Focusing on horrorcore rap, this chapter notes a different arrangement vis-à-vis deathlife than that in other forms of rap or hip hop—a larger description and discussion of death consuming life. The zombie, as figured in music by Nas, Gangsta Boo, and Brotha Lynch Hung, is a particular blurring of Blackness and whiteness, and a form of existence marked and recognized only to the extent that it spreads death and entails a profound threat against life as a form of safety. This is death that cannot be bracketed, in the sense that it cannot be captured by traditional moral-ethical discourses of contact and conduct. It eludes an understanding of death as distinct and “personal” in presenting unpredictability as the inconceivable consumption of embodied life. Death by zombie involves an excess of death: death by the dead exposes the lie of a distinct life.
Figures & Tables
Contents
Deathlife: Hip Hop and Thanatological Narrations of Blackness
By
Anthony B. Pinn
Anthony B. Pinn
Anthony B. Pinn is Agnes Cullen Arnold Distinguished Professor of Humanities and Professor of Religion at Rice University. He is the author of numerous books, most recently,
Search for other works by this author on:
Duke University Press
Copyright:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
ISBN electronic:
978-1-4780-9382-4
Publication date:
2024
Chapter Contents
Advertisement
References
Discography
Big K.R.I.T.
“Children of the World
.” K.R.I.T. Wuz Here
. BMG Rights Management
, 2010
.Bone Thugs-N-Harmony
. “Tha Crossroads
.” E. 1999 Eternal
. Ruthless Records
, 1995
.Brotha Lynch Hung
. “D.O.A.
” Dinner and a Movie
. Strange Music
, 2010
.Brotha Lynch Hung
. “Look It's a Dead Body
.” Coathanga Strangla
. Strange Music
, 2011
.Brotha Lynch Hung
. “Mannibalector
.” Mannibalector
. Strange Music
, 2013
.Brotha Lynch Hung
. “MDK.
” Mannibalector
. Strange Music
, 2013
.Brotha Lynch Hung
. “Return of Da Baby Killa
.” Season of Da Siccness
. Black Market Records
, 1995
.Butcher Brothaz (Scum and Insane Poetry)
. “Death on a Meat Hook
.” M.M.M.F.D.
Lyrikal Snuff Productionz
, 2018
.Butcher Brothaz (Scum and Insane Poetry)
. “Killing Spree
.” M.M.M.F.D.
Lyrikal Snuff Productionz
, 2018
.Childish Gambino
. “Zombies
.” Awake, My Love!
Glassnote
, 2016
.Chynna
. “asmr
.” in case i die first
. TWIN
, 2019
.Chynna
. “iddd
.” TWIN
, 2019
.Chynna
. “seasonal depression
.” music 2 die 2
. Honeymoon
, 2017
.Chynna
. “Selfie
.” Chinois
. Not on label
, 2013
.Common
. “Between Me, You and Liberation
.” Electric Circus
. MCA
, 2002
.Cypress Hill
. “How I Could Just Kill a Man
.” Cypress Hill
. Buffhouse / Columbia
, 1990
.DMX
. “Bring Your Whole Crew
.” Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood
. Ruff Ryders
, 1998
.DMX
. “The Omen
.” Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood
. Ruff Riders
, 1998
.Dr. Dre
. “The Message
.” 2001. Aftermath Entertainment
, 1999
.Dr. Dre and Ice Cube
. “Natural Born Killaz
.” Murder Was the Case—the Soundtrack
. Death Row / Interscope
, 1994
.Eminem
. “Bad Guy
.” The Marshall Mathers LP
2
. Effigy Studios
, 2013
.Eminem
. “The Real Slim Shady
.” The Marshall Mathers LP
. Aftermath Entertainment / Interscope
, 2000
.Eminem
. “Stan
.” The Marshall Mathers LP
. Aftermath Entertainment / Interscope
, 2000
.Esham
. “In Detroit
.” Psychopathic Records
, 2003
.Esham
. “666
.” KKKill the Fetus
. Reel Life Productions
, 1993
.Esham
. “The Wicketshit Will Never Die
.” Closed Casket
. Reel Life Productions / Warlock Records
, 1994
.Flatbush Zombies
. “Death 2
.” BetterOffDEAD
(mixtape). ElectricKoolAde Records
, 2013
.Flatlinerz
. “Flatline
.” U.S.A.
Def Jam / PolyGram
, 1994
.Flatlinerz
. “Good Day to Die
.” U.S.A
. Def Jam / PolyGram
, 1994
.Flatlinerz
. “Run
.” U.S.A
. Def Jam / PolyGram
, 1994
.Flatlinerz
. “Satanic Verses
.” U.S.A
. Def Jam / PolyGram
, 1994
.Gangsta Boo
. “Come Off Dat
.” Underground Cassette Tape Music
. C3Entertainment / BeatKing Made This S—t
, 2014
.Gangsta Boo
. “Mindstate
.” Underground Vol. 3: Kings of Memphis
. Smoked Out, Street Level
, 2000
.Ganksta NIP
. “Horror Movie Rap
.” The South Park Psycho
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1992
.Geto Boys
. “Assassins
.” Geto Boys Best: Uncut Dope
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1992
.Geto Boys
. “Damn It Feels Good to Be a Gangsta
.” Geto Boys Best: Uncut Dope
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1992
.Geto Boys
. “Mind of a Lunatic
.” Grip It! On That Other Level
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1989
.Geto Boys
. “Mind Playing Tricks on Me
.” Geto Boys Best: Uncut Dope
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1992
.Geto Boys
. “Trigga Happy Nigga
.” Grip It! On That Other Level
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1989
.Goodie Mob
. “Dead Homies
.” One Monkey Don't Stop No Show
. Koch Records
, 2004
.Goodie Mob
. “God I Wanna Live
.” One Monkey Don't Stop No Show
. Koch Records
, 2004
.Goodie Mob
. “Still Standing
.” Still Standing
. LaFace / Arista / BMG
, 1998
.Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
. “The Message
.” The Message
. Sugar Hill
, 1982
.Gravediggaz
. “Ashes to Ashes
.” The Demo Tape
. Prince Paul
, 1993
.Gravediggaz
. “Mommy What's a Gravedigga
.” 6 Feet Deep
. Gee Street
, 1994
.Gravediggaz
. “6 Feet Deep
.” 6 Feet Deep
. Gee Street
, 1994
.Guru
. “Eulogy
.” The Ownerz
. Virgin
, 2003
.Ice Cube
. “My Skin Is My Sin
.” Bootlegs & B-Sides
. Priority Records
, 1994
.Insane Poetry
. “Faith in Chaos
.” Faith in Chaos (Book of Revelations)
. Grimm Reality Entertainment
, 2003
.Insane Poetry
. “Stalkin’ with the Nightbreed
.” Grim Reality
. Nastymix / Ichiban
, 1992
.Jay Electronica
. “A.P.I.D.T.A
.” A Written Testimony
. Roc Nation
, 2020
.Jay-Z
. “American Dreamin’.
” American Gangster
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2007
.Jay-Z
. “Beach Chair
.” Kingdom Come
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2006
.Jay-Z
. “Breathe Easy (Lyrical Exercise)
.” The Blueprint
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2001
.Jay-Z
. “The City Is Mine
.” In My Lifetime, Vol. 1
. Roc-A-Fella
, 1997
.Jay-Z
. “Crown
.” Magna Carta … Holy Grail
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2013
.Jay-Z
. “D'Evils
.” Reasonable Doubt
. Priority Records
, 1996
.Jay-Z
. “Early This Morning
.” Baseline Studios
, 2002
.Jay-Z
. “Empire State of Mind
.” The Blueprint 3
. Roc Nation
, 2009
.Jay-Z
. “Guilty Until Proven Innocent
.” The Dynasty: Roc La Familia
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2000
.Jay-Z
. “Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)
.” Vol. 2 … Hard Knock Life
. Roc-A-Fella
, 1998
.Jay-Z
. “Heaven
.” Magna Carta … Holy Grail
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2013
.Jay-Z
. “Hova Song
.” Vol. 3 … Life and Times of S. Carter.
