Chapter One, “From Partitions,” explores the argument foundational to the book: that underlying a refugee camp is a partition. Two forms of partition are central to understanding the Dadaab refugee camps' history: the partition of land, a colonial practice that entrenches territorial contestations, and the partition of the self, a humanitarian practice that stratifies the lives of persons. Through a dialogue between the author and Alishine Osman, a former Dadaab resident,the architectural and political divide created by the camps provides an opening onto the construction of a humanitarian borderland. It examines humanitarian settlement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the partition of the Somali Jubaland in the twentieth century to study how emergency intervention entangled discourses on human rights with those of territory. Learning from the refugee camp thus enables a conceptual reorientation toward it.
Figures & Tables
Contents
Theory in Forms
Architecture of Migration: The Dadaab Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Settlement
Duke University Press
ISBN electronic:
978-1-4780-9370-1
Publication date:
2024
Chapter Contents
Advertisement
References
References
Abdi
, Cawo M.
Elusive Jannah: The Somali Diaspora and a Borderless Muslim Identity
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2015
.Abourahme
, Nasser
. “Assembling and Spilling-Over: Towards an ‘Ethnography of Cement’ in a Palestinian Refugee Camp
.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
39
, no. 2
(2015
): 200
–217
.Abourahme
, Nasser
. “Beneath the Concrete: Camp, Colony, Palestine
.” PhD diss., Columbia University
, 2019
.Abu-Hamdi
, Eliana
, and Yael
Allweil
. “Beyond the Camp: The Unbounded Architecture and Urbanism of Refugees (20th–21st Century)
.” Session in European Association for Urban History international conference
, 2018
.Abuye
, Mohamed
. “Askar: Militarism, Policing and Somali Refugees
.” PhD diss., University of California, San Diego
, 2017
.Admassu
, Emanuel
. “Afterimages: On Restitution, Animism, and Diaspora
.” Syllabus, Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
, New York
, Spring 2022
.Admassu
, Emanuel
, and Anita N.
Bateman
, eds. Where Is Africa?
New York
: Center for Art, Research and Alliances
, 2022
.Agamben
, Giorgio
. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
, 1998
.Agamben
, Giorgio
. Means without End: Notes on Politics
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2000
.Agha
, Menna
. “Emotional Capital and Other Ontologies of the Architect
.” Architectural Histories
8
, no. 1
(2020
): 1
–13
.Agier
, Michel
. Managing the Undesirables: Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Government
. Translated by David
Fernbach
. Cambridge
: Polity Press
, 2011
.Ahmed
, Ismail I.
, and Reginald Herbold
Green
. “The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: Local-Level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction
.” Third World Quarterly—Journal of Emerging Areas
20
, no. 1
(1999
): 113
–27
.Aidid
, Safia
. “Pan-Somali Dreams: Ethiopia, Greater Somalia, and the Somali Nationalist Imagination
.” PhD diss., Harvard University
, 2020
.Aiyar
, Sana
. Indians in Kenya: The Politics of Diaspora
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 2015
.Akcan
, Esra
. Abolish Human Bans: Intertwined Histories of Architecture
. Montreal
: Canadian Centre for Architecture
, 2022
.Akcan
, Esra
. Open Architecture: Migration, Citizenship, and the Urban Renewal of Berlin-Kreuzberg by IBA-1984/87
. Basel
: Birkhäuser
, 2018
.Akšamija
Azra
, Raafat
Majzoub
, and Melina
Phillippou
, eds. Design to Live: Everyday Inventions from a Refugee Camp
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2021
.Al-Bulushi
, Samar
. “Kenya's Refugee ‘Problem.’ ”
Africa Is a Country
, May
25
, 2016
. http://africasacountry.com/2016/05/kenyas-refugee-problem/.Alimia
