pentecostal Republic: Religion and the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria

.

London

:

Zed Books

.

Obono

,

Koblowe

.

2011

. “

Media Strategies of HIV/AIDS Communication for Behaviour Change in Southwest Nigeria

.”

Africana Journal

5

(

2

). http://africanajournal.org/media-strategies-hivaids-communication-behaviour-change-south-west-nigeria/.

Ohia

,

N.

2016

. “

Mothers’ Attitude to Giving Sexuality Education as a Check to Sexual Abuse of Primary School Girls in South-East Nigeria

.”

Journal of Educational and Social Research

6

(

1

):

133

–

40

. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n1p133.

Okafor

,

Endurance

.

2020

. “

Nigeria's Internet Users Surge over 14% in 2020

.”

BusinessDay

,

July

2

. https://businessday.ng/technology/article/nigerias-internet-users-surge-14-in-year-to-may-2020/.

Okome

,

O.

2007

. “

Nollywood: Spectatorship, Audience and the Sites of Consumption

.”

Postcolonial Text

3

(

2

). https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/view/763.

Okoth-Obbo

,

V.

2017

. “

Where Neo-Soul Began: 20 Years of Erkyah Badu's Baduizm

.”

Pitchfork

,

February

10

. https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/1440-where-neo-soul-began-20-years-of-erykah-badus-baduizm/.

Onuzulike

,

Uchenna

.

2007

. “

The Birth of Nollywood: The Nigerian Movie Industry

.”

Black Camera

22

(

1

):

25

–

26

.

Orlando

,

Valérie K.

2017

.

New African Cinema

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Ortner

,

Sherry B.

, and

Harriet

Whitehead

, eds.

1981

.

Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality

.

Cambridge. New York

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Osborn

,

Brad

.

2021

.

Interpreting Music Video: Popular Music in the Post-MTV Era

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Osei-Bempong

,

Kirsty

.

2017

. “

Keteke: Shaping Ghanaian Film Excellence

.”

New Black Magazine

,

November

14

. https://thenewblackmagazine.com/2024/01/13/httpwww-thenewblackmagazine-comview-aspxindex4017/.

Osiebe

,

Garhe

.

2020

. “

Methods in Performing Fela in Contemporary Afrobeats, 2009–2019

.”

African Studies

79

(

1

):

88

–

109

.

Paulson

,

Cole

.

2012

. “

Marketers and Pirates, Businessmen and Villains: The Blurred Lines of Nollywood Distribution Networks

.”

St Antony's International Review

7

(

2

):

51

–

68

.

Peñalosa

,

David

, with

Peter

Greenwood

.

2010

.

The Clave Matrix: Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins

.

Redway, CA

:

Bembe

.

Phiri

,

Isaac

.

2010

. “

Groping for a New National Communication Policy in Zambia

.”

African Communication Research

3

(

1

):

185

–

206

.

Piepenburg

,

Erik

.

2015

. “

Theaters Struggle with Patrons’ Phone Use During Shows

.”

New York Times

,

July

10

. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/theater/theaters-struggle-with-patrons-phone-use-during-shows.html.

Piot

,

Sarah

,

Jack

Okell

, and

Bar

Hariely

.

2017

.

Compass

. https://www.thecompassforsbc.org/sbcc-spotlights/mtv-shuga.

Plastow

,

Jane

.

2020

.

A History of East African Theatre

. Vol.

1

, Horn of Africa.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Polato

,

Farah

.

2019

. “

Tra connessioni e disconnessioni: Riflessioni a partire dai cinquant'anni del FESPACO

.”

From the European South

4

:

45

–

60

.

Prabhu

,

Anjali

.

2014

.

Contemporary Cinema of Africa and the Diaspora

.

Malden, MA

:

Blackwell

.

Pratt

,

Lande N.

2015

. “

Good for ‘New Nollywood’: The Impact of New Online Distribution and Licensing Strategies

.”

International Journal of Cultural and Creative Industries

3

(

1

):

70

–

84

. http://www.ijcci.net/index.php?option=module&lang=en&task=pageinfo&id=187&index=9.

Przybylo

,

Ela

, and

Breanne

Fahs

.

2018

. “

Feels and Flows: On the Realness of Menstrual Pain and Crippling Menstrual Chronicity

.”

Feminist Formations

30

(

1

):

206

–

29

.

Pype

,

Katrien

.

2013

. “

Religion, Migration, and Media Aesthetics: Notes on the Circulation and Reception of Nigerian Films in Kinshasa

.” In

Global Nollywood. The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

199

–

222

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Pype

,

Katrien

.

2015

. “

The Heart of Man: Pentecostal Emotive Style in and beyond Kinshasa's Media World

.” In

New Media and Religious Transformations in Africa

, edited by

R. I. J.

Hackett

and

B. F.

Soares

,

116

–

36

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Quartier Mozart Films

.

2005

. “

Les Saignantes Synopsis

.” http://quartiermozart.blogspot.com/.

Radermecker

,

Anne-Sophie V.

2021

. “

Art and Culture in the COVID-19 Era: For a Consumer-Oriented Approach

.”

SN Business and Economics

1

(

4

):

1

–

14

.

Raengo

,

Alessandra

, and

Lauren

Cramer

.

2020

. “

The Unruly Archives of Black Music Videos

.”

JCMS: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies

59

(

2

):

138

–

44

.

Rice

,

Tom

.

2016

. “

‘Are You Proud to Be British?’: Mobile Film Shows, Local Voices and the Demise of the British Empire in Africa

.”

Historical Journal of Film, Radio Television

36

:

331

–

51

.

Ritman

,

Alex

.

2020

. “

Nigerian Producer, Mo Abudu on Striking Netflix's First Multi-title African Deal: ‘As a Continent, We've Remained so Quiet’ (Exclusive)

.”

Hollywood Reporter

,

September

25

. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/nigerian-producer-mo-abudu-on-striking-netflixs-first-multi-title-african-deal-as-a-continent-weve-remained-so-quiet-exclusive-4066612/.

Rombes

,

Nicholas

.

2017

. “

Mobile Viewing

.” In

Cinema in the Digital Age

,

84

–

85

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Rosaldo

,

Renato

.

1993

.

Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (With a New Introduction)

.

Boston

:

Beacon Press

.

Ross

,

Kristin

.

1995

.

Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Ross

,

Sharon Marie

.

2008

.

Beyond the Box: Television and the Internet

.

Oxford

:

Blackwell

.

Rovine

,

Victoria L.

2004

. “

Fashionable Traditions: The Globalization of an African Textile

.” In

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

, edited by

Jean Marie

Allman

,

189

–

211

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Rubin

,

Vera

.

1976

.

Cannabis and Culture

.

Frankfurt

:

Campus Verlag

.

Russell

,

James

.

2010

. “

Evangelical Audiences and ‘Hollywood’ Film: Promoting Fireproof (2008)

.”

Journal of American Studies

44

(

2

):

391

–

407

.

Sane

,

Maïmouna

.

2019

. “

Que les gens arrêtent de dire que la série doit son succès aux scandales

.”

Seneplus

,

July

11

. https://www.seneplus.com/people/que-les-gens-arretent-de-dire-que-la-serie-doit-son-succes-aux.

Sanogo

,

Aboubakar

.

2020

. “

Cine-Agora Africana: Meditating on the Fiftieth Anniversary of FESPACO

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

171

–

83

.

Santanera

,

Giovana

.

2013

. “

Consuming Nollywood in Turin, Italy

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

245

–

63

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Saul

,

Mahir

, and

Ralph A.

Austen

, eds.

2010

.

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and the Nollywood Video Revolution

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Sawadogo

,

Boukary

.

2019

.

West African Screen Media: Comedy, TV Series and Transnationalization

.

Ann Arbor

:

Michigan State University Press

.

Schoonover

,

Karl

, and

Rosalind

Galt

.

2016

.

Queer Cinema in the World

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Scott

,

David

.

1999

.

Refashioning Futures: Criticism after Postcoloniality

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Scott

,

David

.

2014

. “

The Tragic Vision in Postcolonial Time

.”

PMLA

129

(

4

):

799

–

808

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

.

1961

. “

La Noire De …

”

Présence Africaine

36

:

90

–

102

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

.

1974

.

Tribal Scars and Other Stories

. Translated by

Len

Ortzen

.

Portsmouth, NH

:

Heinemann

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

, and

Guy

Hennebelle

.

1998

. “

Ousmane Sembène: For Me, the Cinema Is an Instrument of Political Action, But … ”

In

Ousman Sembène: Interviews

, edited by

Annett

Busch

and

Max

Annas

,

7

–

17

.

Jackson

:

University Press of Mississippi

.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2018a

. “

‘Displacement and the Quest for Identity in Alain Gomis's Cinema’ in Close-Up ‘Filming the Fall: Plurality, Social Change and Innovation in Contemporary Senegalese Cinema.’

”

Black Camera: An International Film Journal

9

(

2

):

360

–

90

.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2018b

. “

Situando el cine francófono africano en Colombia: La isla de Gorée en el cine senegalés

.” In

Catálogos razonados: Muestra Afro

, edited by

M. Giraldo

Barreto

,

J. A.

Rodríguez

, and

J. A.

Bogotá

,

76

–

99

.

Bogotá

:

Cinemateca Distrital, Gerencia de Artes Audiovisuales

.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2020

. “

Women and Sexuality in African Cinema

.” In

The International Encyclopaedia of Gender, Media and Communication

, edited by

Karen

Ross

,

Ingrid

Bachmann

,

Valentina

Cardo

,

Sujata

Moorti

, and

Cosimo Marco

Scarcelli

,

1569

–

74

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc246.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2021

. “

Banlieue Films Festival (BFF): Growing Cinephilia and Filmmaking in Senegal

.” In “Film Festivals and Their Socio-Cultural Contexts,” special issue,

Aniki: Portuguese Journal of the Moving Image

8

(

1

):

245

–

72

. https://aim.org.pt/ojs/index.php/revista/article/view/734.

Seneweb News

.

2019

. “

‘Maîtresse d'un homme marié’: Mame Mactar Guèye porte plainnte contre Marodi TV et …

”

March

20

. https://www.seneweb.com/news/Audio/laquo-maitresse-d-rsquo-un-homme-marie-r_n_277027.html.

Shapp

,

Allison

.

2014

. “

Variation in the Use of Twitter Hashtags

.” Qualifying paper,

New York University

. Accessed

December

1

,

2019

. https://s18798.pcdn.co/shapp/wp-content/uploads/sites/18562/2020/09/Shapp_QP2_Hashtags_Final.pdf.

Shipley

,

Jesse Weaver

.

2013

. “

Transnational Circulation and Digital Fatigue in Ghana's Azonto Dance Craze

.”

American Ethnologist

40

(

2

):

362

–

81

.

Simmel

,

Georg

.

1973

. “

Fashion

.” In

Fashion Marketing

, edited by

Gordon

Wills

and

David

Midgley

,

171

–

91

.

London

:

Allen and Unwin

.

Simmert

,

Tom

.

2020

. “

Pirates or Entrepreneurs? Informal Music Distributors and the Nigerian Recording Industry Crisis

.”

African Identities

8

(

3

):

329

–

45

. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2020.1779026.

Simon

,

Godwin Iretomiwa

.

2021

. “

Adapting to Context: Creative Strategies of Video Streaming Services in Nigeria

.”

Convergence

,

May

18

. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211017389.

Simons

,

Jan

.

2009

. “

Pockets in the Screenscape: Movies on the Move

.” Paper presented at MiT 6, Stone and Papyrus, Storage and Transmission. MIT,

April

24

–

26

.

Smith

,

Daniel Jordan

.

2005

. “

Legacies of Biafra: Marriage, ‘Home People’ and Reproduction among the Igbo of Nigeria

.”

Africa

75

(

1

):

30

–

45

.

Smith

,

Daniel Jordan

.

2017

.

To Be a Man Is Not a One-Day Job: Masculinity, Money, and Intimacy in Nigeria

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Smith

,

Stacy L.

,

Marc

Choueiti

, and

Katherine

Pieper

.

2014

. “

Gender Bias without Borders: An Investigation of Female Characters in Popular Films across 11 Countries

.” Funded by the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, Rockefeller Foundation and UN Women. Accessed

June

29

,

2021

. https://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/gender-bias-without-borders-full-report.pdf.

Snead

,

James

.

1994

.

White Screens / Black Images: Hollywood from the Dark Side

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Sobande

,

Francesca

.

2020

.

The Digital Lives of Black Women in Britain

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Solanas

,

Fernando

, and

Octavio

Getino

.

1969

. “

Toward a Third Cinema

.”

Cinéaste

4

(

3

):

1

–

10

.

Sound Check

.

2021

. “

Interview: Producer Shafiq Husayn on His Psychedelic Upcoming Album and Collaborations with Erykah Badu, Hiatus Kaiyote

.”

Afropunk

,

July

16

. https://afropunk.com/2014/01/interview-producer-shafiq-husayn-on-his-psychedelic-upcoming-album-collaborations-with-erykah-badu-hiatus-kaiyote/.

Spencer

,

Lynda Gichanda

.

2019

. “

‘In Defence of Chick-Lit’: Refashioning Feminine Subjectivities in Ugandan and South African Contemporary Women's Writing

.”

Feminist Theory

20

(

2

):

155

–

69

.

Srnicek

,

Nick

.

2017

.

Platform Capitalism

.

London

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Statista

.

2020

. “

Internet Users in Nigeria

.” Accessed

July

7

,

2024

. https://www.statista.com/statistics/183849/internet-users-nigeria/.

Statista

.

2021

. “

Number of Active Social Media Users in Ghana 2017–2021

.” Accessed

January

14

,

2022

. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1171445/number-of-social-media-users-ghana/.

Steedman

,

Robin

.

2017

. “

Nairobi-Based Female Filmmakers and the ‘Creative Hustle’: Gender and Film Production between the Local and the Transnational

.” PhD diss.,

SOAS University of London

.

Steedman

,

Robin

.

2019

. “

Nairobi-Based Female Filmmakers: Screen Media Production between the Local and the Transnational

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

315

–

35

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Steedman

,

Robin

.

2023

.

Creative Hustling: Women Making and Distributing Films from Nairobi

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Steel

,

W. F.

2017

. “

Formal and Informal Enterprises as Drivers and Absorbers of Employment

.” In

The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence

, edited by

Ernest

Aryeetey

and

Ravi

Kanbur

,

192

–

206

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0012.

Steinberg

,

Marc

.

2012

.

Anime's Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Stringer

,

Julian

.

2001

. “

Global Cities and the International Film Festival Economy

.” In

Cinema and the City: Film and Urban Societies in a Global Context

, edited by

Mark

Shiel

and

Tony

Fitzmaurice

,

134

–

44

.

Oxford

:

Blackwell

.

Sublette

,

Ned

.

2008

.

The World That Made New Orleans: From Spanish Silver to Congo Square

.

Chicago

:

Chicago Review Press

.

Szalai

,

Georg

.

2020

. “

Netflix Unveils Nigerian Original Series, Three Films

.”

Hollywood Reporter

,

September

21

. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-unveils-nigerian-original-series-three-films-4064352/.

Tade

,

Oludayo

, and

Babatunde

Akinleye

.

2012

. “

‘We Are Promoters Not Pirates’: A Qualitative Analysis of Artistes and Pirates on Music Piracy in Nigeria

.”

International Journal of Cyber Criminology

6

(

2

):

1014

–

29

.

Tafari

,

I. Jabulani

.

1980

. “

The Rastafari—Successors of Marcus Garvey

.”

Caribbean Quarterly

26

(

4

):

1

–

12

.

Táíwò

,

Olúfẹ́mi

.

2022

.

Against Decolonisation: Taking African Agency Seriously

.

London

:

Hurst

.

Tamale

,

Sylvia

.

2020

.

Decolonization and Afro-Feminism

.

Ottawa

:

Daraja Press

.

Tcheuyap

,

Alexie

.