Roc-A-Fella
,. 1999
.Jay-Z
. “Hova Song Outro
.” Vol. 3 … Life and Times of S. Carter
. Roc-A-Fella
,. 1999
.Jay-Z
. “If I Should Die
.” Jay-Z, Vol. 2 … Hard Knock Life
. Roc-A-Fella
, 1998
.Jay-Z
. “Kill Jay-Z
.” 4
:44
. No I.D.'s studio
, 2017
.Jay-Z
. “Lucifer
.” The Black Album
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2003
.Jay-Z
. “Moment of Clarity
.” The Black Album
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2003
.Jay-Z
. “Ocean
.” Magna Carta … Holy Grail
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2013
.Jay-Z
. “This Can't Be Life
.” The Dynasty: Roc La Familia
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2000
.Jay-Z
. “This Life Forever
.” Black Gangster
. Lightyear Entertainment
, 1999
.Jay-Z
. “U Don't Know.” The Blueprint. Roc-A-Fella, 2001.Jay-Z
. “What More Can I Say?
” The Black Album
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2003
.Jay-Z
. “Where I'm From
.” In My Lifetime, Vol. 1
. Roc-A-Fella
, 1997
.Jay-Z
. “Young Forever
.” The Blueprint 3
. Roc Nation
, 2009
.Jay-Z and Kanye West
. “No Church in the Wild
.” Watch the Throne
. Roc-A-Fella
, 2011
.Insane Clown Posse
. “Zombie Slide
.” Bang! Pow! Boom!
Psychopathic Records
, 2009
.Kanye West
. “Diamonds from Sierra Leone
.” Late Registration
. Roc-A-Fella
/ 2005
.Kanye West
. “I Am a God
.” Yeezus
. Def Jam
, 2013
.Kanye West
. “New Slaves
.” Yeezus
. Def Jam
, 2013
.Kanye West and Jay Z
. “Monster
.” My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
. Def Jam / Roc-A-Fella
, 2010
.Kendrick Lamar
. “Alright
.” To Pimp a Butterfly
. Aftermath Entertainment / Interscope
, 2015
.Kendrick Lamar
. “BLOOD
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “DNA
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “DUCKWORTH
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “FEAR
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “FEEL
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “GOD
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “King Kunta
.” To Pimp a Butterfly
. Aftermath Entertainment / Interscope
, 2015
.Kendrick Lamar
. “LOVE
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “LOYALTY
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “LUST
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “Moral Man
.” To Pimp a Butterfly
. Aftermath Entertainment / Interscope
, 2015
.Kendrick Lamar
. “PRIDE
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “XXX
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Kendrick Lamar
. “YAH
.” DAMN
. Top Dawg Entertainment
, 2017
.Lil’ Kim
. “Pray for Me
.” 9
. Queen Bee Entertainment / eOne
, 2019
.Lil Uzi Vert
. “Run Up
.” Label unknown
, 2016
.Lord Infamous
. “Anyone Out There
.” Chapter 2: World Domination
. RED, Relativity Hypnotize Minds
, 1997
.Nas
. “Black Zombies
.” The Lost Tapes
. Columbia
, 2002
.Nas
. “Dance
.” God's Son
. Ill Will / Columbia
, 2002
.Necro
. Gory Days
. Psycho+Logical-Records
, 2001
.Nina Simone
. “Sinnerman
.” Nina at the Village Gate
. Colpix
, 1962
.The Notorious B.I.G.
“You're Nobody ('Til Somebody Kills You)
.” Life after Death
. Bad Boy / Arista
, 1997
.Pete Rock & CL Smooth
. “They Reminisce over You (T.R.O.Y.)
.” Mecca and the Soul Brother
. Elektra Records
, 1992
.Queen Latifah
. “Winki's Theme
.” Black Reign
. Motown
, 1993
.Rapsody
. “Aaliyah
.” Eve
. Roc Nation
, 2019
.Robert Johnson
. “Cross Road Blues
.” 1936
. The Complete Recordings
. Columbia
, 1990
.Scarface
. “Born Killer
.” Mr. Scarface Is Back
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1991
.Scarface
. “Diary of a Madman
.” Mr. Scarface Is Back
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1991
.Scarface
. “Game Over
.” The Untouchable
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1997
.Scarface
. “Hand of the Dead Body
.” Scarface
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1994
.Scarface
. “I Seen a Man Die
.” The Diary
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1994
.Scarface
. “Mind Playin’ Tricks on Me
.” The Diary
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1994
.Scarface
. “Murder by Reason of Insanity
.” Mr. Scarface Is Back
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1991
.Scarface
. “My Block
.” The Fix
. Def Jam South
, 2002
.Scarface
. “No Tears
.” The Diary
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1994
.Scarface
. “The White Sheet
.” The Diary
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1994
.Scarface and Tupac
. “Smile
.” The Untouchable
. Rap-A-Lot Records
, 1997
.Sean
“P. Diddy” Combs. “I'll Be Missing You
.” No Way Out
. Bad Boy / Arista
, 1997
.Smallz One
. Diary of a Black Widow
. Lyrikal Snuff Productionz
, 2009
.Snoop Dogg
. “Murder Was the Case
.” Murder Was the Case: The Soundtrack
. Death Row / Interscope
, 1994
.Snoop Dogg
. “Murder Was the Case (Death after Visualizing Eternity)
.” DoggyStyle
. Death Row / Interscope
, 1994
.The Stop the Violence Movement
. “Self-Destruction
.” 1000 Days, 1000 Songs
. Jive
, 1989
.$uicideboy$
. “Carrollton
.” I Want to Die in New Orleans
. Caroline
, 2018
.$uicideboy$
. “Now I'm up to My Neck with Offers
.” KILL YOURSELF Part XX: The Infinity Saga
. G 59 Records
, 2017
.Tech N9ne
. “The Boogieman
.” All 6's and 7's
. Strange Music
, 2011
.Tech N9ne
. “Cult Leader
.” All 6's and 7's
. Strange Music
, 2011
.Tech N9ne
. “Misery
.” Misery Loves Kompany
. Strange Music
, 2007
.Tech N9ne
. “Paint a Dark Picture
.” Killer
. Strange Music
, 2008
.Tech N9ne
. “Seepage
.” Seepage
. Strange Music
, 2010
.Tech N9ne
. “Trapped
.” Everready [The Religion]
. Strange Music
, 2006
.Tupac Shakur
. “Black Jesuz
.” Still I Rise
. Death Row / Interscope
, 1999
.Tupac Shakur
. “Blasphemy
.” The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory
. Death Row / Interscope
, 1996
.Tupac Shakur
. “Hail Mary
.” The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory
. Death Row / Interscope
, 1996
.Tupac Shakur
. “Life Goes On
.” All Eyez on Me
. Death Row
, 1996
.Tupac Shakur
. “Only Fear of Death
.” R U Still Down?
