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“Biennial Conversions at the Borders of Liberalism: An Introduction” sets the stage for the book's core historical and conceptual contributions. It introduces the concept of “biennial conversions” by describing the art biennial form, with its site-specific and heteronomous aspirations, and accounting for its multiplication worldwide during the 1990s boom of art biennials. The chapter contextualizes this phenomenon of expansion amid the geopolitical crisis that followed the end of the Cold War, to contend that early-boom art biennials helped reinforce US and Western European hegemony worldwide through the manifold conversions they facilitated.

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