2011

. “

African Cinema(s): Definitions, Identity and Theoretical Considerations

.”

Critical Interventions

5

(

1

):

10

–

26

.

Teer-Tomaselli

,

Ruth

,

Herman

Wasserman

, and

Arnold S.

de Beer

.

2007

. “

South Africa as a Regional Media Power

.” In

Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-Flow

, edited by

Daya Kishan

Thussu

,

136

–

45

.

London

:

Routledge

,

2007

.

Tewksbury

,

D.

2010

. “

Roll Bounce: Visionary Producer Shafiq Husayn Debuts New Video

.”

LA Weekly

,

April

7

. https://www.laweekly.com/roll-bounce-visionary-producer-shafiq-husayn-debuts-new-video.

Thackway

,

M.

2003

.

Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film

.

Oxford

:

James Currey

.

Thiong'o

,

Ngũgĩ wa

.

1986

.

Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature

.

Nairobi

:

Heinemann Kenya

.

Thiong'o

,

Ngũgĩ wa

.

2012

.

Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Trotter

,

David

.

2013

.

Literature in the First Media Age: Britain between the Wars

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Tsika

,

Noah

.

2015

.

Nollywood Stars: Media and Migration in West Africa and the Diaspora

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Tsika

,

Noah

.

2016

. “

Introduction: Teaching African Media in the Global Academy

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

94

–

124

.

Tsika

,

Noah

.

2018

. “

Nollywood Chronicles: Migrant Archives, Media Archeology, and the Itineraries of Taste

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

269

–

89

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Tuhiwai Smith

,

Linda

.

1999

.

Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples

.

London

:

Zed Books

.

Turkewitz

,

Julie

.

2019

. “

Bold Women. Scandalized Viewers. It's ‘Sex and the City,’ Senegal Style

.”

New York Times

,

August

22

. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/22/world/africa/senegal-mistress-of-a-married-man.html.

TV5MONDE

.

2019

. “

‘Maîtresse d'un homme marié’ Marème et Djalika invites du JTA

.” YouTube,

December

6

. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0vJ0uJayMc.

Uduku

,

Ola

.

1996

. “

The Urban Fabric of Igbo Architecture in South-eastern Nigeria in the 1990s

.”

Habitat International

20

(

2

):

191

–

202

.

Ugor

,

Paul

.

2009

. “

Small Media, Popular Culture, and New Youth Spaces in Nigeria

.”

Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies

31

(

4

):

387

–

408

. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714410903133012.

Ukadike

,

Nwachukwu Frank

.

1994

.

Black African Cinema

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Ukah

,

Asonzeh

.

2009

. “

Reverse Mission or Asylum Christianity? A Nigerian Church in Europe

.” In

Africans and the Politics of Popular Culture

, edited by

Toyin

Falola

and

Augustine

Agwuele

,

104

–

32

.

Rochester, NY

:

University of Rochester Press

.

Ukah

,

Asonzeh

.

2016

. “

Building God's City: The Political Economy of Prayer Camps in Nigeria

.”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

40

(

3

):

524

–

40

. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468–2427.12363.

Unah

,

Linus

.

2018

. “

Not Everyone Is Happy with Nigeria's Viral Version of ‘This Is America.’

” NPR,

June

1

. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/06/01/615805868/a-nigerian-rappers-take-on-donald-glover-s-this-is-america.

Van de Peer

,

Stefanie

.

2014

. “

Forgotten Women, Lost Histories: Selma Baccar's Fatma 75 (1976) and Assia Djebar's La Nouba (1978)

.” In

Africa's Lost Classics. New Histories of African Cinema

, edited by

David

Murphy

and

Lizelle

Bisschoff

,

64

–

72

.

Oxford

:

Legenda

.

Van Deursen

,

Alexander J. A. M.

, and

Jan A. G. M.

van Dijk

.

2014

. “

The Digital Divide Shifts to Differences in Usage

.”

New Media and Society

16

(

3

):

507

–

26

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487959.

Van Slooten

,

Jessica Lyn

.

2006

. “

Fashionably Indebted: Conspicuous Consumption, Fashion and Romance

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

219

–

38

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Veblen

,

Thorstein

.

1970

.

The Theory of the Leisure Class

.

London

:

Allen and Unwin

.

Verhoeff

,

Nanna

.

2012

.

Mobile Screens. The Visual Regime of Navigation

.

Amsterdam

:

Amsterdam University Press

.

Vernallis

,

Carol

.

2004

.

Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Vernallis

,

Carol

.

2013

.

Unruly Media: YouTube, Music Video, and the New Digital Cinema

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Vernallis

,

Carol

,

Holly

Rogers

, and

Lisa

Perrott

.

2020

. “

Introduction: Intensified Movements

.” In

Transmedia Directors: Artistry, Industry and New Audiovisual Aesthetics

, edited by

Carol

Vernallis

,

Holly

Rogers

, and

Lisa

Perrott

,

1

–

16

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Vourlias

,

Christopher

.

2019

. “

Huahua Media Signs on for First China-Nigeria Co-Production

.”

Variety

,

November

6

. https://variety.com/2019/film/news/huahua-media-china-nigeria-coproduction-filmone-entertainment-ayo-makun-1203395111/.

Waliaula

,

Solomon

.

2014

. “

Active Audiences of Nollywood Video-Films: An Experience with a Bukusu Audience Community in Chwele Market of Western Kenya

.”

Journal of Africa Cinemas

6

(

1

):

71

–

83

.

Waliaula

,

Solomon

.

2019

. “

Televisual Cinema and Social Identities: The Case of Nollywood and Latin American Telenovelas in Eldoret, Kenya

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

21

(

2

):

180

–

95

.

Wara

,

Habibata

.

2019

. “

More Than 2,000 Security Agents Involved

.”

FESPACO News

,

February

23

,

6

.

Wasson

,

Haidee

.

2012

. “

In Focus: Screen Technologies

.”

Cinema Journal

51

(

2

):

141

–

71

.

Wasson

,

Haidee

.

2019

. “

The Networked Screen: Moving Images, Materiality, and the Aesthetics of Size

.” In

Fluid Screens, Expanded Cinema

, edited by

Janine

Marchessault

,

74

–

95

.

Toronto

:

University of Toronto Press

.

Wells

,

Juliette

.

2006

. “

Mothers of Chick Lit: Women Writers, Readers and Literary History

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

47

–

70

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Wendl

,

Tobias Maria

.

2007

. “

Wicked Villagers and the Mysteries of Reproduction: An Exploration of Horror Videos from Ghana and Nigeria

.”

Postcolonial Text

3

(

2

):

1

–

22

.

Werner

,

Jean-François

.

2006

. “

How Women Are Using Television to Domesticate Globalization: A Case Study on the Reception and Consumption of Telenovelas in Senegal

.”

Visual Anthropology

19

(

5

):

443

–

72

.

White

,

Patricia

.

2015

.

Women's Cinema, World Cinema: Projecting Contemporary Feminisms

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Willemen

,

Paul

.

2005

. “

For a Comparative Film Studies

.”

Inter-Asia Cultural Studies

6

(

1

):

98

–

112

.

Williams

,

James S.

2019

.

Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary African Cinema

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Wilson

,

Elizabeth

.

2003

.

Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity

.

London

:

I. B. Tauris

.

Women Make Movies (WMM)

.

n.d

. “

La Nouba des femmes du Mont Chenoua

.” Accessed

January

3

,

2022

. https://www.wmm.com/catalog/film/la-nouba-des-femmes-du-mont-chenoua/.

Wood

,

Robin

.

2002

. “

The American Nightmare: Horror in the 70s

.” In

Horror, The Film Reader

, edited by

Mark

Jancovich

,

25

–

32

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Yamoah

,

Michael

.

2014

. “

The New Wave in Ghana's Video Film Industry: Exploring the Kumawood Model

.”

International Journal of ICT and Management

2

(

2

):

155

–

62

.

Yang

,

Bin

.

2019

.

Cowrie Shells and Cowrie Money: A Global History

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Yeboah

,

Johnson

, and

George Dominic

Ewur

.

2014

. “

The Impact of WhatsApp Messenger Usage on Students’ Performance in Tertiary Institutions in Ghana

.”

Journal of Education and Practice

5

:

157

–

64

.

Yoshimoto

,

Mitsuhiro

.

2013

. “

A Future of Comparative Film Studies

.”

Inter-Asia Cultural Studies

14

(

1

):

54

–

61

.

Young

,

Katherine

.

2019

. “

Hindi Film Songs and Musical Life in Tamale, Northern Ghana, 1957–Present

.” PhD diss.,

Royal Holloway, University of London

.

Zenebe

,

Milete

,

Azeb

Gebresilassie

, and

Huruy

Assefa

.

2014

. “

Magnitude and Factors Associated to Physical Violence among House Maids of Mekelle Town, Tigray, Northern, Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study

.”

American Journal of Nursing Science

3

(

6

):

105

–

9

.

Zerihun Birehanu

.

2019

. “

Performing the Nation: Incorporating Cultural Performances into Theatre in Ethiopia

.” In

African Theatre

18

, edited by

Chukwuma

Okoye

,

100

–

120

.

Woodbridge, UK

:

James Currey

.

Figures & Tables

Book cover for Contemporary African Screen Worlds

Contemporary African Screen Worlds

Edited by

Duke University Press

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478060413

Copyright:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

ISBN electronic:

978-1-4780-9417-3

Publication date:

2025

Filmography

Ademinokan

,

Daniel

, dir.

Gone

.

Blue Pictures

.

2021

.

Adepoju

,

Yemi

, and

Isaac

Femi-Akintunde

, dirs.

The Train: The Journey of Faith

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

2020

.

Adetiba

,

Kemi

, dir.

King of Boys: The Return of the King

.

Kemi Adetiba Visuals

.

2021

.

Adetiba

,

Kemi

, dir.

The Wedding Party

.

EbonyLife Films

.

2016

.

Adorkor

,

Eyram

, dir.

Dzigbeza

.

2016

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

The CEO

.

2016

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

Citation

.

Golden Effects Pictures

.

2020

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

The Figurine

.

Golden Effects Pictures

.

2009

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

Mokalik

.

2019

.

Afolayan

,

Kunle

, dir.

October 1

.

2014

.

Afroman

. “

Because I Got High

.” Music video. Directed by

Michael

Alperowitz

.

2000

.

Agyapong

,

Isaac

, dir.

Forkboyz

.

2019

.

Ahuja

,

Hamisha Daryani

, dir.

Namaste Wahala

.

Forever 7 Entertainment

.

2020

.

Akande

,

Bola

, dir.

Behind the Mask

.

2019

.

Akande

,

Bola

, dir.

Broken

.

2018

.

Akinmolayan

,

Niyi

, dir.

Prophetess

.

Anthill Studios/Filmone Entertainment

.

2021

.

Amarteifio

,

Nicole

, dir.

Before the Vows

.

2018

.

Ansah

,

Kwaw

, dir.

Love Brewed in the African Pot

.

1981

.

Araújo

,

Joel Zito

, dir.

Meu amigo Fela

.

2019

.

Asamoah

,

Kofi

, dir.

Amakye and Dede

.

2016

.

Asamoah

,

Kofi

, dir.

John and John

.

2017

.

Asamoah

,

Kofi

, dir.

Kalybos in China

.

2015

.

Asampana

,

Evelyn

, dir.

Anamkena

.

Family Entertainment

.

2019

.

Asurf

,

Oluseyi

, dir.

Hakkunde/In Between

.

Asurf Films

.

2017

.

Austen-Peters

,

Bolanle

, dir.

The Man of God

.

BAP Productions

.

2022

.

Baccar

,

Selma

, dir.

Fatma 75

.

1976

.

Bamiloye

,

Mike

, dir.

Haunting Shadow

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

2005

.

Bamiloye

,

Mike

, dir.

Rupantar

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

2014

.

Bandaele

,

Biyi

, and

Kenneth

Gyang

, dirs.

Blood Sisters

.

2022

.

Bekolo

,

Jean-Pierre

, dir.

Les armes miraculeuses

(Miraculous Weapons).

2017

.

Bekolo

,

Jean-Pierre

, dir.

Les saignantes

.

Quartier Mozart Films

.

2005

.

Benlyazid

,

Farida

, dir.

Une porte sur le ciel

(Door to the Sky).

1989

.

Beti

,

Ellerson

, dir.

Sisters of the Screen: African Women in the Cinema

.

Women Make Movies

.

2002

.

Beyoncé

. “

Brown Skin Girl

.” Music video. Directed by

Beyoncé

and

Jenn

Nkiru

.

2020

.

Blomkamp

,

Neill

, dir.

District 9

.

2009

.

Bradbeer

,

Harry

, and

Tim

Kirkby

, dirs.

Fleabag

.

2016

–19.

Brown

,

Chris

, and

Davido

. “

Blow My Mind

.” Music video. Directed by

Edgar

Esteves

.

2019

.

Burnett

,

Charles

, dir.

Killer of Sheep

.

1978

.

Chiazor

,

Chinwe

, dir.

Mended

.

2017

.

Chisembele

,

Dominic

, dir.

The Lawyer

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2008

.

Dila

,

Dilman

, dir.

Cursed Widow Blues

.

2017

.

Dila

,

Dilman

, dir.

How to Start a Zombie Apocalypse

.

2017

.

Dila

,

Dilman

, dir.

No Letting Go

.

2017

.

Djebar

,

Assia

, dir.

La nouba des femmes du Mont Chenoua

.

L'Office National du Commerce et de l'Industrie Cinématographique

.

1978

.

Djebar

,

Assia

, dir.

La Zerda ou les chants de l'oubli

.

Radiodiffusion Télévision Algérienne

.

1981

.

Dougherty

,

Libby

, dir.

Panic Button

.

2014

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

, dir.

From One Woman to Another: The Screen Worlds of Bongiwe Selane

.

2023

.

Dumisa

,

Nosipho

, dir.

Blood and Water

.

2020

.

Ejiofor

,

Chiwetel

, dir.

The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind

.

2019

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

, dir.

Sisters of the Screen

.

2002

.

El Maanouni

,

Ahmed

, dir.

Alyam, Alyam

.

1978

.

El Maanouni

,

Ahmed

, dir.

Trances

.

1981

.

Emma

,

Ikenna

, dir.

Palace Maid

.

2009

.

Falz

. “

This Is Nigeria

.” Music video. Directed by Geezy (Iyobosa Rehoboth).

2018

.

Faye

,

Safe

, dir.

Mossane

.

1996

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

Adam's Apples

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2011

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

The Perfect Picture: 10 Years Later

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2019

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

Potato Potahto

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2017

.

Frimpong-Manso

,

Shirley

, dir.

Potomanto

.

Sparrow Pictures

.

2013

.

Gambino

,

Childish

. “

This Is America

.” Directed by

Hiro

Murai

.

2018

.

Greene

,

Tim

, dir.

Skeem

.

2011

.

Gulabrai

,

Ramesh Jai

, dir.

Bad Luck Joe

.

2018

.

Gulabrai

,

Ramesh Jai

, dir.

Life

.

2017

.

Gyang

,

Kenneth

, dir.

Oloture

.

EbonyLife Films

.

2019

.

Hood

,

Gavin

, dir.

Tsotsi

.

2005

.

Husayn

,

Shafiq

. “

Cheeba

.” First single from

En’ A-Free-Ka

. Music video. Directed by

Kahlil

Joseph

.

2010

.

Husayn

,

Shafiq

.

En’ A-Free-Ka

.

Album

.

2009

.

Husayn

,

Shafiq

. “

Le'Star

.” Track 14 on

En’ A-Free-Ka

.

2009

.

Imanuke

,

Chief

, and

Bismark

Idan

, dirs.

Hashtag Series

.

2021

.

Iñárritu

,

Alejandro G.

, dir.

Birdman

.

2014

.

Jafa

,

Arthur

, dir.

Dreams Are Colder Than Death

.

2014

.

Joseph

,

Kahlil

, dir.

Belhaven Meridian

.

2010

.

Kahiu

,

Wanuri

, dir.