Jive
, 1997
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Goblin
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Golden
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Nightmare
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Radicals
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Sandwitches
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Sarah
.” Bastard
(mixtape). Self-released, 2009
.Tyler, the Creator
. “She
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Transylvania
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Tron Cat
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.Tyler, the Creator
. “Yonkers
.” Goblin
. XL
. 2011
.UGK
. “Game Belong to Me
.” Underground Kingz
. Jive
, 2007
.Wu-Tang Clan
. “America
.” America Is Dying Slowly
. EastWest / Elektra
, 1996
.Zigg Zagg
. “Bleeding House Mystery
.” Lynch by Inch
. Siccmade Music
, 2003
.Zigg Zagg
. “Suicidal
.” Through the Eyes of She
. Siccmade Records
, 2005
.Bibliography
Aarons
, K.
“No Selves to Abolish: Afropessimism, Anti-politics and the End of the World
.” Mute
, February
29
, 2016
. https://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/no-selves-to-abolish-afropessimism-anti-politics-and-end-world.Abbink
, J.
, and Göran
Aijmer
, eds. Meanings of Violence: A Cross Cultural Perspective
. New York
: Berg
, 2000
.Abdoh
, Reza
. The Hip-Hop Waltz of Eurydice
. 1990
. https://vimeopro.com/adamsoch/reza-abdoh/video/156807696.. “
Ganxta NIP: The Psycho Becomes a God of Horrorcore
.” Accessed July
23
, 2019
. https://allhiphop.com/features/ganxta-nip-the-psycho-becomes-a-god-of-horrorcore-XJVDq8jP002HhTaicdI5qw.Alvarez
, Lizette
, and Cara
Buckley
. “Zimmerman Is Acquitted in Trayvon Martin Killing
.” New York Times
, July
13
, 2013
. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/us/george-zimmerman-verdict-trayvon-martin.html.Anderson
, Reynaldo
, and Charles E.
Jones
, eds. Afrofuturism 2.0: The Rise of Astro-Blackness
. Lanham, MD
: Lexington
, 2017
.Anderson
, Reynaldo
, and Charles E.
Jones
. Accessed November
21
, 2013
. https://www.lyricsmania.com/soon_and_very_soon_lyrics_andrae_crouch.html.Armstrong
, Edward G.
“The Rhetoric of Violence in Rap and Country Music
.” Sociological Inquiry
63
, no. 1
(1993
): 64
–78
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1993.tb00202.x.Arppe
, Tina
. “Sacred Violence: Girard, Bataille and the Vicissitudes of Human Desire
.” Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory
10
, no. 2
(2009
): 31
–58
. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2009.9672747.Arya
, Rina
. Abjection and Representation: An Exploration of Abjection in the Visual Arts, Film and Literature
. Houndmills, UK
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2014
.Athanasopoulos Sugino
, Charles
. “Smashing the Icon of Black Lives Matter: Afropessimism and Religious Iconolatry
.” Prose Studies
40
, nos. 1–2
(2018
): 71
–91
. https://doi.org/10.1080/01440357.2019.1656400.Bahun
, Sanja
. Modernism and Melancholia: Writing as Countermourning
. Modernist Literature and Culture
. New York
: Oxford University Press
, 2014
.Bailey
, Moya
. “Homolatent Masculinity and Hip Hop Culture
.” Palimpsest: A Journal on Women, Gender, and the Black International
2
, no. 2
(2013
): 186
–99
.Baker
, Ernest
. “Two Insane Days on Tour with Tyler, the Creator
.” Rolling Stone
, November
23
, 2015
. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/two-insane-days-on-tour-with-tyler-the-creator-233121/.Bakhtin
, Mikhail M.
Rabelais and His World
. Translated by Helene
Iswolsky
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
, 1984
.Banchetti-Robino
, Marina Paola
. “Black Orpheus and Aesthetic Historicism
.” Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy
19
, no. 2
(2011
): 121
–35
. https://doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2011.495.Barber
, Tiffany E.
, et al. “25 Years of Afrofuturism and Black Speculative Thought: Roundtable with Tiffany E. Barber, Reynaldo Anderson, Mark Dery, and Sheree Renee Thomas
.” TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies
, no. 39
(Spring 2018
): 136
–44
.Barrett
, Lindon
. “Dead Men Printed: Tupac Shakur, Biggie Small, and Hip-Hop Eulogy
.” Callaloo
22
, no. 2
(1999
): 306
–32
. https://doi.org/10.1353/cal.1999.0065.Bataille
, Georges
. The Accursed Share, Vols. 2 and 3: The History of Eroticism and Sovereignty
. Translated by Robert
Hurley
. New York
: Zone Books
, 1993
.Bataille
, Georges
. Eroticism: Death and Sensuality
. San Francisco
: City Lights Books
, 1986
.Bataille
, Georges
. Inner Experience
. Intersections: Philosophy and Critical Theory
. Albany
: State University of New York Press
, 2014
.Bataille
, Georges
. Story of the Eye
. Translated by Joachim
Neugroschal
. New York
: Penguin
, 2001
.Bataille
, Georges
. The Unfinished System of Nonknowledge
. Edited by Stuart
Kendall
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2001
.Bataille
, Georges
. Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939
. Edited by Allan
Stoekl
. Theory and History of Literature 14
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 1985
.Benson
, Peter
. Black Orpheus, Transition, and Modern Cultural Awakening in Africa
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 1986
.[
Berkeley
, Anthony Ian
]. “Poetic of the Gravediggaz
.” Interview by Miguel D'Souza. Bomb Hip-Hop
. Accessed July
27
, 2019
. http://www.bombhiphop.com/newbomb/bombpages/articles/MC/poetic.html.Berlant
, Lauren
, and Lee
Edelman
. Sex, or the Unbearable
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2014
.Best
, Stephen
. None Like Us: Blackness, Belonging, Aesthetic Life
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2018
.Boluk
, Stephanie
, and Wylie
Lenz
. Generation Zombie: Essays on the Living Dead in Modern Culture
. Jefferson, NC
: McFarland
, 2011
.Boxall
, Peter
. “Blind Seeing: Deathwriting from Dickinson to the Contemporary
.” New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics
89
, no. 89
(2017
): 192
–211
.Britton
, Piers
. “ ‘Mio malinchonico, o vero … mio pazzo’: Michelangelo, Vasari, and the Problem of Artists’ Melancholy in Sixteenth-Century Italy
.” Sixteenth Century Journal
34
, no. 3
(2003
): 653
–75
. https://doi.org/10.2307/20061528.Brombert
, Victor
. “Kafka: The Death-Journey in the Everlasting Present
.” Hudson Review
64
, no. 4
(2012
): 623
–42
.Brooks
, Kinitra D.
“The Importance of Neglected Intersections: Race and Gender in Contemporary Zombie Texts and Theories
.” African American Review
47
, no. 4
(2014
): 461
–75
. https://doi.org/10.1353/afa.2014.0062.Brown
, Vincent
. The Reaper's Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 2010
.Bruce
, La Marr Lurelle
. How to Go Mad without Losing Your Mind: Madness and Black Radical Creativity
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2021
.Bush
, Stephen S.
“The Ethics of Ecstasy: Georges Bataille and Amy Hollywood on Mysticism, Morality, and Violence
.” Journal of Religious Ethics
39
, no. 2
(2011
): 299
–320
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9795.2011.00478.x.Bush
, Stephen S.