Rafiki

.

2018

.

Karekezi

,

Joel

, dir.

La miséricorde de la jungle

(The Mercy of the Jungle).

2018

.

Kasum

,

Kayode

, dir.

Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards

.

2020

.

Kasum

,

Kayode

, dir.

Quam's Money

.

2020

.

Keïta

,

Rahmatou

, dir.

The Wedding Ring

.

2016

.

Kouyaté

,

Dany

, dir.

Sia, la rêve du python

(Sia, the Dream of the Python).

2001

.

Lamis

,

Louis

, dir.

Kejetia and Makola

.

2017

.

Lediga

,

Kagiso

, and

Tebogo

Malope

, dirs.

Queen Sono

.

2020

.

Makama

,

Abba

, dir.

The Lost Okoroshi

.

Osiris Film and Entertainment

.

2019

.

Maldoror

,

Sarah

, dir.

Sambizanga

.

1972

.

Mambéty

,

Djibril Diop

, dir.

Touki Bouki

.

1973

.

Manuvor

,

Horla

, Jr., dir.

Camouflage

.

2021

.

Manuvor

,

Horla

, Jr., dir.

Inside Life

.

2021

.

Manuvor

,

Horla

, Jr., dir.

What's Up

.

2016

.

Marin

,

Cheech

, and

Tommy

Chong

, dirs.

Up in Smoke

.

1978

.

Martin

,

Chris

. “

Monsters You Made

.” Music video. Directed by

Meji

Alabi

.

2020

.

McBaror

,

Toka

, dir.

Dark October

.

Filmone Production

.

2023

.

McBaror

,

Toka

, dir.

Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons

.

Corporate World Entertainment/FilmOne

.

2018

.

Mekwunye

,

Ekene

dir.

One Lagos Night

.

Bukana Motion Pictures / Riverside productions

.

2021

.

Minghella

,

Anthony

,

Charles

Sturridge

, and

Tim

Fywell

, dirs.

The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency

.

BBC, HBO

.

2009

.

Moleya

,

Thabang

, dir.

Happiness Is a Four-Letter Word

.

2016

.

Montsho

,

Mmabatho

, dir.

Emoyeni

.

Fireworx Media, Ngonyama Kapital

.

2018

.

Montsho

,

Mmabatho

, dir.

The Groom's Price

.

2017

.

Montsho

,

Mmabatho

, dir.

Thula's Vin

e.

Coal Stove Productions

.

2017

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

Attacks from Home

.

2000

.

Mount Zion Film Productions

.

The Unprofitable Servant

.

1990

.

Mwape

,

Owas Ray

, dir.

Chenda

.

Owas Crystal Films

.

2015

.

Ndlovu

,

Duma

.

Muvhango

.

Word of Mouth Productions

.

1997

.

New Heritage Baptist Church

, dir.

Idile Alayo

(Happy Family).

2015

.

Nkelemba

,

Nozipho

, dir.

Mmino wa Modimo

(God's Hymns).

2017

.

Nnaji

,

Genevieve

, dir.

Lionheart

.

Entertainment Network

.

2018

.

Nworah

,

Chinenye

, dir.

Shanty Town

.

2023

.

Ojerinde

,

Opeyemi Akintude

, dir.

Stepping into Maggie's Shoes

.

2020

.

Okonkwo

,

Kenneth

, and

Francis

Agu

, dirs.

Living in Bondage

.

1992

.

Okwo

,

Mildred

, dir.

La Femme Anjola

.

Audrey Silva Company

.

2021

Oluwagbemi

,

Adeola Jerry

, dir.

Countdown

.

Mount Zion Productions

.

2017

.

Oluwagbemi

,

Adeola Jerry

, dir.

One Street One Sound (OSOS)

.

Mount Zion Productions

.

2019

.

Paterson

,

Debs

, dir.

Africa United

.

2010

.

Phiri

,

Angel

, dir.

Mushala

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2019

.

Sagne

,

Marcel

.

Résolution

.

StudioCanal

.

2019

.

Sakala

,

Henry J.

, dir.

LSK Heroes

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2014

Sakala

,

Henry J.

, dir.

Street Circles

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2013

.

Sakala

,

Henry J.

, dir.

When the Curtain Falls

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2009

.

Salam

,

Shadi Abdel

, dir.

Al Mummia

.

General Egyptian Cinema Organisation/ Merchant Ivory Productions

.

1969

.

Salam

,

Shadi Abdel

, dir.

The Eloquent Peasant

.

Arab Egyptian Films

.

1969

.

Sasore

,

Bodunrin

, dir.

God Calling

.

Heart in Motion Pictures

.

2018

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

AloeVera

.

Canal+, Gravelroad Distribution

.

2020

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Hi-MUMMY

.

2014

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Keteke

.

2017

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Master and 3 Maids

.

OldFilm Productions

.

2016

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Percher

.

2013

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

Sidechic Gang

.

2018

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, dir.

The Traveller

.

2014

.

Sedufia

,

Peter

, and

Kofi

Asamoah

, dirs.

Away Bus

.

2019

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

, dir.

Borom Sarret

.

1963

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

, dir.

La noire de … /Black Girl

.

1966

.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

Mpali

.

Zambezi Magic Production

.

2018

–.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

Njila: The Phase

.

Zambezi Magic

.

2016

–2019.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

Njila: The Phase

.

Zambezi Magic

.

2019

.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

The Red Bag

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2014

.

Sibbuku

,

Frank N.

, dir.

The Vanguards

.

Muvi Television Limited

.

2010

.

Sinclair

,

Ingrid

, dir.

Flame

.

1996

.

Stormzy featuring Ed Sheeran and

Burna

Boy

. “

Own It

.” Directed by

Nathan James

Tettey

. Music video.

2019

.

Sy

,

Kalista

, dir.

Maîtresse d'un homme marié

(Mistress of a Married Man). Marodi TV.

2019

–20.

Sy

,

Kalista

, dir.

Yaay 2.0

.

Kalista Productions

.

2022

.

Tafesse

,

Moges

, dir.

Kuragnaye/Enchained

.

Synergy Habesha Films

.

2019

.

Thompson

,

Lawrence

, dir.

Kabanana

.

Picture Perfect Productions/Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation

.

2001

–2004.

Thompson

,

Lawrence

, dir.

Makofi

.

Zambezi Magic Production

.

2021

.

Thompson

,

Lawrence

, dir.

Turn of Fortune

.

Centripetal Media

.

2019

.

Towey

,

Chris

, and

Leah

Warshawski

, dirs.

Finding Hillywood

.

2013

.

Traoré

,

Apolline

, dir.

Desrances

.

Orange Studio, Les Films Selmon, and Araucania Films

.

2019

.

Tutu

,

Mpho Osei

, dir.

Zone 14

.

Bomb Film/The Bomb Shelter

.

2018

.

Ugah

,

Adze

,

Thabang

Moleya

,

Amanda

Lane

,

Catherine

Stewart

, and

Neil

Sundstrom

, dirs.

Jacob's Cross

.

Bomb Film/The Bomb Shelter

.

2007

–13.

Vundla

,

Mfundi

.

Generations

.

1993

.

Weaver

,

Lloyd

, dir.

I Need to Know

.

Nigerian Television Authority Network

.

1997

–2002.

West

,

Kanye

. “

Ultralight Beam

.” Track 1 on

The Life of Pablo

.

2016

.

References

Adamu

,

Abdalla Uba

.

2010

. “

Islam, Hausa Culture, and Censorship in Northern Nigerian Video Film

.” In

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and Nollywood Video Revolution

, edited by

Mahir

Saul

and

Ralph

Austen

,

11

–

25

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Adejunmobi

,

Jonathan Adegoke

.

1974

. “

The Development of Radio Broadcasting in Nigeria, West Africa

.” Master's thesis.

North Texas State University

. Accessed

December

10

,

2020

. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663486/m2/1/high_res_d/1002773656-Adejunmobi.pdf.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2007

. “

Nigerian Film as Minor Transnational Practice

.”

Postcolonial Text

3

(

2

):

1

–

16

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2011

. “

Nollywood, Globalization and Regional Media Corporations in Africa

.”

Popular Communication

9

(

2

):

67

–

78

. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2011.562101.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2014

. “

Evolving Nollywood Template for Minor Transnational Film

.”

Black Camera

5

(

2

):

74

–

94

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2015

. “

African Film's Televisual Turn

.”

Cinema Journal

54

(

2

):

120

–

25

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2016

. “

African Media Studies and Marginality at the Center

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

125

–

39

.

Adejunmobi

,

Moradewun

.

2019

. “

Streaming Quality, Streaming Cinema

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmella

Garritano

,

219

–

43

.

New York

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Adepoju

,

Adunola

.

2005

. “

Sexuality Education in Nigeria: Evolution, Challenges and Prospects

.” Understanding Human Sexuality Seminar Series 3.

Lagos

:

Africa Regional Sexuality Resource Centre

. Accessed

December

10

,

2019

. http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/uhsss/adepoju_sexed.pdf.

Aderinsola

,

Ajao

.

2019

. “

Un demi-siècle en dents de scie/A Checkered Half-Century

.”

Awotele: La revue the ciné panafricaine

12

:

34

–

35

.

Adom

,

Kwame

.

2016

. “

Tackling Informal Entrepreneurship in Ghana: A Critical Analysis of the Dualist/Modernist Policy Approach, Some Evidence from Accra

.”

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business

28

(

2/3

):

216

–

33

. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.076640.

AFP Relaxnews

.

2020

. “

Netflix Doubles Down on Efforts to Tap African Market

.”

INQUIRER.net

,

October

10

. https://business.inquirer.net/309352/netflix-doubles-down-on-efforts-to-tap-african-market#ixzz6v6dA3W2c.

AfriqueITNews

.

2013

. “

Marodi.tv, futur concurrent de Youtube en Afrique?

”

October

6

. https://afriqueitnews.com/interviews/marodi-tv-futur-concurrent-youtube-en-afrique/.

Agamben

,

Giorgio

.

2009

. “

What Is the Contemporary?”

In

What Is an Apparatus? And Other Essays

, translated by

David

Kishik

and

Stefan

Pedatella

,

39

–

54

.

Stanford, CA

:

Stanford University Press

.

Agina

,

Añulika

.

2019

. “

Cinema-Going in Lagos: Three Locations, One Film, One Weekend

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

32

(

2

):

131

–

45

. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2019.1615871.

Agina

,

Añulika

.

2021

. “

Netflix and the Transnationalization of Nollywood

.” From

New Filmic Geographies

, edited by

Suzanne

Enzerink

.

Post 45

,

April

13

. https://post45.org/2021/04/netflix-and-the-transnationalization-of-nollywood/.

Agina

,

Añulika

.

2022

. “

Nigerian Film Audiences on the Internet: Influences, Preferences and Contentions

.” In

Routledge Handbook of African Popular Culture

, edited by

Grace

Musila

,

237

–

59

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Agina

,

Añulika

, and

Vinzenz

Hediger

.

2020

. “

Nollywood and Netflix's Burgeoning Relationship

.”

Nation Online

,

December

1

. https://thenationonlineng.net/nollywood-and-netflixs-burgeoning-relationship/.

Ajibade

,

Babson

.

2013

. “

Nigerian Videos and Their Imagined Western Audiences: The Limits of Nollywood's Transnationality

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

264

–

84

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Akingbe

,

Niyi

, and

Paul Ayodele

Onanuga

.

2020

. “

‘Voicing Protest’: Performing Cross-Cultural Revolt in Gambino's ‘This Is America’ and Falz's ‘This Is Nigeria.’

”

Contemporary Music Review

39

(

1

):

6

–

36

. https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2020.1753473.

Akomfrah

,

John

, and

Juan

Canela

.

2018

. “

John Akomfrah ‘Purple’ at Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid: John Akomfrah in Conversation with Juan Canela

.”

Mousse Magazine

,

February

20

. https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/john-akomfrah-juan-canela-2018/.

Akwei

,

Ismail

.

2017

. “

Sex Education in Schools Sparks Debate in Conservative Nigeria

.”

Africa News

, accessed

July

7

,

2021

. https://www.africanews.com/2017/08/15/sex-education-in-schools-sparks-debate-in-conservative-nigeria/.

Alexander

,

Neta

.

2016

. “

Catered to Your Future Self: Netflix's ‘Predictive Personalization’ and the Mathematization of Taste

.” In

The Netflix Effect: Technology and Entertainment in the 21st Century

, edited by

Kevin

McDonald

and

Daniel

Smith-Rowsey

,

81

–

98

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Al-Hassan

,

Ramatu

, and

Xinshen

Diao

.

2007

. “

Regional Disparities in Ghana: Policy Options and Public Investment Implications

.” IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00693.

Accra

:

International Food Policy Research Institute

.

Allman

,

Jean Marie

.

2004a

. “

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

.” In

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

, edited by

Jean Marie

Allman

,

1

–

10

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Allman

,

Jean Marie

.

2004b

. “

‘Let Your Fashion Be in Line with Our Ghanaian Costume’: Nation, Gender, and the Politics of Clothing in Nkrumah's Ghana

.” In

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

, edited by

Jean Marie

Allman

,

144

–

65

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Andrade-Watkins

,

Claire

.

1996

. “

France's Bureau of Cinema–Financial and Technical Assistance, 1961–1977: Operations and Implications for African Cinema” [1990]. Rpt

. In

African Experiences of Cinema

, edited by

Imruh

Bakari

and

Mbye

Cham

,

112

–

27

.

London

:

British Film Institute

.

Andrews

,

Samuel Samiái

.

2020

. “

Netflix Naija: Creative Freedom in Nigeria's Emerging Digital Space?

”

The Conversation

,

March

19

. https://theconversation.com/netflix-naija-creative-freedom-in-nigerias-emerging-digital-space-133252.

Ang

,

Ien

.

1991

.

Desperately Seeking the Audience

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Apata

,

Kolade

, and

Lukuman

Azeez

.

2019

. “

Motivations for Engaging in Radio Phone-In Programmes among Radio Users in Osogbo

.”

New Media and Mass Communication

81

:

36

–

44

. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/NMMC/article/view/48348.

Appiah

,

Kwame Anthony

.

1991

. “

Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post- in Postcolonial?

”

Critical Inquiry

17

(

2

):

336

–

57

.

Appiah

,

Kwame Anthony

.

2006

.

Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers

.

London

:

Penguin

.

Arnold

,

Gina

.

2017

. “

Why Psy? Music Videos and the Global Market

.” In

Music/Video: Histories, Aesthetics, Media

, edited by

Gina

Arnold

,

Daniel

Cookney

,

Kirsty

Fairclough

, and

Michael N.

Goddard

,

245

–

54

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Arnold

,

Gina

,

Daniel

Cookney

,

Kirsty

Fairclough

, and

Michael N.

Goddard

.

2017

. “

Introduction: The Persistence of the Music Video Form from MTV to Twenty-First Century Social Media

.” In

Music/Video: Histories, Aesthetics, Media

, edited by

Gina

Arnold

,

Daniel

Cookney

,

Kirsty

Fairclough

, and

Michael N.

Goddard

,

1

–

13

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Arsenal

.

2015

. “

La zerda et les chants de l'oubli

.” Accessed

January

4

,

2022

. http://films.arsenal-berlin.de/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/1282/lang/en_US#.

Au Sénégal

.

2018

. “

Les web TV veulent changer le visage médiatique au Sénégal

.”

December

5

. https://www.au-senegal.com/les-web-tv-veulent-changer-le-visage-mediatique-au-senegal,15532.html?lang=fr.

Auslander

,

Philip

.

2008

.

Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture

.

Abingdon, UK

:

Routledge

.

Aveh

,

M. Africanus

.

2020

. “

FESPACO—Promoting African Film Development and Scholarship

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

117

–

28

.

Ayenalem

,

Seblewongiel

.

2015

. “

Causes and Consequences of Sexual Abuse and Resilience Factors in Housemaids Working in Addis Ababa: A Qualitative Inquiry

.”

Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences

1

(

1

):

24

–

38

.

Bâ

,

Saër Maty

, and

Kate E.

Taylor-Jones

.

2012

. “

Affective Passions: The Dancing Female Body and Colonial Rupture in Zouzou (1934) and Karmen Geï (2001)

.” In

De-Westernizing Film Studies

, edited by

Saër Maty

Bâ

and

Will

Higbee

,

53

–

66

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Bachmann-Medick

,

Doris

.

2016

.

Cultural Turns: New Orientations in the Study of Culture

.

Berlin

:

De Gruyter

.

Bakari

,

Imruh

.

2020

. “

Towards Reframing FESPACO

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

289

–

300

.

Bamiloye

,

Mike

.

2013

. “

African Drama Missions

.”

Mount Zion Faith Ministries Newsletter

,

1

–

12

.

Banda

,

Fackson

.

2009

. “

Zambia—Teaming Up for Public Interest Communication

.” In

Beyond Broadcasting: The Future of State-Owned Broadcasters in Southern Africa

, edited by

Guy

Berger

,

45

–

68

.

Windhoek

:

Fesmedia Africa and

FES.

Banerjee

,

Abhijit

,

Eliana La

Ferrara

, and

Victor Hugo

Orozco-Olvera

.

2019

. “

The Entertaining Way to Behavioral Change: Fighting HIV with MTV (English)

.” Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 8998, World Bank Group,

Washington, DC

. Accessed

December

10

,

2019

. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/518151568049461993/The-Entertaining-Way-to-Behavioral-Change-Fighting-HIV-with-MTV.

Banks

,

Mark

, and

Justin

O'Connor

.

2021

. “

A Plague upon Your Howling: Art and Culture in the Viral Emergency

.”

Cultural Trends

30

(

1

):

3

–

18

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

1982

. “

Popular Reactions to the Petro-Naira

.”

Journal of Modern African Studies

20

(

3

):

431

–

50

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

1987

. “

Popular Arts in Africa

.”

African Studies Review

30

(

3

):

1

–

78

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

1997

. “

Preliminary Notes on the Audience in Africa

.”

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

67

(

3

):

347

–

62

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

2000

.

The Generation of Plays: Yorùbá Popular Life in Theater

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Barber

,

Karin

.

2022

. “

Foreword

.” In

Routledge Handbook of African Popular Culture

, edited by

Grace

Musila

,

xv

–

xx

.

Abingdon

:

Routledge

.

Barlet

,

Olivier

.

2000

.

African Cinemas: Decolonizing the Gaze

.

London

:

Zed Books

.

Barlet

,

Olivier

.

2020

. “

FESPACO 2019: Moving toward Resurrection

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

320

–

36

.

Barnard

,

Alan

.

2000

.

History and Theory in Anthropology

.

Cambridge

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Barnett

,

Michael

.

2005

. “

The Many Faces of Rasta: Doctrinal Diversity within the Rastafari Movement

.”

Caribbean Quarterly

51

(

2

):

67

–

78

.

Bastian

,

Misty L.

1996

. “

Female ‘Alhajis’ and Entrepreneurial Fashions: Flexible Identities in Southeastern Nigerian Clothing Practice

.” In

Clothing and Difference: Embodied Identities in Colonial and Post-colonial Africa

, edited by

Hildi

Hendrickson

,

97

–

132

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Bayala

,

Marie-Laurentine

.

2019

. “

FESPACO: The Locomotive Driving Burkinabe Cinema for 50 Years

.”

Awotele: La revue ciné panafricaine

12

:

9

.

BBC World Service Trust

.

2009

.

Ten Stories of Change

.

London

:

BBC World Service Trust

. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b5440f0b64974000ac2/trust_at_10_web.pdf.

Becker

,

Heiki

.

2013

. “

Nollywood in Urban Southern Africa: Nigerian Video Films and Their Audiences in Cape Town and Windhoek

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

179

–

98

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Benstock

,

Shari

.

2006

. “

Afterword

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

253

–

56

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Benyah

,

Francis

.

2019

. “

Church Branding and Self-Packaging: The Mass Media and African Pentecostal Missionary Strategy

.”

Journal of Religion in Africa

48

(

3

):

1

–

24

.

Bernstorff

,

Madeleine

.

2013

. “

Let a Hundred Living Archives Bloom!”

Arsenal Berlin

. Accessed

January

4

,

2022

. https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/living-archive/projects/living-archive-archive-work-as-a-contenporary-artistic-and-curatorial-practice/individual-projects/madeleine-bernstorff.html.

Bhabha

,

Homi

.

1994

.

The Location of Culture

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Bisschoff

,

Lizelle

.

2012

. “

The Emergence of Women's Film-making in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: From Pioneering Figures to Contemporary Directors

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

4

(

2

):

157

–

73

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac.4.2.157_1.

Bisschoff

,

Lizelle

.

2017

. “

The Future Is Digital: An Introduction to African Digital Arts

.”

Critical African Studies

9

(

3

):

261

–

67

. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681392.2017.1376506.

Bisschoff

,

Lizelle

, and

Stefanie

Van de Peer

.

2020

.

Women in African Cinema: Beyond the Body Politic

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Blaser

,

Mario

, and

Marisol

de la Cadena

.

2018

. “

Introduction: Pluriverse: Proposals for a World of Many Worlds

.” In

A World of Many Worlds

, edited by

Marisol

de la Cadena

and

Mario

Blaser

,

1

–

22

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Böhme

,

Claudia

.

2013

. “

Bloody Bricolages: Traces of Nollywood in Tanzanian Video Films

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

327

–

46

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Boni

,

Marta

.

2017

. “

Introduction: Worlds, Today

.” In

World Building: Transmedia, Fans, Industries

, edited by

Marta

Boni

,

9

–

27

.

Amsterdam

:

Amsterdam University Press

.

Bourdieu

,

Pierre

.

1984

.

Distinction

.

London

:

Routledge and Kegan Paul

.

Bourdieu

,

Pierre

.

1994

. “

Structures, Habitus and Practices

.” In

The Polity Reader in Social Theory

, edited by

Polity

Press

,

95

–

110

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Brown

,

Matthew H.

2016

. “

African Screen Media Studies: Immediacy, Modernization, and Informal Forms

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

140

–

58

.

Bruno

,

Giuliana

.

2014

.

Surface: Matters of Aesthetics, Materiality, and Media

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Brunson

,

James

, III.

2011

. “

Showing, Seeing: Hip-Hop, Visual Culture, and the Show-and-Tell Performance

.”

Black History Bulletin

74

(

1

):

6

–

12

.

Bryce

,

Jane

.

2013

. “

TEN ‘African Movies’ in Barbados: Proximate Experiences of Fear and Desire

.” In

Global Nollywood. The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

223

–

44

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Buchsbaum

,

Jonathan

.

2015

. “

Militant Third World Film Distribution in the United States, 1970–1980

.”

Revue Canadienne D’Études Cinématographiques / Canadian Journal of Film Studies

24

(

2

):

51

–

65

.

Buckland

,

Warren

.

2020

. “

The Wes Anderson Brand: New Sincerity across Media

.” In

Transmedia Directors: Artistry, Industry and New Audiovisual Aesthetics

, edited by

Carol

Vernallis

,

Holly

Rogers

, and

Lisa

Perrott

,

19

–

34

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Bud

,

Alexander

.

2014

. “

The End of Nollywood's Guilded Age? Marketers, the State and the Struggle for Distribution

.”

Critical African Studies

6

(

1

):

91

–

121

.

Bud

,

Alexander

.

2019

. “

In Search of the Nigerian Pastoral: Nollywood and the Nigerian Creative-Industrial System

.” PhD diss.,

The Open University

.

Bud

,

Alexander

.

2021

. “

Squandermania or Nigerian Urban Renaissance? Houses, Hotels and Nollywood in an African Creative Economy

.”

Anthropologie & développement

52

:

29

–

49

.

Burns

,

Lori

, and

Stan

Hawkins

.

2019

. “

Introduction: Undertaking Music Video Analysis

.” In

The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Analysis

, edited by

Lori A.

Burns

and

Stan

Hawkins

,

1

–

10

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury Academic

.

Capraru

,

Jennifer H.

, and

Kim

Solga

.

2013

. “

Performing Survival in the Global City: Theatre ISOKO's The Monument

.” In

Performance and the Global City

, edited by

D. J.

Hopkins

and

Kim

Solga

,

40

–

60

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Caputi

,

Jane

, and

Lauri

Sagle

.

2004

. “

Femme Noire: Dangerous Women of Color in Popular Film and Television

.”

Race, Gender and Class

11

(

2

):

90

–

111

.

Carus

,

Paul

.

1905

. “

The Conception of the Soul and the Belief in Resurrection among the Egyptians

.”

The Monist

15

(

3

):

409

–

28

.

Chávez

,

Christopher A.

, and

Ashley

Cordes

.

2018

. “

Selling Subversion: An African City and the Promise of Online Television

.”

Television and New Media

19

(

3

):

191

–

207

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476417712458.

Christensen

,

Clayton M.

,

Michael E.

Raynor

, and

Rory

McDonald

.

2015

. “

What Is Disruptive Innovation?

”

Harvard Business Review

,

December

. https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation.

Chukwuezi

,

Barth

.

2001

. “

Through Thick and Thin: Igbo Rural-Urban Circularity, Identity and Investment

.”

Journal of Contemporary African Studies

19

(

1

):

56

–

66

.

Chutel

,

Lynsey

.

2019

. “

One of Africa's Most Influential Film Festivals Has Survived DVDs and Now Terrorism

.”

Quartz Africa

,

February

21

. https://qz.com/africa/1556071/fespaco-burkina-faso-film-festival-celebrates-50-years/.

Cieplak

,

Piotr A.

2008

. “

Hooray for Hillywood

.”

Sight and Sound

18

(

7

):

9

.

Cieplak

,

Piotr A.

2009

. “

Image and Memory: An Interview with Eric Kabera

.”

French Cultural Studies

20

(

2

):

199

–

208

.

Cieplak

,

Piotr A.

2010

. “

Alternative African Cinemas: A Case Study of Rwanda

.”

Journal of African Media Studies

2

(

1

):

73

–

90

.

Cieplak

,

Piotr

.

2017

.

Death, Image, Memory: The Genocide in Rwanda and Its Aftermath in Photography and Documentary Film

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Clark

,

Ebun

.

1979

.

Hubert Ogunde: The Making of Nigerian Theatre

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Clarke

,

Robert

, and

Mark

Merlin

.

2013

.

Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

CNRA

.

2019

. “

DÉCISION Nº0001 / Traitement plainte contre le téléfilm ‘La Maîtresse d'un homme marié.’

”

March

30

. http://www.cnra.sn/do/decision-n0001-traitement-plainte-contre-le-telefilm-la-maitresse-dun-homme-marie/.

Conquergood

,

Dwight

.

2013

.

Cultural Struggles: Performance. Ethnography, Praxis

. Edited by

E. Patrick

Johnson

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Cooley

,

Heidi Rae

.

2014

. “

It's All about the Fit: The Hand, the Mobile Screenic Device and Tactile Vision

.”

Journal of Visual Culture

3

(

2

):

133

–

55

.

Courtois

,

Cédric

, and

Pieter

Verdegem

.

2016

. “

With a Little Help from My Friends: An Analysis of the Role of Social Support in Digital Inequalities

.”

New Media and Society

18

(

8

):

1508

–

27

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562162.

Craik

,

Jennifer

.

2003

. “

The Cultural Politics of the Uniform

.”

Fashion Theory

7

(

2

):

127

–

47

.

Cropper

,

Tom

.

2009

. “

Hillywood Dreams

.”

New Internationalist

,

November

6

. https://newint.org/features/special/2009/11/06/hillywood-dreams.

Cunningham

,

Stuart

, and

Jon

Silver

.

2013

.

Screen Distribution and the New King Kongs of the Online World

.

New York

:

Palgrave Pivot

.

Curtin

,

Michael

, and

Kevin

Sanson

, eds.

2016

.

Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Daadaoui

,

Mohamed

.

2011

.

Moroccan Monarchy and the Islamist Challenge

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Dallas

,

Paul

.

2017

. “

Kahlil Joseph on Sound, Silence and Spirituality

.”

Extra Extra: Nouveau Magazine Erotique

9

:

134

–

53

.

DataReportal

.

2020

. “

Digital 2020: Senegal

.”

February

18

. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-senegal.

Dauge-Roth

,

Alexandre

.

2010

.

Writing and Filming the Genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda: Dismembering and Remembering Traumatic History

.

Lanham, MD

:

Lexington Books

.

Dauge-Roth

,

Alexandre

.

2017

. “

Conferring Visibility on Trauma within Rwanda's National Reconciliation: Kivu Ruhorahoza's Disturbing and Salutary Camera

.” In

Scars and Wounds: Film and Legacies of Trauma

, edited by

Nick

Hodgin

and

Amit

Thakkar

,

77

–

100

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Debuysere

,

Stoffel

.

2020

, “Out

of the Shadows: The Pioneering Work of Atteyat Al-Abnoudy, Assia Djebar, Jocelyne Saab, Heiny Srour

.” Courtisane Festival. Accessed

January

3

,

2022

. https://www.courtisane.be/en/section/out-of-the-shadows-0.

De Kosnik

,

Abigail

.

2013

. “

Fandom as Free Labor

.” In

Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory

, edited by

Trebor

Scholz

,

98

–

111

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

de Valck

,

Marijke

.

2014

. “

Supporting Art Cinema at a Time of Commercialization: Principles and Practices, the Case of the International Film Festival Rotterdam

.”

Poetics

42

(

February

):

40

–

59

. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2013.11.004.

DeVeaux

,

Scott

.

1991

. “

Constructing the Jazz Tradition: Jazz Historiography

.”

Black American Literature Forum

25

(

3

):

525

–

60

.

de Villiers

,

James

.

2019

. “

Multichoice Plans to Make 52 Local Movies the Next Year—And Saw Streaming Subscriber Double

.” News24,

June

22

. https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/multichoice-netflix-showmax-dstv-dtsv-now-local-movies-streaming-service-naspers-2019–6.

Diallo

,

Ibrahima

.

2016

. “

‘Wiri Wiri,’ la série sénégalaise qui a détrôné les telenovelas dans les foyers dakarois

.”

Le360afrique.com

,

December

20

. http://afrique.le360.ma/senegal/culture/2016/12/20/8396-wiri-wiri-la-serie-senegalaise-qui-detrone-les-telenovelas-dans-les-foyers-dakarois-8396.

Diawara

,

Manthia

.

2006

. “

Troubling the Waters: A Conversation with Manthia Diawara.” Interview by Audret McCluskey

.

Black Camera

21

(

1

): 1–2,

9

–

10

.

Diawara

,

Manthia

.

2010

.

African Film: New Forms of Aesthetics and Politics

.

Munich

:

Prestel

.

Dickinson

,

K.

,

N.

Djedouani

,

J.

El Tahri

,

A.

Essafi

,

O.

Haddouchi

,

S.

Jubara

,

M.

Maurer

,

M.

Nasr Eldien

,

E.

Rongen-Kaynakçi

,

R.

Salti

, and

M.

Yaqubi

.

2019

. “

Liberate the Image

” Manifesto. Documentary Convention,

Leipzig, Germany

,

April

2019

. https://documentary-convention.org/archive-manifesto-liberate-the-image/.

Dieng

,

Rama

, ed.

2021

.

Féminismes africains, une histoire décoloniale

.

Paris

:

Présence Africaine

.

Dila

,

Dilman

.

2017a

. “

Cursed Widow Blues

.” Uploaded by Dilstories. YouTube. Accessed

December

19

,

2018

. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gOnhZbZOKU.

Dila

,

Dilman

.

2017b

. “

How to Start a Zombie Apocalypse

.” Uploaded by Dilstories. YouTube. Accessed

December

19

,

2018

. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnJob5gW9B0.

Dione

,

Ibrahima

.