“Sharing in What Death Reveals: Breaking the Waves with Bataille
.” Theory and Event
18
, no. 2
(2015
). https://muse.jhu.edu/article/578633.Calamur
, Krishnadev
. “Ferguson Documents: Officer Darren Wilson's Testimony
.” The Two-Way
(blog), National Public Radio
, November
25
, 2014
. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/11/25/366519644/ferguson-docs-officer-darren-wilsons-testimony.Campbell
, James
. Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin
. New York
: Viking
, 1991
.Camus
, Albert
. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays
. Translated by Justin
O'Brien
. New York
: Vintage
, 1991
.Cappetti
, Carla
. “Black Orpheus: Richard Wright's ‘The Man Who Lived Underground.’
” MELUS
26
, no. 4
(2001
): 41
–68
. https://doi.org/10.2307/3185541.Caramanica
, Jon
. “Angry Rhymes, Dirty Mouth, Goofy Kind
.” New York Times
, May
4
, 2011
.Carlevale
, John
. “The Dionysian Revival in American Fiction of the Sixties
.” International Journal of the Classical Tradition
12
, no. 3
(2006
): 364
–91
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12138-006-0003-1.Castillo
, David R.
, David
Schmid
, David A.
Reilly
, and John Edgar
Browning
. Zombie Talk: Culture, History, Politics
. Houndmills, UK
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2016
.Castronovo
, Russ
. Necro Citizenship: Death, Eroticism, and the Public Sphere in the Nineteenth-Century United States
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2001
.Charlier
, Philippe
. Zombies: An Anthropological Investigation of the Living Dead
. Gainesville
: University Press of Florida
, 2017
.Christie
, Deborah
, and Sarah Juliet
Lauro
, eds. Better off Dead: The Evolution of the Zombie as Post-human
. New York
: Fordham University Press
, 2011
.Clark
, David
, ed. The Sociology of Death: Theory, Culture, Practice
. Sociological Review Monograph Series
. Cambridge, MA
: Blackwell
, 1993
.Clasen
, Mathias
. “The Anatomy of the Zombie: A Bio-psychological Look at the Undead Other
.” Otherness: Essays and Studies
1
, no. 1
(2010
): 1
–23
.Coates
, Ta-Nehisi
. “The First White President
.” Atlantic
, October
2017
. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/10/the-first-white-president-ta-nehisi-coates/537909/.“
Code of Thug Life
.” Tupac.be: The Story of a Legend
. Accessed December
19
, 2013
. https://tupac.be/en/his-world/code-of-thug-life/.Cohen
, Jeffrey Jerome
. “Undead (A Zombie Oriented Ontology)
.” Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts
23
, no. 3
(2012
): 397
–412
.Collins
, Michael S.
“Biggie Envy and the Gangsta Sublime
.” Callaloo
29
, no. 3
(2006
): 911
–38
.Comentale
, Edward P.
, and Aaron
Jaffe
, eds. The Year's Work at the Zombie Research Center
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
, 2014
.Connor
, Marlene Kim
. What Is Cool? Understanding Black Manhood in America
. Chicago
: Agate Bolden
, 2003
.Copeland
, M. Shawn
. Enfleshing Freedom: Body, Race, and Being in African American Theology
. Minneapolis, MN
: Fortress
, 2009
.Copes
, Heith
, Andy
Hochstetler
, and J. Patrick
Williams
. “ ‘We Weren't Like No Regular Dope Fiends’: Negotiating Hustler and Crackhead Identities
.” Social Problems
55
, no. 2
(May
2008
): 254
–70
. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2008.55.2.254.Crofts
, Penny
, and Anthea
Vogl
. “Dehumanized and Demonized Refugees, Zombies and World War Z
.” Law and Humanities
13
, no. 1
(June
2019
): 29
–51
. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521483.2019.1572290.Crooke
, James R.
“Zombies! ‘They're Us!’
” Journal of Religion and Popular Culture
30
, no. 3
(2019
): 1
–15
. https://doi.org/10.3138/jrpc.2017-0006.Davis
, Wade
. The Serpent and the Rainbow: A Harvard Scientist's Astonishing Journey into the Secret Societies of Haitian Voodoo, Zombis, and Magic
. New York
: Touchstone
, 1997
.Dawdy
, Shannon Lee
. “Zombies and a Decaying American Ontology
.” Journal of Historical Sociology
32
, no. 1
(2019
): 17
–25
. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12226.De Genova
, Nick
. “Gangster Rap and Nihilism in Black America: Some Questions of Life and Death
.” Social Text
, no. 43
(1995
): 89
–132
. https://doi.org/10.2307/466628.Dery
, Mark
. “Black to the Future: Interviews with Samuel R. Delaney, Greg Tate, and Tricia Rose
.” South Atlantic Quarterly
92
, no. 4
(Fall 1993
): 735
–88
.Detienne
, Marcel
. Dionysos at Large
. Translated by Arthur
Goldhammer
. Revealing Antiquity 1
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 1989
.Douglas
, Mary
. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo
. New York
: Routledge
, 2002
.Downing
, Lisa
, and Robert
Gillett
. “Georges Bataille at the Avant-Garde of Queer Theory? Transgression, Perversion and Death Drive
.” Nottingham French Studies
50
, no. 3
(2011
): 88
–102
. https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2011-3.007.Driscoll
, Christopher
. White Lies: Race and Uncertainty in the Twilight of American Religion
. New York
: Routledge
, 2015
.Du Bois
, W. E. B.
The Souls of Black Folk
. New York
: Vintage Books/Library of America
, 1990
.Du Bois
, W. E. B.
“The Souls of White Folks
.” In Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil
, 29
–52
. New York
: Harcourt, Brace
, 1920
.Dyson
, Michael Eric
. “God Complex, Complex Gods, or God's Complex: Jay-Z, Poor Black Youth, and Making ‘the Struggle’ Divine
.” In Religion in Hip Hop: Mapping the New Terrain in the US
, edited by Monica
Miller
, Anthony
Pinn
, and Bernard “Bun B”
Freeman
, 54
–68
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2015
.Eate
, Penelope
. “Scribblin’ Sinnin’ Sh*t: Narratives of Rape as Masculine Therapeutic Performance in the Strange Case for and against Tyler, the Creator
.” Journal of African American Studies
17
, no. 4
(December
2013
): 529
–45
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-012-9244-z.Ellis
, Aimé J.
If We Must Die: From Bigger Thomas to Biggie Smalls
. African American Life Series
. Detroit, MI
: Wayne State University Press
, 2011
.Eminem
. The Way I Am
. New York
: Plume
, 2009
.Eustice
, Kyle
. “Lil B Clarifies Only the BasedGod Can Curse People
.” HipHopDX
, May
16
, 2018
. https://hiphopdx.com/interviews/id.3096/title.lil-b-clarifies-only-the-basedgod-can-curse-people.Evans
, Brad
, and Henry A.
Giroux
. Disposable Futures: The Seduction of Violence in the Age of Spectacle
. Open Media Series
. San Francisco
: City Lights Books
, 2015
.Féral
, Josette
, and Reza
Abdoh
. “ ‘Theater Is Not about Theory’: An Interview with Reza Abdoh
.” TDR (1988–)
39
, no. 4
(1995
): 86
–96
. https://doi.org/10.2307/1146485.Field
, David
, Jennifer Lorna
Hockey
, and Neil
Small
, eds. Death, Gender, and Ethnicity
. London
: Routledge
, 1997
.“
Flatbush Zombies Detail the Meaning behind Their Name
.” August
22
, 2012
. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Hj4LmV5WY0.Flatley
, Jonathan
. Affective Mapping: Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 2008
.Flavin
, Christopher M.