2019

. “

Senegal: Where Local Soap Operas Outshine Foreign Telenovelas

.” APA News,

September

11

. http://apanews.net/en/news/senegal-where-local-soap-operas-outshine-foreign-telenovelas.

Dipio

,

Dominica

.

2014

.

Gender Terrains in African Cinema

.

Pretoria

:

Unisa Press

.

Doane

,

Mary Ann

.

1991

. “

Film and the Masquerade: Theorising the Female Spectator

.” In

Femmes Fatales: Feminism, Film Theory, Psychoanalysis

,

17

–

32

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2010

. “

African Film and Video: Pleasure, Politics, Performance

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

22

(

1

):

1

–

6

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2012

. “

New Looks: The Rise of African Women Filmmakers

.”

Feminist Africa

16:

18

–

36

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2015a

. “

‘Bergman in Uganda’: Ugandan Veejays, Swedish Pirates, and the Political Value of Live Adaptation

.” In

The Politics of Adaptation: Media Convergence and Ideology

, edited by

Dan

Hassler-Forest

and

Pascal

Nicklas

,

99

–

113

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2015b

.

Curating Africa in the Age of Film Festivals

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2015c

. “

Through the Eye of a Film Festival: Toward a Curatorial and Spectator Centered Approach to the Study of African Screen Media

.”

Cinema Journal

54

(

2

):

126

–

32

. https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.2015.0005.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2018

. “

Entertaining Africans: Creative Innovation in the (Internet) Television Space

.”

Media Industries

5

(

2

):

94

–

110

. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mij.15031809.0005.206.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2020

. “

African Film Festivals in Africa: Curating ‘African Audiences’ for ‘African Films.’

”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

12

–

47

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2023

. “

Intermediality in Academia: Creative Research through Film

.”

Arts

12

(

4

):

1

–

12

. https://www.mdpi.com/2076–0752/12/4/169.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

.

2025

. “

Transforming Documentary Film Cultures in East Africa: Judy Kibinge and Docubox

.” In

Women and Global Documentary

, edited by

Najmeh

Moradiyan Rizi

and

Shilyh

Warren

,

27

–

50

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Dovey

,

Lindiwe

, and

Estrella

Sendra Fernandez

.

2023

. “

Towards Decolonised Film Festival Worlds

.” In

Rethinking Film Festivals in the Pandemic Era and After

, edited by

Marijke

de Valck

and

Antoine

Damiens

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

. E-book.

Dupré

,

Colin

.

2012

.

Le Fespaco, une affaire d’État(s)

.

Paris

:

L'Harmattan

.

Dupré

,

Colin

.

2020

. “

FESPACO Film Festival

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

282

–

86

.

Dy

,

Angela Martinez

,

Susan

Marlow

, and

Lee

Martin

.

2017

. “

A Web of Opportunity or the Same Old Story? Women Digital Entrepreneurs and Intersectionality Theory

.”

Human Relations

70

(

3

):

286

–

311

. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716650730.

Ebelebe

,

Ugo Ben

.

2017

. “

Reinventing Nollywood: The Impact of Online Funding and Distribution on the Nigerian Cinema

.”

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

25

(

3

):

1

–

13

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517735792.

Edmonds

,

Enis Barrington

.

2003

.

Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Edmonds

,

Ennis Barrington

.

2012

.

Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

.

Edwards

,

Matthew

, ed.

2018

.

The Rwandan Genocide on Film: Critical Essays and Interviews

.

Jefferson, NC

:

McFarland

.

Edwards

,

Paul N.

,

Lisa

Gitelman

,

Gabrielle

Hecht

,

Adrien

Johns

,

Brian

Larkin

, and

Neil

Safier

.

2011

. “

AHR Conversation: Historical Perspectives on the Circulation of Information

.”

American Historical Review

116

(

5

):

1393

–

435

.

Ekwok

,

Lawrence

.

2017

. “

Women as Tireless Goddesses, Super-humans and Geniuses in the African Alternative Cinema

.”

International Journal of Information and Communication Sciences

2

(

5

):

68

–

74

.

El Echi

,

Sadar

, and

Ly

Aïssatou

.

2019

. “

Regard au féminin

.”

Le pays

(

Burkina Faso

),

March

1

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2000

.

Sisters of the Screen: Women of Africa on Film, Video and Television

.

Trenton, NJ

:

Africa World Press

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2015

. “

Teaching African Women in Cinema: Part One

.”

Black Camera

7

(

1

):

251

–

61

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2016

. “

Teaching African Women in Cinema: Part Two

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

217

–

33

.

Ellerson

,

Beti

.

2020

. “

Fifty Years of Women's Engagement at FESPACO

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

246

–

54

.

Entwistle

,

Joanne

.

2000

.

The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress, and Modern Social Theory

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Ezepue

,

Ezinne

.

2020

. “

The New Nollywood: Professionalization or Gentrification of Cultural Industry

.”

SAGE Open

10

(

3

):

1

–

10

.

Fabian

,

Johannes

.

2014

.

Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Fair

,

Laura

.

2018

.

Reel Pleasures: Cinema Audiences and Entrepreneurs in Twentieth-Century Urban Tanzania

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Fanon

,

Frantz

.

2008

.

Black Skin, White Masks

.

London

:

Pluto Press

.

Ferreira

,

Thinus

.

2015

. “

DStv Adds New Channel for Southern Africa Viewers

.” Channel24. Accessed

March

23

,

2020

. https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/DStv-adds-new-channel-for-Southern-Africa-viewers-20150701.

Ferriss

,

Suzanne

, and

Mallory

Young

.

2006

.

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Field

,

Allyson

,

Jan-Christopher

Horak

, and

Jacqueline Najuma

Stewart

.

2015

.

L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

FilmOne Entertainment

.

2020

. “

Cinema Count: Angolophone West Africa

.”

Nigeria Box Office Year Book 2020

. Accessed

August

13

,

2024

. http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/kumi/#p=12.

Forman

,

Murray

.

2011

. “

‘Represent’: Race, Space and Place in Rap Music

.”

Popular Music

19

(

1

):

65

–

90

.

Forrest

,

Adam

.

2018

. “

This Is Nigeria Parody Banned in Nigeria

.”

Independent

,

August

16

. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/this-is-nigeria-ban-video-falz-childish-gambino-a8494861.html.

Fouad

,

Ahmed

.

2019

. “

Will Netflix Boost Stagnant Local TV Industry?

”

New African

597

:

58

–

59

.

Frassinelli

,

Pier Paolo

.

2019

. “

Africa's Top Film Festival Celebrates 50 Years: What's to Celebrate, and Learn

.”

The Conversation

,

March

18

. https://theconversation.com/africas-top-film-festival-celebrates-50-years-whats-to-celebrate-and-learn-113393.

Frassinelli

,

Pier Paolo

.

2021

. “

Joburg without Joburg: The Black South African Romcom

.”

Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies

47

(

1

):

37

–

52

.

Freeland

,

Cynthia A.

2018

.

The Naked and the Undead: Evil and the Appeal of Horror

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Ganti

,

Tejaswini

.

2012

.

Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Garritano

,

Carmela

.

2008

. “

Contesting Authenticities: The Emergence of Local Video Production in Ghana

.”

Critical Arts

22

(

1

):

21

–

48

. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560040802166219.

Garritano

,

Carmela

.

2013

.

African Video Movies and Global Desires: A Ghanaian History

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Gibson

,

James J.

1979

.

The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception

.

Boston

:

Houghton Mifflin

.

Gibson

,

Sarah

.

2018

. “

The Landscapes and Aesthetics of Soap Opera: Townships, Television and Tourism

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

10

(

1–2

):

95

–

110

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac.10.1–2.95_1.

Girma

,

Mohammed

.

2012

.

Understanding Religion and Social Change in Ethiopia: Toward a Hermeneutic of Covenant

.

Basingstoke UK

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Givanni

,

June

, ed.

2000

.

Symbolic Narratives / African Cinema: Audiences, Theory and the Moving Image

.

London

:

British Film Institute

.

Gleason

,

Benjamin

.

2018

. “

Thinking in Hashtags: Exploring Teenagers’ New Literacies Practices on Twitter

.”

Learning, Media and Technology

43

(

2

):

165

–

80

.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1462207

.

Goodwin

,

Andrew

.

1992

.

Dancing in the Distraction Factory: Music Television and Popular Culture

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Goyal

,

Pawan

.

2014

. “

Hashtags on Twitter: Linguistic Aspects, Popularity Prediction and Information Diffusion

.” Presentation to Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kharagpur, India

,

July

24–28

. Accessed

December

5

,

2019

. https://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~pawang/courses/SC14/lec3.pdf.

Gqola

,

Pumla

.

2010

.

What Is Slavery to Me? Postcolonial / Slave Memory in Post-apartheid South Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Green-Simms

,

Lindsey

.

2010

. “

The Return of the Mercedes: From Ousmane Sembène to Kenneth Nnebue

.” In

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and Nollywood Video Revolution

, edited by

Mahir

Saul

and

Ralph A.

Austen

,

209

–

24

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Griffin

,

Cynthia E.

2013

. “

Midtown Bowl Closing Its Doors after 52 Years

.”

Our Weekly Los Angeles

,

June

20

. http://ourweekly.com/news/2013/jun/20/midtown-bowl-closing-its-doors-after-52-years/.

Guerrero

,

Lisa A.

2006

. “

‘Sistahs Are Doin’ It for Themselves’: Chick Lit in Black and White

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

87

–

101

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Gueye

,

Marame

.

2019

. “

Senegal's Fear of Outspoken Women

.”

Africa Is a Country

,

January

4

. https://africasacountry.com/2019/04/senegals-fear-of-outspoken-women.

Guma

,

Prince Karakire

.

2017

. “

Feminism: How Women in Uganda Are Shaping the Way We Think about Sex and Politics

.” In

Research on Gender and Sexualities in Africa

, edited by

Jane

Bennett

and

Sylvia

Tamale

,

133

–

51

.

Dakar

:

Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa

(CODESRIA).

Hall

,

Peter Geoffrey

.

1998

.

Cities in Civilization

.

New York

:

Pantheon Books

.

Hallam

,

Elizabeth

, and

Tim

Ingold

.

2007

.

Creativity and Cultural Improvisation

.

Oxford

:

Berg

.

Hamlet

,

Janice D.

2011

. “

Word! The African American Oral Tradition and Its Rhetorical Impact on American Popular Culture

.”

Black History Bulletin

74

(

1

):

27

–

31

.

Harding

,

Frances

.

2007

. “

Appearing Fabu-lous: From Tender Romance to Horrifying Sex

.”

Film International

5

(

4

):

10

–

19

.

Harrop

,

Peter

, and

Aboneh

Ashagrie

.

1984

.

A Preliminary Investigation of Dramatic Elements within Traditional Ceremonies among the Anuak, Majengo, Nuer and Shanko Nationalities of Illubador Administrative Region

.

Addis Ababa

:

Addis Ababa University Press

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

2013

.

Trash: African Cinema from Below

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

, and

Carmela

Garritano

.

2016

. “

Women in ‘African Cinema’ and ‘Nollywood Films’: A Shift in Cinematic Regimes

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

8

(

3

):

233

–

48

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

, and

Carmela

Garritano

.

2019a

.

A Companion to African Cinema

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Harrow

,

Kenneth W.

, and

Carmela

Garritano

.

2019b

. “

Introduction: Critical Approaches to Africa's Cinema, from the Age of Liberation and Struggle to the Global, Popular, and Curatorial

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

1

–

20

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Harzewski

,

Stephanie

.

2011

.

Chick Lit and Postfeminism

.

Charlottesville

:

University of Virginia Press

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2010

. “

A Literature Review: Nigerian and Ghanaian Videos

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

22

(

1

):

105

–

20

. https://doi.org/:10.1080/13696810903488645.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2016

.

Nollywood: The Creation of Nigerian Film Genres

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2017

.

Nollywood: The Creation of Nigerian Film Genres

.

Ibadan, Nigeria

:

Bookcraft

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2018

. “

Keeping Up: The Corporatization of Nollywood's Economy and Paradigms for Studying African Screen Media

.”

Africa Today

64

(

4

):

3

–

29

. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.64.4.02.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

.

2019

. “

Between the Informal Sector and Transnational Capitalism: Transformations of Nollywood

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

244

–

68

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Haynes

,

Jonathan

, and

Onookome

Okome

.

1998

. “

Evolving Popular Media: Nigerian Video Films

.”

Research in African Literatures

29

(

3

):

106

–

28

.

Hearsum

,

Paula

, and

Ian

Inglis

.

2013

. “

The Emancipation of Music Video: YouTube and the Cultural Politics of Supply and Demand

.” In

The Oxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aesthetics

, edited by

John

Richardson

,

Claudia

Gorbman

, and

Carol

Vernallis

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press. E-book

.

Higbee

,

Will

,

Flo

Martin

, and

Jamal

Bahmad

.

2020

.

Moroccan Cinema Uncut: Decentred Voices, Transnational Perspectives

.

Edinburgh

:

Edinburgh University Press

.

Hilson

,

Gavin

,

Richard

Amankwah

, and

Grace

Ofori-Sarpong

.

2013

. “

Going for Gold: Transitional Livelihoods in Northern Ghana

.”

Journal of Modern African Studies

51

(

1

):

109

–

37

. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X12000560.

Huff

,

Quentin B.

2012

. “

A Joy to Experience: Neo-Soul Singer Bilal Oliver

.”

Pop Matters

,

January

22

. https://www.popmatters.com/152722-featuring-bilal-2495902134.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1.

Hootsuite

.

2020

.

Digital 2020 Global Overview Report

. Accessed

November

18

,

2024

. https://marketingdigital.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/datareportal20200130gd001digital2020globaldigitaloverviewjanuary2020v01-200130025629-1_compressed.pdf.

Husayn

,

S.

2009

. “

Shafiq En’ A-Free-Ka

.”

Bandcamp

:

Shafiq Husayn

.

October

6

. https://shafiqhusayn.bandcamp.com/album/shafiq-en-a-free-ka.

Independent Broadcasting Authority

.

2020

. “

About Us

.” Accessed

April

2

,

2020

. https://www.iba.org.zm/about-us/.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

1993

. “

The Temporality of the Landscape

.”

World Archaeology

25

(

2

):

152

–

74

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2007

. “

Introduction

.” In

Creativity and Cultural Improvisation

, edited by

Elizabeth

Hallam

and

Tim

Ingold

,

45

–

54

.

Oxford

:

Berg

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2008

. “

When ANT meets SPIDER: Social Theory for Arthropods

.” In

Material Agency: Towards a Non-anthropocentric Approach

, edited by

Carl

Knappett

and

Lambros

Malafouris

,

209

–

15

.

Boston

:

Springer

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2010

.

Bringing Things to Life: Creative Entanglements in a World of Materials

. NCRM Working Paper 5/10, ESRC National Centre for Research Methods,

Manchester, UK

,

July

2010

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2013

.

Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture

.

Abingdon, UK

:

Routledge

.

Ingold

,

Tim

.

2015

.

The Life of Lines

.

Abingdon, UK

:

Routledge

.

Ingold

,

Tim

, and

Cristián

Simonetti

.

2022

. “

Introducing Solid Fluids

.”

Theory, Culture & Society

39

(

2

):

3

–

29

. Published online

September

13

.

Iordanova

,

Dina

.

2012

. “

Digital Disruption: Technological Innovation and Global Film Circulation

.” In

Digital Disruption: Cinema Moves On-Line

, edited by

Dina

Iordanova

and

Stuart

Cunningham

,

1

–

31

.

ife, Scotland

:

University of St Andrews

.

Isoardi

,

Steven

.

1998

. “

Foreword

.” In

Central Avenue Sounds: Jazz in Los Angeles

, edited by

Clare

Bryant

,

Buddy

Collette

,

William

Green

,

Steven

Isoardi

,

Jack

Kelson

,

Horace

Tapscott

,

Gerald

Wilson

, and

Marl

Young

,

xv

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Izugbara

,

Chimaraoke O.

2011

. “

Sexuality and the Supernatural in Africa

.” In

African Sexualities: A Reader

, edited by

Sylvia

Tamale

,

533

–

58

.

Cape Town

:

Pambazuka Press

.

Jafa

,

Arthur

.

1992

. “

69

.” In

Black Popular Culture

, edited by

Gina

Dent

,

249

–

54

.

Seattle

:

Bay Press

.

Jafa

,

Arthur

.

2016

. “

Arthur Jafa in Conversation with Hans Ulrich Obrist: Los Angeles, 2016

.” Serpentine Galleries Archive. Accessed

March

24

,

2021

. https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/files/downloads/arthur_jafa_in_conversation.pdf.

Jaishree

,

S.

, and

S.

Krishnakumar

.

2020

. “

The Rhetoric and Reality of Women in the Unorganised Sector—A Study on Housemaids in Chennai

.”

Studies in India Place Names

40

(

48

):

238

–

45

.

Jaji

,

Tsitsi

.

2014

.

Africa in Stereo: Modernism, Music, and Pan-African Solidarity

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Jancovich

,

Mark

, ed.

2002

.

Horror, The Film Reader

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2012

. “

Small Screen Cinema: Informality and Remediation in Nollywood

.”

Television and New Media

13

(

5

):

431

–

46

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2013a

. “

From Nollywood to Nollyworld: Processes of Transnationalization in the Nigerian Video Film Industry

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

25

–

45

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2013b

. “

Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited

.”

Global South

7

(

1

):

157

–

78

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2016

. “

Studying Media ‘from’ the South: African Media Studies and Global Perspectives

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

174

–

93

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2017

. “

African Media and the Corporate Takeover: Video Film Circulation in the Age of Neoliberal Transformations

.”

African Affairs

116

(

465

):

671

–

91

. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx017.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2018

. “

What Netflix's Involvement in Nigeria's Massive Film Industry Really Means

.”

The Conversation Africa

,

December

31

. https://theconversation.com/what-netflixs-involvement-in-nigerias-massive-film-industry-really-means-108832.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

.

2019

. “

African Videoscapes: Southern Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Côte d'Ivoire in Comparative Perspective

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

293

–

314

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Jedlowski

,

Alessandro

, and

Cacilda

Rêgo

.

2018

. “

Latin American Telenovelas and African Screen Media: From Reception to Production

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

31

(

2

):

135

–

50

. Published online

November

26

.

Jenkins

,

Henry

.

2006

.

Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Jenkins

,

Henry

.

2012

.

Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Cultur

e. 2nd ed.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Jenkins

,

Henry

,

Sam

Ford

, and

Joshua

Green

.

2013

.

Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Jeune Afrique

.

2013

. “

Le sénégalais Marodi.tv remporte le VentureOut Challenge pour l'Afrique

.”

November

4

. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/15009/economie/le-s-n-galais-marodi-tv-remporte-le-ventureout-challenge-pour-l-afrique/.

Jones

,

Kent

.

2021

. “

Notes on Film and Restoration

.”

Film Foundation

,

September

9

. https://www.film-foundation.org/sarah-maldoror-kj.

Julien

,

Eileen

.

2015

. “

The Critical Present: Where Is ‘African Literature’?

” In

Rethinking African Cultural Production

, edited by

Frieda

Ekotto

and

Kenneth

Harrow

,

17

–

28

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Justo

,

Alicia

.

2020

. “

La serie que rompe clichés sobre la mujer senegalesa

.”

Wiriko

,

April

21

. https://www.wiriko.org/wiriko/la-serie-que-rompe-cliches-sobre-la-mujer-senegalesa/.

Kaboré

,

Gaston J. M.

, and

Michael T.

Martin

.

2020

. “

Introduction

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

5

–

9

.

Kaplan

,

E. Ann

.

1987

.

Rocking around the Clock: Music Television, Postmodernism and Consumer Culture

.

New York

:

Methuen

.

Kassahun

,

Eyerusaleam

.

2018

. “

Women's Participation in Ethiopian Cinema

.” In

Cine-Ethiopia: The History and Politics of Film in the Horn of Africa

, edited by

Michael W.

Thomas

,

Alessandro

Jedlowski

, and

Aboneh

Ashagrie

,

119

–

39

.

East Lansing

:

Michigan State University Press

.

Keeling

,

Kara

.

2007

.

The Witch's Flight: The Cinematic, the Black Femme, and the Image of Common Sense

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Kemp

,

Simon

.

2020

. “

Digital 2020: Nigeria—Datareportal—Global Digital Insights

.” DataReportal,

February

18

. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-nigeria.

Kemp

,

Simon

.

2021

. “

Digital in Ghana: All the Statistics You Need in 2021—DataReportal—Global Digital Insights

.” DataReportal,

February

11

. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-ghana.

Khady

.

2019

. “

Maitresse d'un homme marié—Review

.”

Senegalese Twisted

(blog),

November

1

. https://senegalesetwisted.com/maitresse-dun-homme-marie/.

Khiun

,

Liew Kai

, and

Sangjoon

Lee

.

2020

. “

‘Transmedia and Asian Cinema’ Editors’ Introduction

.”

Asian Cinema

31

(

2

):

147

–

49

.

Khumalo

,

Fred

.

2018

. “

‘This Is Nigeria’: Childish Gambino's ‘America’ Has Found an Echo in Africa

.”

Sunday Times

,

June

10

. https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2018–06–09-childish-gambinos-america-has-found-an-echo-in-africa/.

Kifouani

,

Delphe

.

2022

. “

‘L'intimité des femmes à l’épreuve du petit écran sénégalais’: Maitresse d'un homme marié, trame des ruptures ou modèle spectaculaire?

”

Revue AKOFENA

6

(

4

):

79

–

88

.

Kimeria

,

Ciku

.

2019

. “

How a Senegalese Soap Opera Went Viral across Africa by Giving Women an Authentic Voice

.”

Quartz Africa

,

May

17

. https://qz.com/africa/1621913/senegal-s-mistress-tv-soap-sparks-feminist-controversy.

Kiyaga-Mulindwa

,

David

.

2005

. “

Nyabingi Cult and Resistance

.” In

Encyclopedia of African Histor

y, edited by

Kevin

Shillington

,

3

.

New York

:

Fitzroy Dearborn

.

Klein

,

Jessica

.

2019

. “

MTV's Revolutionary African Show. ‘Shuga’ Has Made a Real Difference in the Fight against HIV

.”

Fast Company

,

January

1

. https://www.fastcompany.com/90422484/mtvs-revolutionary-african-show-shuga-has-made-a-real-difference-in-the-fight-against-hiv.

Klenk

,

Nicole

.

2018

. “

From Network to Meshwork: Becoming Attuned to Difference in Transdisciplinary Environmental Research Encounters

.”

Environmental Science and Policy

89

:

315

–

21

.

Kolawole

,

Mary

.

2004

. “

Re-conceptualizing African Gender Theory: Feminism, Womanism and the Arere Metaphor

.” In

Re-thinking Sexualities in Africa

, edited by

Signe

Arnfred

,

251

–

68

.

Uppsala, Sweden

:

Nordiska Afrikainstitutet

.

Kozlowski

,

L.

2012

. “

The Future of Film

.”

Forbes

,

August

3

. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorikozlowski/2012/08/03/the-future-of-film/#5cd1495579d2.

KPMG

.

2020

. “

Minister of Finance Issues Order on Significant Economic Presence by Non-Nigerian Companies

.” KPMG TL Series (issue

4

). https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/ng/pdf/tax/kpmg-in-nigeria-fgn-issues-cit-(significant-economic-presence)-order-2020.pdf.

Krings

,

Matthias

.

2010

. “

Nollywood Goes East: The Localization of Nigerian Video Films in Tanzania

.” In

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and Nollywood Video Revolution

, edited by

Mahir

Saul

and

Ralph A.

Austen

,

74

–

91

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Krings

,

Matthias

.

2013

. “

Karishika with Kishwahili Flavour: A Nollywood Film Retold by a Tanzanian Video Narrator

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

306

–

26

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Krings

,

Matthias

, and

Onookome

Okome

, eds.

2013

.

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Kwansah-Aidoo

,

Kwamena

, and

Joyce Osei

Owusu

.

2012

. “

Challenging the Status Quo: A Feminist Reading of Shirley Frimpong-Manso's Life and Living It

.”

Feminist Africa

16

:

53

–

70

.

Kwansah-Aidoo

,

Kwamena

, and

Joyce Osei

Owusu

.

2017

. “

A Contemporary, Empowered Female Figure? Towards a Feminist Reading of Frimpong-Manso's Life and Living It and The Perfect Picture

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

9

(

1

):

55

–

73

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac.9.1.55_1.

Landau

,

J.

1976

. “

Otis Redding

.” In

The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll

, edited by

J.

Miller

,

210

–

13

.

New York

:

Rolling Stone Press

.

Langford

,

Rachael

.

2018

. “

Resistant Representations? Genre and Gender in Francophone African Film

.”

Transnational Cinemas

9

(

2

):

181

–

96

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2000

. “

Hausa Dramas and the Rise of Video Culture in Nigeria

.” In

Nigerian Video Films

, edited by

Jonathan

Haynes

,

209

–

41

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2004

. “

Degraded Images, Distorted Sounds: Nigerian Video and the Infrastructure of Piracy

.”

Public Culture

16

(

2

):

289

–

314

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2008

.

Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria

.

Durham NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Larkin

,

Brian

.

2019

. “

The Grounds of Circulation: Rethinking African Film and Media

.”

Politique africaine

1:

105

–

26

.

Lewis

,

Desiree

.

2011

. “

Representing African Sexualities

.” In

African Sexualities: A Reader

, edited by

Sylvia

Tamale

,

199

–

216

.

Cape Town

:

Pambazuka Press

.

Lewis

,

Desiree

, and

Gabeba

Baderoon

, eds.

2021

.

Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Lewis

,

John

.

2016

. “

The New Cool: How Kamasi, Kendrick and Co Gave Jazz a New Groove

.”

Guardian

,

October

6

. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/oct/06/new-cool-kamasi-kendrick-gave-jazz-new-groove.

Lindvall

,

Terry

.

2010

.

Sanctuary Cinema: Origins of the Christian Film Industry

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Lobato

,

Ramon

.

2010

. “

Creative Industries and Informal Economies: Lessons from Nollywood

.”

International Journal of Cultural Studies

13

(

4

):

337

–

54

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877910369971.

Lobato

,

Ramon

.

2016

. “

The Cultural Logic of Digital Intermediaries: YouTube Multichannel Networks

.”

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

22

(

4

):

348

–

60

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641628.

Lobato

,

Ramon

.

2019

.

Netflix Nations

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Lobato

,

Ramon

, and

Amanda D.

Lotz

.

2020

. “

Imagining Global Video: The Challenge of Netflix

.”

Journal of Cinema and Media Studies

59

(

3

):

132

–

36

.

Lothian

,

Alexis

.

2015

. “

A Different Kind of Love Song: Vidding Fandom's Undercommons

.”

Cinema Journal

54

(

3

):

138

–

45

.

Lotz

,

Amanda

.

2017

.

Portals: A Treatise on Internet-Distributed Television

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Press

.

Lotz

,

Amanda

.

2020

. “

In Between the Global and the Local: Mapping the Geographies of Netflix as a Multinational Service

.”

International Journal of Cultural Studies

14

(

2

):

1

–

21

.

Lotz

,

Amanda

,

Ramon

Lobato

, and

Julien

Thomas

.

2018

. “

Internet Distributed Television Research: A Provocation

.”

Media Industries

5

(

2

):

35

–

47

.

Mabry

,

Rochelle A.

2006

. “

About a Girl: Female Subjectivity and Sexuality in Contemporary ‘Chick’ Culture

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

191

–

206

.

London

:

Routledge

.

MacLeod

,

George

.

2020

. “

Jacqueline Kalimunda's Interactive Love Stories: Transmedia Documentary in Present-Day Rwanda

.”

Research in African Literatures

51

(

1

):

109

–

32

.

Makungu

,

Kenny

.

2004

.

The State of the Media in Zambia: From the Colonial Era to 2003

.

Lusaka

:

Media Institute of Southern Africa

, Zambian Chapter.

Mambwe

,

Elastus

.

2013

. “

The Use of New Media in Journalism and New Dissemination in Zambia: The Case of the Internet

.”

University of Zambia

. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21834.41922.

Mambwe

,

Elastus

.

2021

. “

Review of Mushala, Angel Phiri (2019), 120 Mins, Zambia: Muvi Television

.”

Journal of African Cinemas

13

(

1

):

91

–

93

. https://doi.org/10.1386/jac_00049_5.

Mann Global Health Report

.

2016

.

Marketing Case Study Series. MTVShuga Case Study

. Accessed

December

1

,

2019

. https://mannglobalhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/MTV-Shuga-Case-Study-FINAL.pdf.

Marks

,

Laura U.

2000

.

The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Marks

,

L. U.

, and

Radek

Przedpełski

.

2021

. “

Bandwidth Imperialism and Small-File Media

.” In

New Filmic Geographies

, edited by

Suzanne

Enzerink

.

Post 45

,

April

13

. https://post45.org/2021/04/bandwidth-imperialism-and-small-file-media/.

Masquelier

,

Adeline

.

2013

. “

Forging Connections, Performing Distinctions: Youth, Dress, and Consumption in Niger

.” In

African Dress: Fashion, Agency, Performance

, edited by

Karen Tranberg

Hansen

and

D. Soyini

Madison

,

138

–

52

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Massood

,

Paula J.

,

Angel Daniel

Matos

, and

Pamela Robertson

Wojcik

, eds.

2021

.

Media Crossroads: Intersections of Space and Identity in Screen Cultures

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

1992

. “

The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Postcolony

.”

Public Culture

4

(

2

):

1

–

30

.

Mbembe

,

Achille

.

2001

.

On the Postcolony

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

McCall

,

John C.

2004

. “

Nollywood Confidential

.”

Transition

95

:

98

–

109

.

McDonald

,

Kevin

, and

Daniel

Smith-Rowsey

.

2016

.

Introduction

. In

The Netflix Effect: Technology and Entertainment in the 21st Century

, edited by

Kevin

McDonald

and

Daniel

Smith-Rowsey

,

1

–

12

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501309410.ch-001.

McKay

,

Andy

, and

Eric

Osei-Assibey

.

2017

. “

Inequality and Poverty in Ghana

.” In

The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence

, edited by

Ernest

Aryeetey

and

Ravi

Kanbur

,

279

–

98

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0017.

McReynolds

,

Phillip

.

2005

. “

Zombie Cinema and the Anthropocene: Posthuman Agency and Embodiment at the End of the World

.”

CINEMA

7

:

149

–

68

.

McRobbie

,

Angela

.

1989

.

Zoot Suits and Second-Hand Dresses: An Anthology of Fashion and Music

.

Basingstoke, UK

:

Macmillan

.

McRobbie

,

Angela

.

2015

.

Be Creative: Making a Living in the New Culture Industries

.

Cambridge

:

Polity Press

.

Mehta

,

Ritesh

.

2017

. “

‘Hustling’ in Film School as Socialization for Early Career Work in Media Industries

.”

Poetics

63

:

22

–

32

. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2017.05.002.

Mennasemay

,

Maimire

.

2010

. “

Towards a Critical Theory of Ethiopian Education

.” In

Education, Politics and Social Change in Ethiopia

, edited by

Paulos

Milkias

and

Messay

Kebede

,

67

–

98

.

Los Angeles

:

Tsehai Publishers

.

Merriam Webster Dictionary

.

2019

. “

Cheeba

.” Accessed

January

5

,

2020

. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cheeba.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2002

. “

Pentecostalism, Prosperity and Popular Cinema in Ghana

.”

Culture and Religion

3

(

1

):

67

–

87

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2003

. “

Visions of Blood, Sex and Money: Fantasy Spaces in Popular Ghanaian Cinema

.”