“The Watching Dead: The Panoptic Gaze and Ideologic Zombies
.” Journal of Cultural and Religious Theory
13
, no. 2
(2014
): 82
–95
.Forman
, Murray
, and Mark Anthony
Neal
, eds. That's the Joint! The Hip-Hop Reader
. 2nd ed. New York
: Routledge
, 2012
.Foucault
, Michel
. Technologies of the Self: A Seminar
. Amherst
: University of Massachusetts Press
, 1988
.Friesen
, Courtney J. P.
Reading Dionysus: Euripides’ Bacchae and the Cultural Contestations of Greeks, Jews, Romans, and Christians
. Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 95
. Tübingen
: Mohr Siebeck
, 2015
.Garland
, Emma
. “Eminem's ‘Stan’ Gave a Face and Name to Fandom
.” Vice
, September
29
, 2017
. https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/a3kj5j/eminem-stan-fandom-obsession-deep-dive.Garnes
, Lamar
. “ ‘Hustler Masculinity’ as Catalyst to Self-Affirming Black Masculinity and Community in Claude Brown's ‘Manchild in the Promised Land.’
” CLA Journal
59
, no. 1
(2015
): 4
–19
.Garrett
, Greg
. Living with the Living Dead: The Wisdom of the Zombie Apocalypse
. New York
: Oxford University Press
, 2017
.Girard
, René
. The Scapegoat
. Translated by Yvonne
Freccero
. Baltimore
: Johns Hopkins University Press
, 1989
.Giroux
, Henry A.
Zombie Politics and Culture in the Age of Casino Capitalism
. Popular Culture and Everyday Life
. New York
: Peter Lang
, 2011
.Goffman
, Erving
. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
. New York
: Touchstone
, 1963
.Goldstein
, Evan
. “Performing Redemption: Metzian Theology in the Art of Kendrick Lamar
.” Elements
11
, no. 2
(2015
). https://doi.org/10.6017/eurj.v11i2.9066.Gonsalves
, Jenifer
. “Chynna Rogers Was a Drug Addict Plagued by Demons That Haunted Her Till the Tragic End
.” MEAWW
, April
9
, 2020
. https://meaww.com/chynna-rogers-drug-addiction-death-overdose-asap-mob-yams-mac-miller-addict-opiate-rapper.Gordon
, Jane Anna
, and Lewis R.
Gordon
. Of Divine Warning: Reading Disaster in the Modern Age
. Boulder, CO
: Paradigm
, 2009
.Gordon
, Lewis R.
, ed. Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy
. New York
: Routledge
, 1997
.“
Gravediggaz Interview + Live Footage from 1994
.” November
10
, 2010
. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BCCiIREFzc.Griffin
, Greg
. “Tech N9ne Explains Origin of Face Paint
.” Strange Music
, June
7
, 2016
. https://www.strangemusicinc.com/2016/06/tech-n9ne/watch-tech-n9ne-explains-origin-facepaint/.Guthrie
, W. K. C.
Orpheus and Greek Religion: A Study of the Orphic Movement
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 1993
.Guynes-Vishniac
, Sean
. “The Zombie and Its Metaphors
.” American Quarterly
70
, no. 4
(2018
): 903
–12
. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2018.0072.Haddour
, Azzedine
. “Sartre and Fanon: On Negritude and Political Participation
.” Sartre Studies International
11
, nos. 1/2
(2005
): 286
–301
. https://doi.org/10.3167/135715505780282515.Hallam
, Elizabeth
. Beyond the Body: Death and Social Identity
. New York
: Routledge
, 1999
.Hanchard
, Michael George
. Orpheus and Power: The “Movimento Negro” of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1945–1988
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 1994
.Hardwick
, Jack
. “Eminem Dead: Is This Proof Rapper Died Years Ago?
” Daily Star
, February
8
, 2017
. https://www.dailystar.co.uk/showbiz/eminem-dead-fan-theory-eminem-16982688.Harney
, Stefano
, and Fred
Moten
. The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study
. New York
: Minor Compositions
, 2013
.Hartman
, Saidiya V.
Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America
. New York
: Oxford University Press
, 1997
.Hartman
, Saidiya
. “Venus in Two Acts
.” Small Axe
12
, no. 2
(2008
): 1
–14
.Hegarty
, Paul
. “Bataille, Conceiving Death
.” Paragraph
23
, no. 2
(2000
): 173
–90
. https://doi.org/10.3366/para.2000.23.2.173.Hewson
, Mark
, and Marcus
Coelen
, eds. Georges Bataille: Key Concepts
. New York
: Routledge
, 2016
.Hiatt
, Brian
. “Kendrick Lamar: The Rolling Stone Interview
.” Rolling Stone
, August
9
, 2017
. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/kendrick-lamar-the-rolling-stone-interview-199817/.Holland
, Sharon Patricia
. Raising the Dead: Readings of Death and (Black) Subjectivity
. New Americanists
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2000
.Holloway
, Karla FC
. Passed On: African American Mourning Stories, A Memorial
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2002
.Hubner
, Laura
, Marcus
Leaning
, and Paul
Manning
, eds. The Zombie Renaissance in Popular Culture
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2014
.Hunnicutt
, Gwen
, and Kristy Humble
Andrews
. “Tragic Narratives in Popular Culture: Depictions of Homicide in Rap Music
.” Sociological Forum
24
, no. 3
(2009
): 611
–30
.Jackson
, John L.
, Jr. “A Little Black Magic
.” South Atlantic Quarterly
104
, no. 3
(Summer 2005
): 393
–402
.Jackson
, Sandra
, and Julie E.
Moody-Freeman
, eds. The Black Imagination: Science Fiction, Futurism and the Speculative
. New York
: Peter Lang
, 2011
.James
, William
. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature
. Enlarged edition, with appendices and introduction by Joseph Ratner. Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion
, 1901
–2
. New York
: Penguin Classics
, 1982
.JanMohamed
, Abdul R.
The Death-Bound-Subject: Richard Wright's Archaeology of Death
. Post-Contemporary Interventions
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2005
.Jay-Z
. Decoded
. New York
: Spiegel and Grau
, 2010
.Joustra
, Robert
, and Alissa
Wilkinson
. How to Survive the Apocalypse: Zombies, Cylons, Faith, and Politics at the End of the World
. Grand Rapids, MI
: William B. Eerdmans
, 2016
.Kangas
, Chaz
. “The History of Horrorcore Rap
.” LA Weekly
, November
5
, 2013
. https://www.laweekly.com/the-history-of-horrorcore-rap/.Kantor
, Martin
. The Psychopathy of Everyday Life: How Antisocial Personality Disorder Affects All of Us
. Westport, CT
: Praeger
, 2006
.Kee
, Chera
. Not Your Average Zombie: Rehumanizing the Undead from Voodoo to Zombie Walks
. Austin
: University of Texas Press
, 2017
.Kellehear
, Allan
. A Social History of Dying
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
, 2007
.Kellogg
, Jean
. Dark Prophets of Hope: Dostoevsky, Sartre, Camus, Faulkner
. Chicago
: Loyola University Press
, 1975
.Kerényi
, Karl
. Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life
. Mythos
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 1976
.Kline
, David
. Racism and the Weakness of Christian Identity: Religious Autoimmunity
. New York
: Routledge
, 2020
.Koch
, Linda A.
“Michelangelo's Bacchus and the Art of Self-Formation
.” Art History
29
, no. 3
(2006
): 345
–86
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8365.2006.00506.x.Koivisto
, Mikko O.
“ ‘I Know You Think I'm Crazy’: Post-horrorcore Rap Approaches to Disability, Violence, and Psychotherapy
.” Disability Studies Quarterly
38
, no. 2
(2018
). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v38i2.6231.Kornhaber
, Spencer
. “The Classic Queer Paradox of Tyler, the Creator
.” Atlantic
, July
21
, 2017
. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/07/tyler-the-creator-flower-boy-coming-out-queerness/534486/.Kristeva
, Julia
. Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia
. European Perspectives
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 1989
.Kubrin
, Charis E.