Visual Anthropology

16

(

1

):

15

–

41

. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08949460309595097.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2006

. “

Impossible Representations: Pentecostalism, Vision, and Video Technology in Ghana

.” In

Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere

, edited by

Birgit

Meyer

and

Annelies

Moors

,

290

–

324

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

, ed.

2010

.

Aesthetic Formations: Media, Religion, and the Senses

.

Basingstoke, UK

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Meyer

,

Birgit

.

2015

.

Sensational Movies: Video, Vision, and Christianity in Ghana

.

Oakland

:

University of California Press

.

Mignolo

,

Walter

, and

Catherine

Walsh

.

2018

.

On Decoloniality: Concepts, Analytics, Praxis

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Miller

,

Jade

.

2012

. “

Global Nollywood: The Nigerian Movie Industry and Alternative Global Networks in Production and Distribution

.”

Global Media and Communication

8

(

2

):

117

–

33

.

Miller

,

Jade

.

2016

.

Nollywood Central

.

London

:

British Film Institute / Palgrave

.

Miller

,

Jade

.

2021

. “

VOD: Formal Challengers for Nollywood's Informal Domestic Market

.” In

Digital Media Distribution: Portals, Platforms, Pipelines

, edited by

Paul

McDonald

,

Courtney Brannon

Donoghue

, and

Timothy

Havens

,

259

–

76

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Mingant

,

Nolwenn

, and

Cecilia

Tirtaine

.

2012

. “

Global Film and Television Industries Today: An Analysis of Industrial and Cultural Relations

.”

InMedia

1

. https://doi.org/10.4000/inmedia.111.

Miselo

,

Terrence

.

2017

. “

Who Wins the MultiChoice ZAFTA's This Saturday?”

Daily Nation

,

March

29

. Accessed

September

2019

. https://dailynationzambia.com/2021/03/who-wins-the-multichoice-zaftas-this-saturday/.

Mistry

,

Jyoti

, and

Antje

Schuhmann

, eds.

2015

.

Gaze Regimes: Film and Feminisms in Africa

.

Johannesburg

:

Wits University Press

.

Mortey

,

Gershon

.

2018

. “

Photos: Joy Prime Launches New Sitcom, Master and 3 Maids

.” Adomonline.com. Accessed

June

18

,

2021

. https://www.adomonline.com/photos-joy-prime-launches-new-sitcom-master-and-3-maids/.

Motsaathebe

,

Gilbert

, and

Sarah H.

Chiumbu

, eds.

2021

.

Television in Africa in the Digital Age

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Moukarbel

,

Nayla

.

2009

. “

Not Allowed to Love? Sri Lankan Maids in Lebanon

.”

Mobilities

4

(

3

):

329

–

47

.

Moukouti Onguédou

,

Georges

.

2014

. “

[In]flujo de las telenovelas latinoamericanas en África: Popularización, efectismo y corolarios

.”

Belphégor: Littératures populaires et culture médiatique

12

(

1

). https://journals.openedition.org/belphegor/463#quotation. Published online

December

1

.

Mudimbe

,

Valentino Y.

1988

.

The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Muhanguzi

,

Florence Kyoheirwe

.

2015

. “

‘Sex Is Sweet’: Women from Low Income Contexts in Uganda Talk about Sexual Desire and Pleasure

.”

Reproductive Health Matters

23

(

46

):

62

–

70

.

MultiChoice Africa

.

2015

. “

Zambezi Magic Commissioning Brief

.” Accessed

February

8

,

2019

. https://zambezimagic.dstv.com/news/zambezi-magic-original-films.

Mulvey

,

Laura

,

2006

.

Death 24× a Second: Stillness and the Moving Image

.

London

:

Reaktion Books

.

Musila

,

Grace

, ed.

2022

.

Routledge Handbook of African Popular Culture

.

London

:

Routledge

.

National Communications Authority

.

2020

. “

Industry Market Statistics: Mobile Data Subscription for January to August 2020

.”

Accra

:

National Communications Authority

. Accessed

November

25

,

2020

. https://www.nca.org.gh/assets/Uploads/Data-v2… . August-2020.pdf.

National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF

).

2018

.

Gender Matters in the South African Film Industry

.

Johannesburg

:

National Film and Video Foundation

. http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/NFVF%20SWIFT%20Gender%20Matters%20in%20the%20SAFI%20Report.pdf.

Ndlela

,

M. N.

2013

. “

Global Television Formats in Africa: Localizing Idol

.” In

Global Television Formats: Understanding Television across Borders

, edited by

Tasha

Oren

and

Sharon

Shahaf

,

242

–

59

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Ndlovu

,

Musa

.

2003

. “

The South African Broadcasting Corporation's Expansion into Africa: South African Media Imperialism?

”

Communication

29

(

1–2

):

297

–

311

. https://doi.org/10.1080/02500160308538033.

Negus

,

Keith

, and

Michael

Pickering

.

2004

.

Creativity, Communication and Cultural Value

.

London

:

Sage

.

Nelson

,

Ediomo-Ubong E.

, and

Aniekan S.

Brown

.

2017

. “

Rural Poverty and Urban Domestic Child Work: Qualitative Study of Female House Maids in Uyo, Nigeria

.”

International Journal of Social Sciences

11

(

1

):

59

–

68

.

Newell

,

Stephanie

, and

Onookome

Okome

, eds.

2014

.

Popular Culture in Africa: The Episteme of the Everyday

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Nigerian Communications Commission

.

2019

. “

NCC Hinges Nigeria's 122 Million Internet Users’ Protection on Effective Governance

.”

July

12

. https://www.ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/media-public/news-headlines/614-ncc-hinges-nigeria-s-122-million-internet-users-protection-on-effective-governance.

Nwaolikpe

,

Onyinyechi

.

2018

. “

Communicating HIV/AIDS to Adolescents in South-West Nigeria: The Case of MTV Shuga Series

.”

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science

23

(

1

):

36

–

45

. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2023%20Issue1/Version-1/E2301013645.pdf.

Nyairo

,

Joyce

.

2015

.

Kenya@50: Trends, Identities and the Politics of Belonging

.

Nairobi

:

Contact Zones

NRB.

Obadare

,

Ebenezer

.

2018

.

Pentecostal Republic: Religion and the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria

.

London

:

Zed Books

.

Obono

,

Koblowe

.

2011

. “

Media Strategies of HIV/AIDS Communication for Behaviour Change in Southwest Nigeria

.”

Africana Journal

5

(

2

). http://africanajournal.org/media-strategies-hivaids-communication-behaviour-change-south-west-nigeria/.

Ohia

,

N.

2016

. “

Mothers’ Attitude to Giving Sexuality Education as a Check to Sexual Abuse of Primary School Girls in South-East Nigeria

.”

Journal of Educational and Social Research

6

(

1

):

133

–

40

. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n1p133.

Okafor

,

Endurance

.

2020

. “

Nigeria's Internet Users Surge over 14% in 2020

.”

BusinessDay

,

July

2

. https://businessday.ng/technology/article/nigerias-internet-users-surge-14-in-year-to-may-2020/.

Okome

,

O.

2007

. “

Nollywood: Spectatorship, Audience and the Sites of Consumption

.”

Postcolonial Text

3

(

2

). https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/view/763.

Okoth-Obbo

,

V.

2017

. “

Where Neo-Soul Began: 20 Years of Erkyah Badu's Baduizm

.”

Pitchfork

,

February

10

. https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/1440-where-neo-soul-began-20-years-of-erykah-badus-baduizm/.

Onuzulike

,

Uchenna

.

2007

. “

The Birth of Nollywood: The Nigerian Movie Industry

.”

Black Camera

22

(

1

):

25

–

26

.

Orlando

,

Valérie K.

2017

.

New African Cinema

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Ortner

,

Sherry B.

, and

Harriet

Whitehead

, eds.

1981

.

Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality

.

Cambridge. New York

:

Cambridge University Press

.

Osborn

,

Brad

.

2021

.

Interpreting Music Video: Popular Music in the Post-MTV Era

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Osei-Bempong

,

Kirsty

.

2017

. “

Keteke: Shaping Ghanaian Film Excellence

.”

New Black Magazine

,

November

14

. https://thenewblackmagazine.com/2024/01/13/httpwww-thenewblackmagazine-comview-aspxindex4017/.

Osiebe

,

Garhe

.

2020

. “

Methods in Performing Fela in Contemporary Afrobeats, 2009–2019

.”

African Studies

79

(

1

):

88

–

109

.

Paulson

,

Cole

.

2012

. “

Marketers and Pirates, Businessmen and Villains: The Blurred Lines of Nollywood Distribution Networks

.”

St Antony's International Review

7

(

2

):

51

–

68

.

Peñalosa

,

David

, with

Peter

Greenwood

.

2010

.

The Clave Matrix: Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins

.

Redway, CA

:

Bembe

.

Phiri

,

Isaac

.

2010

. “

Groping for a New National Communication Policy in Zambia

.”

African Communication Research

3

(

1

):

185

–

206

.

Piepenburg

,

Erik

.

2015

. “

Theaters Struggle with Patrons’ Phone Use During Shows

.”

New York Times

,

July

10

. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/theater/theaters-struggle-with-patrons-phone-use-during-shows.html.

Piot

,

Sarah

,

Jack

Okell

, and

Bar

Hariely

.

2017

.

Compass

. https://www.thecompassforsbc.org/sbcc-spotlights/mtv-shuga.

Plastow

,

Jane

.

2020

.

A History of East African Theatre

. Vol.

1

, Horn of Africa.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Polato

,

Farah

.

2019

. “

Tra connessioni e disconnessioni: Riflessioni a partire dai cinquant'anni del FESPACO

.”

From the European South

4

:

45

–

60

.

Prabhu

,

Anjali

.

2014

.

Contemporary Cinema of Africa and the Diaspora

.

Malden, MA

:

Blackwell

.

Pratt

,

Lande N.

2015

. “

Good for ‘New Nollywood’: The Impact of New Online Distribution and Licensing Strategies

.”

International Journal of Cultural and Creative Industries

3

(

1

):

70

–

84

. http://www.ijcci.net/index.php?option=module&lang=en&task=pageinfo&id=187&index=9.

Przybylo

,

Ela

, and

Breanne

Fahs

.

2018

. “

Feels and Flows: On the Realness of Menstrual Pain and Crippling Menstrual Chronicity

.”

Feminist Formations

30

(

1

):

206

–

29

.

Pype

,

Katrien

.

2013

. “

Religion, Migration, and Media Aesthetics: Notes on the Circulation and Reception of Nigerian Films in Kinshasa

.” In

Global Nollywood. The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

199

–

222

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Pype

,

Katrien

.

2015

. “

The Heart of Man: Pentecostal Emotive Style in and beyond Kinshasa's Media World

.” In

New Media and Religious Transformations in Africa

, edited by

R. I. J.

Hackett

and

B. F.

Soares

,

116

–

36

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Quartier Mozart Films

.

2005

. “

Les Saignantes Synopsis

.” http://quartiermozart.blogspot.com/.

Radermecker

,

Anne-Sophie V.

2021

. “

Art and Culture in the COVID-19 Era: For a Consumer-Oriented Approach

.”

SN Business and Economics

1

(

4

):

1

–

14

.

Raengo

,

Alessandra

, and

Lauren

Cramer

.

2020

. “

The Unruly Archives of Black Music Videos

.”

JCMS: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies

59

(

2

):

138

–

44

.

Rice

,

Tom

.

2016

. “

‘Are You Proud to Be British?’: Mobile Film Shows, Local Voices and the Demise of the British Empire in Africa

.”

Historical Journal of Film, Radio Television

36

:

331

–

51

.

Ritman

,

Alex

.

2020

. “

Nigerian Producer, Mo Abudu on Striking Netflix's First Multi-title African Deal: ‘As a Continent, We've Remained so Quiet’ (Exclusive)

.”

Hollywood Reporter

,

September

25

. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/nigerian-producer-mo-abudu-on-striking-netflixs-first-multi-title-african-deal-as-a-continent-weve-remained-so-quiet-exclusive-4066612/.

Rombes

,

Nicholas

.

2017

. “

Mobile Viewing

.” In

Cinema in the Digital Age

,

84

–

85

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Rosaldo

,

Renato

.

1993

.

Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (With a New Introduction)

.

Boston

:

Beacon Press

.

Ross

,

Kristin

.

1995

.

Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Ross

,

Sharon Marie

.

2008

.

Beyond the Box: Television and the Internet

.

Oxford

:

Blackwell

.

Rovine

,

Victoria L.

2004

. “

Fashionable Traditions: The Globalization of an African Textile

.” In

Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress

, edited by

Jean Marie

Allman

,

189

–

211

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Rubin

,

Vera

.

1976

.

Cannabis and Culture

.

Frankfurt

:

Campus Verlag

.

Russell

,

James

.

2010

. “

Evangelical Audiences and ‘Hollywood’ Film: Promoting Fireproof (2008)

.”

Journal of American Studies

44

(

2

):

391

–

407

.

Sane

,

Maïmouna

.

2019

. “

Que les gens arrêtent de dire que la série doit son succès aux scandales

.”

Seneplus

,

July

11

. https://www.seneplus.com/people/que-les-gens-arretent-de-dire-que-la-serie-doit-son-succes-aux.

Sanogo

,

Aboubakar

.

2020

. “

Cine-Agora Africana: Meditating on the Fiftieth Anniversary of FESPACO

.”

Black Camera

12

(

1

):

171

–

83

.

Santanera

,

Giovana

.

2013

. “

Consuming Nollywood in Turin, Italy

.” In

Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry

, edited by

Matthias

Krings

and

Onookome

Okome

,

245

–

63

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Saul

,

Mahir

, and

Ralph A.

Austen

, eds.

2010

.

Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and the Nollywood Video Revolution

.

Athens

:

Ohio University Press

.

Sawadogo

,

Boukary

.

2019

.

West African Screen Media: Comedy, TV Series and Transnationalization

.

Ann Arbor

:

Michigan State University Press

.

Schoonover

,

Karl

, and

Rosalind

Galt

.

2016

.

Queer Cinema in the World

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Scott

,

David

.

1999

.

Refashioning Futures: Criticism after Postcoloniality

.

Princeton, NJ

:

Princeton University Press

.

Scott

,

David

.

2014

. “

The Tragic Vision in Postcolonial Time

.”

PMLA

129

(

4

):

799

–

808

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

.

1961

. “

La Noire De …

”

Présence Africaine

36

:

90

–

102

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

.

1974

.

Tribal Scars and Other Stories

. Translated by

Len

Ortzen

.

Portsmouth, NH

:

Heinemann

.

Sembène

,

Ousmane

, and

Guy

Hennebelle

.

1998

. “

Ousmane Sembène: For Me, the Cinema Is an Instrument of Political Action, But … ”

In

Ousman Sembène: Interviews

, edited by

Annett

Busch

and

Max

Annas

,

7

–

17

.

Jackson

:

University Press of Mississippi

.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2018a

. “

‘Displacement and the Quest for Identity in Alain Gomis's Cinema’ in Close-Up ‘Filming the Fall: Plurality, Social Change and Innovation in Contemporary Senegalese Cinema.’

”

Black Camera: An International Film Journal

9

(

2

):

360

–

90

.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2018b

. “

Situando el cine francófono africano en Colombia: La isla de Gorée en el cine senegalés

.” In

Catálogos razonados: Muestra Afro

, edited by

M. Giraldo

Barreto

,

J. A.

Rodríguez

, and

J. A.

Bogotá

,

76

–

99

.

Bogotá

:

Cinemateca Distrital, Gerencia de Artes Audiovisuales

.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2020

. “

Women and Sexuality in African Cinema

.” In

The International Encyclopaedia of Gender, Media and Communication

, edited by

Karen

Ross

,

Ingrid

Bachmann

,

Valentina

Cardo

,

Sujata

Moorti

, and

Cosimo Marco

Scarcelli

,

1569

–

74

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc246.

Sendra

,

Estrella

.