“ ‘I See Death around the Corner’: Nihilism in Rap Music
.” Sociological Perspectives
48
, no. 4
(2005
): 433
–59
. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2005.48.4.433.Laderman
, Gary
. Rest in Peace: A Cultural History of Death and the Funeral Home in Twentieth-Century America
. New York
: Oxford University Press
, 2003
.Lanzendörfer
, Tim
. Books of the Dead: Reading the Zombie in Contemporary Literature
. Jackson
: University Press of Mississippi
, 2018
.Larsen
, Nella
. Quicksand
. Edited by Deborah
McDowell
. American Women Writers Series
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
, 1986
.Lauro
, Sarah Juliet
. “Asking Zombies about Zombies
.” Journal of Modern Literature
40
, no. 2
(2016
): 189
–92
. https://doi.org/10.2979/jmodelite.40.2.12.Lauro
, Sarah Juliet
. The Transatlantic Zombie: Slavery, Rebellion, and Living Death
. American Literatures Initiative
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
, 2015
.Lauro
, Sarah Juliet
, ed. Zombie Theory: A Reader
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2017
.Lavender
, Isiah
, III. Afrofuturism Rising: The Literary Prehistory of a Movement
. Columbus
: Ohio State University Press
, 2019
.Lechte
, John
. “Thinking the (Ecstatic) Essential: Heidegger after Bataille
.” Thesis Eleven
52
, no. 1
(1998
): 35
–52
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513698052000004.Long
, Duri
. “Listen to the Story: Banksy, Tyler the Creator, and the Growing Nihilistic Mindset
.” Journal of Hip Hop Studies
1
, no. 1
(2014
): 81
–120
.Longstaffe
, Moya
. “A Happy Life and a Happy Death: The Quest of Camus's Etranger
.” French Review
64
, no. 1
(1990
): 54
–68
.Majors
, Richard
. Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America
. New York
: Lexington
, 1992
.Malone
, Eddie
. “Long-Lost Brothers: How Nihilism Provides Bigger Thomas and Biggie Smalls with a Soul
.” Journal of Black Studies
46
, no. 3
(2015
): 297
–315
. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714568893.Martinez-Belkin
, Neil
. “Converting to the Church of BasedGod: Lil B's MIT Lecture Won Me Over
.” Vice
, November
23
, 2014
. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/68wy3r/lil-b-mit-lecture.McAlister
, Elizabeth
. “Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites: The Race and Religion of Zombies
.” Anthropological Quarterly
85
, no. 2
(2012
): 457
–86
. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2012.0021.McIlwain
, Charlton D.
Death in Black and White: Death, Ritual and Family Ecology
. Cresskill, NJ
: Hampton
, 2003
.McIntosh
, Shawn
, and Marc
Leverette
, eds. Zombie Culture: Autopsies of the Living Dead
. Lanham, MD
: Scarecrow
, 2008
.McIvor
, David Wallace
. Mourning in America: Race and the Politics of Loss
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 2016
.McLeod
, James D.
“If God Got Us: Kendrick Lamar, Paul Tillich, and the Advent of Existentialist Hip Hop
.” Toronto Journal of Theology
33
, no. 1
(June
2017
): 123
–35
. https://doi.org/10.3138/tjt.2017-0006.Miguelito
. “Praise and Questions: How Kendrick and Chance Talk to God in Different Ways
.” DJBOOTH
, April
21
, 2017
. https://djbooth.net/features/2017-04-21-kendrick-chance-talking-to-god.Miller
, Monica R.
“Real Recognize Real: Aporetic Flows and the Presence of New Black Godz in Hip Hop
.” In Religion in Hip Hop: Mapping the New Terrain in the US
, edited by Monica R.
Miller
, Anthony B.
Pinn
, and Bernard “Bun B”
Freeman
, 198
–213
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2015
.Miller
, Monica R.
, Anthony B.
Pinn
, and Bernard “Bun B”
Freeman
, eds. Religion in Hip Hop: Mapping the New Terrain in the US
. Bloomsbury Studies in Religion and Popular Music
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2015
.Mizruchi
, Susan
. “Neighbors, Strangers, Corpses: Death and Sympathy in the Early Writings of W. E. B. Du Bois
.” In The Souls of Black Folk: W. E. B. Du Bois
, edited by Henry L.
Gates
Jr. and Terri Hume
Oliver
, 123
–95
. New York
: W. W. Norton
, 1999
.Moffitt
, John F.
Inspiration: Bacchus and the Cultural History of a Creation Myth
. Philosophy of History and Culture
. London
: Brill
, 2005
.Moore
, Megan
. “Romancing Death: The Erotics of Grief in the Old French Philomena
.” Literature Compass
13
, no. 6
(2016
): 400
–411
. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12321.Moreman
, Christopher M.
Race, Oppression and the Zombie: Essays on Cross-Cultural Appropriations of the Caribbean Tradition
. Jefferson, NC
: McFarland
, 2011
.Moten
, Fred
. “Blackness and Nothingness
.” South Atlantic Quarterly
112
, no. 4
(Fall 2013
): 737
–80
.Moten
, Fred
. “The Case of Blackness
.” Criticism
50
, no. 2
(Spring 2008
): 177
–218
.Moten
, Fred
. “Erotics of Fugitivity
.” In Stolen Life
, 241
–67
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2018
.Muhammad
, Elijah
. Message to the Blackman in America
. Chicago
: Secretarius Memps Publications
, 1997
.Mullen
, Gary A.
“Adorno, Žižek and the Zombie: Representing Mortality in an Age of Mass Killing
.” Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory
13
, no. 2
(Summer 2014
): 48
–57
.Murray
, Albert
. From the Briarpatch File: On Context, Procedure, and American Identity
. New York
: Pantheon
, 2001
.Nelson
, Alondra
, ed. “Afrofuturism
.” Special issue, Social Text
20
, no. 2
(June
2002
).Nietzsche
, Friedrich Wilhelm
. The Birth of Tragedy
. Oxford World's Classics
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2000
.Nietzsche
, Friedrich Wilhelm
. The Dionysian Vision of the World
. Translated by Ira J.
Allen
. Minneapolis, MN
: Univocal
, 2013
.Otto
, Walter Friedrich
. Dionysus: Myth and Cult
. Dunquin Series 14
. Dallas, TX
: Spring
, 1965
.Patterson
, Orlando
. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 1982
.Pawlett
, William
. Violence, Society and Radical Theory: Bataille, Baudrillard, and Contemporary Society
. Classical and Contemporary Social Theory
. Burlington, VT
: Ashgate
, 2013
.Peake
, Bryce
. “He Is Dead, and He Is Continuing to Die: A Feminist Psycho-Semiotic Reflection on Men's Embodiment of Metaphor in a Toronto Zombie Walk
.” Journal of Contemporary Anthropology
1
, no. 1
(2010
): 49
–71
.Perrone
, Charles A.
“Don't Look Back: Myths, Conceptions, and Receptions of Black Orpheus
.” Studies in Latin American Popular Culture
17
(January
1998
): 155
–77
.Philips
, Chuck
. “Is America Ready for ‘Natural Born Killaz’?
” Los Angeles Times
, October
20
, 1994
. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-20-ca-52583-story.html.Pickens
, Therí A.
Black Madness::Mad Blackness
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2019
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“Do Atheists Understand and Appreciate Black Bodies?
” Richard Dawkins Foundation
, May
4
, 2012
. http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/645837-do-atheists-understand-and-appreciate-black-bodies.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“The End: Thoughts on Humanism and Death
.” In “Secular Theologies and Theologies of the Secular,” edited by Whitney
Bauman
. Special issue, Dialog
54
, no. 4
(December
2015
): 347
–54
. https://doi.org/10.1111/dial.12207.Pinn
, Anthony B.
The End of God-Talk: An African American Humanist Theology
. New York
: Oxford University Press
, 2012
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“End of the ‘End’: Humanism, Hip-Hop, and Death
.” In Humanism: Essays on Race, Religion, and Cultural Production
, 127
–35
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2015
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“ ‘Gettin’ Grown’: Notes on Gangsta Rap Music and Notions of Manhood
.” Journal of African American Men
1
, no. 4
(1996
): 61
–73
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“God Wears Tom Ford: Hip Hop's Re-envisioning of Divine Authority
.” Media Development
61
, no. 4
(October
2014
): 20
–23
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“ ‘How Ya Livin’?’ Notes on Rap Music and Social Transformation
.” Western Journal of Black Studies
23
, no. 1
(1999
): 10
–21
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
Humanism: Essays on Race, Religion and Cultural Production
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2015
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
Interplay of Things: Religion, Art, and Presence Together
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2021
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“Kendrick Lamar Confronts Black Death
.” Houston Chronicle
, May
2
, 2018
. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/Kendrick-Lamar-confronts-black-death-Opinion-12878601.php.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“ ‘Real Nigga Conditions’: Kendrick Lamar, Grotesque Realism, and the Open Body
.” In Kendrick Lamar and the Making of Black Meaning
, edited by Christopher M.
Driscoll
, Anthony B.
Pinn
, and Monica R.
Miller
, 231
–44
. New York
: Routledge
, 2020
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
Terror and Triumph: The Nature of Black Religion
. Minneapolis, MN
: Fortress
, 2003
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“Theology after ‘Hope’ and ‘Future.’
” American Journal of Theology and Philosophy
40
, no. 2
(May
2019
): 24
–47
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“What Can Be Said? African American Religious Thought, Afro-Pessimism and the Viability of Hope
.” Black Theology: An International Journal
18
, no. 2
(2020
): 144
–57
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
Why, Lord? Suffering and Evil in Black Theology
. New York
: Continuum
, 1995
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
Writing God's Obituary: How a Good Methodist Became a Better Atheist
. Amherst, NY
: Prometheus Books
, 2014
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
“Zombies in the 'Hood: Rap Music, Camusian Absurdity, and the Structuring of Death
.” In Religion in Hip Hop: Mapping the New Terrain in the US
, edited by Monica R.
Miller
, Anthony B.
Pinn
, and Bernard “Bun B”
Freeman
, 183
–97
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2015
.Pinn
, Anthony B.
, and Allen Dwight
Callahan
, eds. African American Religious Life and the Story of Nimrod
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2008
.Platts
, Todd K.
“Locating Zombies in the Sociology of Popular Culture
.” Sociology Compass
7
, no. 7
(2013
): 547
–60
. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12053.Pokornowski
, Steven
. “Vulnerable Life: Zombies, Global Biopolitics, and the Reproduction of Structural Violence
.” Humanities
5
, no. 71
(2016
): 1
–22
. https://doi.org/10.3390/h5030071.Purcell
, William
. “The Death Drive, Zombies, and Zombie Capitalism
.” International Journal of Žižek Studies
10
, no. 3
(2016
): 1
–14
.Rampersad
, Arnold
. The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance
. Edited by Alain
Locke
. New York
: Touchstone
, 1999
.Rankine
, Patrice
. “Orpheus and the Racialized Body in Brazilian Film and Literature of the Twentieth Century
.” Forum for World Literature Studies
3
, no. 3
(2011
): 420
–33
.Razinsky
, Liran
. “How to Look Death in the Eyes: Freud and Bataille
.” SubStance
38
, no. 2
(2009
): 63
–88
. https://doi.org/10.1353/sub.0.0046.Reeves
, Marcus
. Somebody Scream! Rap Music's Rise to Prominence in the Aftershock of Black Power
. New York
: Faber and Faber
, 2008
.Reynolds
, Anthony M.
“Urban Negro Toasts: A Hustler's View from L.A
.” Western Folklore
33
, no. 4
(1974
): 267
–300
. https://doi.org/10.2307/1498547.Riley
, Alexander
. “The Rebirth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Hip Hop: A Cultural Sociology of Gangsta Rap Music
.” Journal of Youth Studies
8
, no. 3
(September
2005
): 297
–311
. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260500261892.Robbins
, Emmet
. “Famous Orpheus
.” In Orpheus: The Metamorphoses of a Myth
, edited by John
Warden
, 2
–21
. Toronto
: University of Toronto Press
, 1982
.Robinson
, Lisa
. “The Gospel According to Kendrick Lamar
.” Vanity Fair
, June
28
, 2018
. https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/06/kendrick-lamar-cover-story.Rose
, Tricia
. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America
. Middletown, CT
: Wesleyan University Press
, 1994
.Rose
, Tricia
. The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk about When We Talk about Hip Hop—and Why It Matters
. New York
: Civitas
, 2008
.Sandoval
, Victor
. “Behind My Face Paint: Tech N9ne's Top 10 Face Paint Designs
.” Strange Music
, October
28
, 2011
. https://www.strangemusicinc.com/2011/10/tech-n9ne/face-paint-tech-n9nes-top-10-designs/.Sanneh
, Kelefa
. “Where's Earl? Word from the Missing Prodigy of a Hip-Hop Group on the Rise
.” New Yorker
, May
23
, 2011
. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/23/wheres-earl.Sarat
, Austin
, and Karl
Shoemaker
, eds. Who Deserves to Die: Constructing the Executable Subject
. Amherst
: University of Massachusetts Press
, 2011
.Sartre
, Jean-Paul
. “Black Orpheus
.” Translated by John
MacCombie
. Massachusetts Review
6
, no. 1
(Autumn–Winter 1964–65
): 13
–52
.Seaford
, Richard
. Dionysos
. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World
. New York
: Routledge
, 2006
.Seale
, Clive
. Constructing Death: The Sociology of Dying and Bereavement
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
, 1998
.Section Eighty
. “Attempts to Blame Murder/Suicide on Eminem Music
.” Accessed July
2
, 2020
. https://forum.sectioneighty.com/attempts-to-blame-murder-suicide-on-eminem-music.t35887.Serwer
, Adam
. “The Coronavirus Was an Emergency until Trump Found Out Who Was Dying
.” Atlantic
, May
8
, 2020
.Sharpe
, Christina
. In the Wake: On Blackness and Being
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2016
.Sharpe
, Christina Elizabeth
. Monstrous Intimacies: Making Post-Slavery Subjects
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2010
.Shepherd
, Reginald
. Orpheus in the Bronx: Essays on Identity, Politics, and the Freedom of Poetry
. Poets on Poetry
. Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan Press
, 2007
.Sigurdson
, Ola
. “Slavoj Žižek, the Death Drive, and Zombies: A Theological Account
.” Modern Theology
29
, no. 3
(July
2013
): 361
–80
.Simawe
, Saadi
, ed. Black Orpheus: Music in African American Fiction from the Harlem Renaissance to Toni Morrison
. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities
2097; Border Crossings 9. New York
: Garland
, 2000
.Singleton
, Jermaine
. Cultural Melancholy: Readings of Race, Impossible Mourning, and African American Ritual
. Urbana
: University of Illinois Press
, 2015
.Smith
, Daniel W.