2021

. “

Banlieue Films Festival (BFF): Growing Cinephilia and Filmmaking in Senegal

.” In “Film Festivals and Their Socio-Cultural Contexts,” special issue,

Aniki: Portuguese Journal of the Moving Image

8

(

1

):

245

–

72

. https://aim.org.pt/ojs/index.php/revista/article/view/734.

Seneweb News

.

2019

. “

‘Maîtresse d'un homme marié’: Mame Mactar Guèye porte plainnte contre Marodi TV et …

”

March

20

. https://www.seneweb.com/news/Audio/laquo-maitresse-d-rsquo-un-homme-marie-r_n_277027.html.

Shapp

,

Allison

.

2014

. “

Variation in the Use of Twitter Hashtags

.” Qualifying paper,

New York University

. Accessed

December

1

,

2019

. https://s18798.pcdn.co/shapp/wp-content/uploads/sites/18562/2020/09/Shapp_QP2_Hashtags_Final.pdf.

Shipley

,

Jesse Weaver

.

2013

. “

Transnational Circulation and Digital Fatigue in Ghana's Azonto Dance Craze

.”

American Ethnologist

40

(

2

):

362

–

81

.

Simmel

,

Georg

.

1973

. “

Fashion

.” In

Fashion Marketing

, edited by

Gordon

Wills

and

David

Midgley

,

171

–

91

.

London

:

Allen and Unwin

.

Simmert

,

Tom

.

2020

. “

Pirates or Entrepreneurs? Informal Music Distributors and the Nigerian Recording Industry Crisis

.”

African Identities

8

(

3

):

329

–

45

. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2020.1779026.

Simon

,

Godwin Iretomiwa

.

2021

. “

Adapting to Context: Creative Strategies of Video Streaming Services in Nigeria

.”

Convergence

,

May

18

. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211017389.

Simons

,

Jan

.

2009

. “

Pockets in the Screenscape: Movies on the Move

.” Paper presented at MiT 6, Stone and Papyrus, Storage and Transmission. MIT,

April

24

–

26

.

Smith

,

Daniel Jordan

.

2005

. “

Legacies of Biafra: Marriage, ‘Home People’ and Reproduction among the Igbo of Nigeria

.”

Africa

75

(

1

):

30

–

45

.

Smith

,

Daniel Jordan

.

2017

.

To Be a Man Is Not a One-Day Job: Masculinity, Money, and Intimacy in Nigeria

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Smith

,

Stacy L.

,

Marc

Choueiti

, and

Katherine

Pieper

.

2014

. “

Gender Bias without Borders: An Investigation of Female Characters in Popular Films across 11 Countries

.” Funded by the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, Rockefeller Foundation and UN Women. Accessed

June

29

,

2021

. https://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/gender-bias-without-borders-full-report.pdf.

Snead

,

James

.

1994

.

White Screens / Black Images: Hollywood from the Dark Side

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Sobande

,

Francesca

.

2020

.

The Digital Lives of Black Women in Britain

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Solanas

,

Fernando

, and

Octavio

Getino

.

1969

. “

Toward a Third Cinema

.”

Cinéaste

4

(

3

):

1

–

10

.

Sound Check

.

2021

. “

Interview: Producer Shafiq Husayn on His Psychedelic Upcoming Album and Collaborations with Erykah Badu, Hiatus Kaiyote

.”

Afropunk

,

July

16

. https://afropunk.com/2014/01/interview-producer-shafiq-husayn-on-his-psychedelic-upcoming-album-collaborations-with-erykah-badu-hiatus-kaiyote/.

Spencer

,

Lynda Gichanda

.

2019

. “

‘In Defence of Chick-Lit’: Refashioning Feminine Subjectivities in Ugandan and South African Contemporary Women's Writing

.”

Feminist Theory

20

(

2

):

155

–

69

.

Srnicek

,

Nick

.

2017

.

Platform Capitalism

.

London

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Statista

.

2020

. “

Internet Users in Nigeria

.” Accessed

July

7

,

2024

. https://www.statista.com/statistics/183849/internet-users-nigeria/.

Statista

.

2021

. “

Number of Active Social Media Users in Ghana 2017–2021

.” Accessed

January

14

,

2022

. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1171445/number-of-social-media-users-ghana/.

Steedman

,

Robin

.

2017

. “

Nairobi-Based Female Filmmakers and the ‘Creative Hustle’: Gender and Film Production between the Local and the Transnational

.” PhD diss.,

SOAS University of London

.

Steedman

,

Robin

.

2019

. “

Nairobi-Based Female Filmmakers: Screen Media Production between the Local and the Transnational

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

315

–

35

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

Wiley-Blackwell

.

Steedman

,

Robin

.

2023

.

Creative Hustling: Women Making and Distributing Films from Nairobi

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Steel

,

W. F.

2017

. “

Formal and Informal Enterprises as Drivers and Absorbers of Employment

.” In

The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence

, edited by

Ernest

Aryeetey

and

Ravi

Kanbur

,

192

–

206

.

Oxford

:

Oxford University Press

. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0012.

Steinberg

,

Marc

.

2012

.

Anime's Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Stringer

,

Julian

.

2001

. “

Global Cities and the International Film Festival Economy

.” In

Cinema and the City: Film and Urban Societies in a Global Context

, edited by

Mark

Shiel

and

Tony

Fitzmaurice

,

134

–

44

.

Oxford

:

Blackwell

.

Sublette

,

Ned

.

2008

.

The World That Made New Orleans: From Spanish Silver to Congo Square

.

Chicago

:

Chicago Review Press

.

Szalai

,

Georg

.

2020

. “

Netflix Unveils Nigerian Original Series, Three Films

.”

Hollywood Reporter

,

September

21

. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-unveils-nigerian-original-series-three-films-4064352/.

Tade

,

Oludayo

, and

Babatunde

Akinleye

.

2012

. “

‘We Are Promoters Not Pirates’: A Qualitative Analysis of Artistes and Pirates on Music Piracy in Nigeria

.”

International Journal of Cyber Criminology

6

(

2

):

1014

–

29

.

Tafari

,

I. Jabulani

.

1980

. “

The Rastafari—Successors of Marcus Garvey

.”

Caribbean Quarterly

26

(

4

):

1

–

12

.

Táíwò

,

Olúfẹ́mi

.

2022

.

Against Decolonisation: Taking African Agency Seriously

.

London

:

Hurst

.

Tamale

,

Sylvia

.

2020

.

Decolonization and Afro-Feminism

.

Ottawa

:

Daraja Press

.

Tcheuyap

,

Alexie

.

2011

. “

African Cinema(s): Definitions, Identity and Theoretical Considerations

.”

Critical Interventions

5

(

1

):

10

–

26

.

Teer-Tomaselli

,

Ruth

,

Herman

Wasserman

, and

Arnold S.

de Beer

.

2007

. “

South Africa as a Regional Media Power

.” In

Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-Flow

, edited by

Daya Kishan

Thussu

,

136

–

45

.

London

:

Routledge

,

2007

.

Tewksbury

,

D.

2010

. “

Roll Bounce: Visionary Producer Shafiq Husayn Debuts New Video

.”

LA Weekly

,

April

7

. https://www.laweekly.com/roll-bounce-visionary-producer-shafiq-husayn-debuts-new-video.

Thackway

,

M.

2003

.

Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film

.

Oxford

:

James Currey

.

Thiong'o

,

Ngũgĩ wa

.

1986

.

Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature

.

Nairobi

:

Heinemann Kenya

.

Thiong'o

,

Ngũgĩ wa

.

2012

.

Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Trotter

,

David

.

2013

.

Literature in the First Media Age: Britain between the Wars

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Tsika

,

Noah

.

2015

.

Nollywood Stars: Media and Migration in West Africa and the Diaspora

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Tsika

,

Noah

.

2016

. “

Introduction: Teaching African Media in the Global Academy

.”

Black Camera

7

(

2

):

94

–

124

.

Tsika

,

Noah

.

2018

. “

Nollywood Chronicles: Migrant Archives, Media Archeology, and the Itineraries of Taste

.” In

A Companion to African Cinema

, edited by

Kenneth W.

Harrow

and

Carmela

Garritano

,

269

–

89

.

Hoboken, NJ

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Tuhiwai Smith

,

Linda

.

1999

.

Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples

.

London

:

Zed Books

.

Turkewitz

,

Julie

.

2019

. “

Bold Women. Scandalized Viewers. It's ‘Sex and the City,’ Senegal Style

.”

New York Times

,

August

22

. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/22/world/africa/senegal-mistress-of-a-married-man.html.

TV5MONDE

.

2019

. “

‘Maîtresse d'un homme marié’ Marème et Djalika invites du JTA

.” YouTube,

December

6

. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0vJ0uJayMc.

Uduku

,

Ola

.

1996

. “

The Urban Fabric of Igbo Architecture in South-eastern Nigeria in the 1990s

.”

Habitat International

20

(

2

):

191

–

202

.

Ugor

,

Paul

.

2009

. “

Small Media, Popular Culture, and New Youth Spaces in Nigeria

.”

Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies

31

(

4

):

387

–

408

. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714410903133012.

Ukadike

,

Nwachukwu Frank

.

1994

.

Black African Cinema

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Ukah

,

Asonzeh

.

2009

. “

Reverse Mission or Asylum Christianity? A Nigerian Church in Europe

.” In

Africans and the Politics of Popular Culture

, edited by

Toyin

Falola

and

Augustine

Agwuele

,

104

–

32

.

Rochester, NY

:

University of Rochester Press

.

Ukah

,

Asonzeh

.

2016

. “

Building God's City: The Political Economy of Prayer Camps in Nigeria

.”

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

40

(

3

):

524

–

40

. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468–2427.12363.

Unah

,

Linus

.

2018

. “

Not Everyone Is Happy with Nigeria's Viral Version of ‘This Is America.’

” NPR,

June

1

. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/06/01/615805868/a-nigerian-rappers-take-on-donald-glover-s-this-is-america.

Van de Peer

,

Stefanie

.

2014

. “

Forgotten Women, Lost Histories: Selma Baccar's Fatma 75 (1976) and Assia Djebar's La Nouba (1978)

.” In

Africa's Lost Classics. New Histories of African Cinema

, edited by

David

Murphy

and

Lizelle

Bisschoff

,

64

–

72

.

Oxford

:

Legenda

.

Van Deursen

,

Alexander J. A. M.

, and

Jan A. G. M.

van Dijk

.

2014

. “

The Digital Divide Shifts to Differences in Usage

.”

New Media and Society

16

(

3

):

507

–

26

. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487959.

Van Slooten

,

Jessica Lyn

.

2006

. “

Fashionably Indebted: Conspicuous Consumption, Fashion and Romance

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

219

–

38

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Veblen

,

Thorstein

.

1970

.

The Theory of the Leisure Class

.

London

:

Allen and Unwin

.

Verhoeff

,

Nanna

.

2012

.

Mobile Screens. The Visual Regime of Navigation

.

Amsterdam

:

Amsterdam University Press

.

Vernallis

,

Carol

.

2004

.

Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Vernallis

,

Carol

.

2013

.

Unruly Media: YouTube, Music Video, and the New Digital Cinema

.

New York

:

Oxford University Press

.

Vernallis

,

Carol

,

Holly

Rogers

, and

Lisa

Perrott

.

2020

. “

Introduction: Intensified Movements

.” In

Transmedia Directors: Artistry, Industry and New Audiovisual Aesthetics

, edited by

Carol

Vernallis

,

Holly

Rogers

, and

Lisa

Perrott

,

1

–

16

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Vourlias

,

Christopher

.

2019

. “

Huahua Media Signs on for First China-Nigeria Co-Production

.”

Variety

,

November

6

. https://variety.com/2019/film/news/huahua-media-china-nigeria-coproduction-filmone-entertainment-ayo-makun-1203395111/.

Waliaula

,

Solomon

.

2014

. “

Active Audiences of Nollywood Video-Films: An Experience with a Bukusu Audience Community in Chwele Market of Western Kenya

.”

Journal of Africa Cinemas

6

(

1

):

71

–

83

.

Waliaula

,

Solomon

.

2019

. “

Televisual Cinema and Social Identities: The Case of Nollywood and Latin American Telenovelas in Eldoret, Kenya

.”

Journal of African Cultural Studies

21

(

2

):

180

–

95

.

Wara

,

Habibata

.

2019

. “

More Than 2,000 Security Agents Involved

.”

FESPACO News

,

February

23

,

6

.

Wasson

,

Haidee

.

2012

. “

In Focus: Screen Technologies

.”

Cinema Journal

51

(

2

):

141

–

71

.

Wasson

,

Haidee

.

2019

. “

The Networked Screen: Moving Images, Materiality, and the Aesthetics of Size

.” In

Fluid Screens, Expanded Cinema

, edited by

Janine

Marchessault

,

74

–

95

.

Toronto

:

University of Toronto Press

.

Wells

,

Juliette

.

2006

. “

Mothers of Chick Lit: Women Writers, Readers and Literary History

.” In

Chick Lit: The New Woman's Fiction

, edited by

Suzanne

Ferriss

and

Mallory

Young

,

47

–

70

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Wendl

,

Tobias Maria

.

2007

. “

Wicked Villagers and the Mysteries of Reproduction: An Exploration of Horror Videos from Ghana and Nigeria

.”

Postcolonial Text

3

(

2

):

1

–

22

.

Werner

,

Jean-François

.

2006

. “

How Women Are Using Television to Domesticate Globalization: A Case Study on the Reception and Consumption of Telenovelas in Senegal

.”

Visual Anthropology

19

(

5

):

443

–

72

.

White

,

Patricia

.

2015

.

Women's Cinema, World Cinema: Projecting Contemporary Feminisms

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Willemen

,

Paul

.

2005

. “

For a Comparative Film Studies

.”

Inter-Asia Cultural Studies

6

(

1

):

98

–

112

.

Williams

,

James S.

2019

.

Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary African Cinema

.

London

:

Bloomsbury

.

Wilson

,

Elizabeth

.

2003

.

Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity

.

London

:

I. B. Tauris

.

Women Make Movies (WMM)

.

n.d

. “

La Nouba des femmes du Mont Chenoua

.” Accessed

January

3

,

2022

. https://www.wmm.com/catalog/film/la-nouba-des-femmes-du-mont-chenoua/.

Wood

,

Robin

.

2002

. “

The American Nightmare: Horror in the 70s

.” In

Horror, The Film Reader

, edited by

Mark

Jancovich

,

25

–

32

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Yamoah

,

Michael

.

2014

. “

The New Wave in Ghana's Video Film Industry: Exploring the Kumawood Model

.”

International Journal of ICT and Management

2

(

2

):

155

–

62

.

Yang

,

Bin

.

2019

.

Cowrie Shells and Cowrie Money: A Global History

.

London

:

Routledge

.

Yeboah

,

Johnson

, and

George Dominic

Ewur

.

2014

. “

The Impact of WhatsApp Messenger Usage on Students’ Performance in Tertiary Institutions in Ghana

.”

Journal of Education and Practice

5

:

157

–

64

.

Yoshimoto

,

Mitsuhiro

.

2013

. “

A Future of Comparative Film Studies

.”

Inter-Asia Cultural Studies

14

(

1

):

54

–

61

.

Young

,

Katherine

.

2019

. “

Hindi Film Songs and Musical Life in Tamale, Northern Ghana, 1957–Present

.” PhD diss.,

Royal Holloway, University of London

.

Zenebe

,

Milete

,

Azeb

Gebresilassie

, and

Huruy

Assefa

.

2014

. “

Magnitude and Factors Associated to Physical Violence among House Maids of Mekelle Town, Tigray, Northern, Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study

.”

American Journal of Nursing Science

3

(

6

):

105

–

9

.

Zerihun Birehanu

.

2019

. “

Performing the Nation: Incorporating Cultural Performances into Theatre in Ethiopia

.” In

African Theatre

18

, edited by

Chukwuma

Okoye

,

100

–

120

.

Woodbridge, UK

:

James Currey

.