Review of Erotism: Death and Sensuality, by Georges Bataille and Mary Dalwood. Journal of Religion
67
, no. 4
(1987
): 595
–96
.Smith
, Suzanne E.
To Serve the Living: Funeral Directors and the African American Way of Death
. Cambridge, MA
: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
, 2010
.Smuts
, Aaron
. “The Ethics of Singing Along: The Case of ‘Mind of a Lunatic.’
” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
71
, no. 1
(2013
): 121
–29
.Smyth
, John
, and Robert
Hattam
. “Intellectual as Hustler: Researching against the Grain of the Market
.” British Educational Research Journal
26
, no. 2
(2000
): 157
–75
. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920050000926.Sorcinelli
, Gino
. “Pete Rock Cried When He First Heard the ‘T.R.O.Y.’ Sample
.” Medium
, May
27
, 2019
. https://medium.com/micro-chop/pete-rock-cried-when-he-first-heard-the-t-r-o-y-sample-4a23b656bd45.Spence
, Lester K.
Knocking the Hustle: Against the Neoliberal Turn in Black Politics
. Brooklyn, NY
: Punctum Books
, 2015
.Spence
, Lester K.
Stare in the Darkness: The Limits of Hip-Hop and Black Politics
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2011
.Spillers
, Hortense J.
“Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe: An American Grammar Book
.” Diacritics
17
, no. 2
(1987
): 64
–81
. https://doi.org/10.2307/464747.Stabler
, Albert
. “Punishment in Effigy: An Aesthetics of Torment versus a Pedagogy of Pain in Georges Bataille and Eric Garner
.” Photographies
9
, no. 3
(September
2016
): 307
–26
. https://doi.org/10.1080/17540763.2016.1202131.Sterbenz
, Maeve
. “Movement, Music, Feminism: An Analysis of Movement-Music Interactions and the Articulation of Masculinity in Tyler, the Creator's ‘Yonkers’ Music Video
.” Music Theory Online
23
, no. 2
(2017
): 1
–16
. https://doi.org/10.30535/mto.23.2.6.Sule
, Akeem
, and Becky
Inkster
. “Analysing Stan: What Eminem's Ill-Fated Fictional Superfan Can Tell Us about the Brain and Mental Health
.” The Conversation
, March
5
, 2018
. http://theconversation.com/analysing-stan-what-eminems-ill-fated-fictional-superfan-can-tell-us-about-the-brain-and-mental-health-88968.Sule
, Akeem
, and Becky
Inkster
. “Eminem's Character, Stan: A Bio-Psycho-Social Autopsy
.” Journal of Hip Hop Studies
4
, no. 1
(2017
): 43
–49
.Testa
, Carlo
. “At the Expense of Life: Death by Desire in Balzac, Bataille, and Goethe's ‘Faust.’
” Comparatist
14
(1990
): 44
–61
.Touré
. “An In-Depth Conversation with Kendrick Lamar
.” I-D
, October
16
, 2017
. https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/j5gwk7/an-in-depth-converation-with-kendrick-lamar.Trachtenberg
, Stanley
. “The Hustler as Hero
.” Antioch Review
22
, no. 4
(1962
): 427
–34
. https://doi.org/10.2307/4610464.Utley
, Ebony A.
Rap and Religion: Understanding the Gangsta's God
. Santa Barbara, CA
: Praeger
, 2012
.Van Deburg
, William L.
Hoodlums: Black Villains and Social Bandits in American Life
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2004
.Vicari
, Patricia
. “The Triumph of Art, the Triumph of Death: Orpheus in Spenser and Milton
.” In Orpheus: The Metamorphoses of a Myth
, edited by John
Warden
, 207
–30
. Toronto
: University of Toronto Press
, 1982
.Wang
, Oliver
. “Kendrick Lamar's ‘DAMN.’ Is Introspective and Unforgiving
.” National Public Radio
, April
17
, 2017
. https://www.npr.org/2017/04/17/524351436/kendrick-lamars-damn-is-introspective-and-unforgiving.Warden
, John
, ed. Orpheus, the Metamorphoses of a Myth
. Toronto
: University of Toronto Press
, 1982
.Warren
, Calvin L.
“Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope
.” CR: The New Centennial Review
15
, no. 1
(2015
): 215
–48
. https://doi.org/10.14321/crnewcentrevi.15.1.0215.Warren
, Calvin L.
Onticide: Afropessimism, Queer Theory and Ethics
. Ill Will Editions, 2015
. https://illwilleditions.noblogs.org/files/2015/09/Warren-Onticide-Afropessimism-Queer-Theory-and-Ethics-READ.pdf.Warren
, Calvin L.
Ontological Terror: Blackness, Nihilism, and Emancipation
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2018
.West
, Cornel
. Prophesy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity
. Philadelphia
: Westminster John Knox Press
, 1982
.Wetmore
, Kevin J.
Black Dionysus: Greek Tragedy and African American Theatre
. Jefferson, NC
: McFarland
, 2003
.Wilderson
, Frank B.
, III. Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2010
.Wilderson
, Frank B.
, III, Saidiya
Hartman
, Steve
Martinot
, Jared
Sexton
, and Hortense B.
Spillers
, eds. Afro-Pessimism: An Introduction
. Minneapolis, MN
: racked & dispatched
, 2017
.Wilkinson
, Alec
. “Mr. Subway
.” New Yorker
, January
11
, 2009
. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/01/19/mr-subway.Wilmore
, Gayraud S.
Black Religion and Black Radicalism
. Garden City, NY
: Anchor
, 1973
.Winkie
, Luke
. “20 Best Tyler, the Creator Lyrics
.” Red Bull
, July
24
, 2017
. https://www.redbull.com/us-en/top-20-best-tyler-the-creator-lyrics.Winters
, Joseph
. “Contemporary Sorrow Songs: Traces of Mourning, Lament, and Vulnerability in Hip Hop
.” African American Review
46
, no. 1
(2013
): 9
–20
. https://doi.org/10.1353/afa.2013.0012.Winters
, Joseph
. “Rac(e)ing from Death
.” Journal of Religious Ethics
45
, no. 2
(2017
): 380
–405
. https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12182.Womack
, Ytasha L.
Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture
. Chicago
: Lawrence Hill Books
, 2013
.Wright
, Richard
, and Paul
Gilroy
. Eight Men: Short Stories
. 3rd ed. New York
: Harper Perennial Modern Classics
, 2008
.Younger
, Briana
. “Introducing Chynna, the Ex-model and Ex-addict Who Can Rap Her Ass Off
.” Pitchfork
, January
19
, 2018
. https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/introducing-chynna-the-ex-model-and-ex-addict-who-can-rap-her-ass-off/.Youngquiest
, Paul
. A Pure Solar World: Sun Ra and the Birth of Afrofuturism
. Austin
: University of Texas Press
, 2016
.Zaretsky
, Robert
. Albert Camus, Elements of a Life
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 2010
.Zisook
, Brian “Z.”
“Kendrick Lamar Responds to DJBooth Article about ‘DAMN’ Album
.” DJBOOTH
, April
28
, 2017
. https://djbooth.net/features/2017-04-28-kendrick-lamar-god-response.Zoladz
, Lindsay
. “The Power of Kendrick Lamar's ‘Damn.’ from Back to Front
.” Ringer
, December
21
, 2017
. https://www.theringer.com/2017/12/21/16803970/kendrick-lamar-damn-deluxe-reverse-order.