, Sanaa
. “Performing the Afghanistan–Pakistan Border through Refugee ID Cards
.” Geopolitics
24
, no. 2
(2019
): 391
–425
.Alimia
, Sanaa
. Refugee Cities: How Afghans Changed Urban Pakistan
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
, 2022
.Anderson
, David
. Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire
. London
: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
, 2005
.Anderson
, Kat Blegvad
. Traditional African Architecture
. London
: Oxford University Press
, 1977
.Anderson
, Kay
, and Susan
Smith
. “Editorial: Emotional Geographies
.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
26
, no. 1
(2001
): 7
–10
.Anderson
, Sean
, and Jennifer
Ferng
. “The Detention-Industrial Complex in Australia
.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
73
, no. 4
(December
2014
): 469
–74
.Antonopoulou
, Aikaterini
. “Situated Knowledges and Shifting Grounds: Questioning the Reality Effect of High-Resolution Imagery
.” Field: A Free Journal for Architecture
7
, no. 1
(2017
): 53
–63
.Atanasoski
, Neda
. Humanitarian Violence: The U.S. Deployment of Diversity
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2013
.Atellah
, Juliet
. “Toa Kitambulisho! Evolution of Registration of Persons in Kenya
.” The Elephant
, June
14
, 2019
. https://www.theelephant.info/data-stories/2019/06/14/toa-kitambulisho-evolution-of-registration-of-persons-in-kenya/.Atieno-Odhiambo
, E. S.
“The Formative Years 1945–55
.” In Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93
, edited by Bethwell A.
Ogot
and William Robert
Ochieng’
, 25
–47
. London
: James Currey
, 1995
.Atieno-Odhiambo
, E. S.
, and John
Lonsdale
, eds. Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration
. Oxford
: James Currey
, 2003
.Azoulay
, Ariella Aïsha
. Potential History: Unlearning Imperialism
. London
: Verso
, 2019
.Balibar
, Étienne
. “What Is a Border?
” In Politics and the Other Scene
, translated by Christine
Jones
, James
Swenson
, and Chris
Turner
, 75
–86
. London
: Verso
, 2012
.Banerjee
, Prathama
. Politics of Time: “Primitives” and History-Writing in a Colonial Society
. London
: Oxford University Press
, 2006
.Barton
, Craig Evan
. Sites of Memory: Perspectives on Architecture and Race
. New York
: Princeton Architectural Press
, 2001
.Bauman
, Emily
. “The Naïve Republic of Aid: Grassroots Exceptionalism in Humanitarian Memoir
.” In Global Humanitarianism and Media Culture
, edited by Michael
Lawrence
and Rachel
Tavernor
, 83
–102
. Manchester
: Manchester University Press
, 2019
.Baweja
, Vandana
. “Messy Modernisms: Otto Koenigsberger's Early Work in Princely Mysore, 1939–41
.” South Asian Studies
31
, no. 1
(2015
): 1
–26
.Baweja
, Vandana
. “A Pre-history of Green Architecture: Otto Koenigsberger and Tropical Architecture, from Princely Mysore to Post-colonial London
.” PhD diss., University of Michigan
, 2008
.Baxter
, P. T. W.
, and Richard
Hogg
, eds. Property, Poverty and People: Changing Rights in Property and Problems of Pastoral Development
. Manchester
: Department of Social Anthropology and International Development Centre, University of Manchester
, 1991
.Beeckmans
, Luce
, Alessandra
Gola
, Ashika
Singh
, and Hilde
Heynen
, eds. Making Home(s) in Displacement: Critical Reflections on a Spatial Practice
. Leuven, Belgium
: Leuven University Press
, 2022
.Bell
, Bryan
, and Katie
Wakeford
, eds. Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism
. New York
: Metropolis Books
, 2008
.Bennett
, Jane
. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2010
.Berger
, John
, and Jean
Mohr
. A Fortunate Man: The Story of a Country Doctor
. London
: Penguin
, 1967
.Berger
, John
, and Jean
Mohr
. A Seventh Man: Migrant Workers in Europe
. New York
: Viking
, 1975
.Berman
, Bruce
, and John
Lonsdale
. Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa
. London
: James Currey
, 1992
.Besteman
, Catherine Lowe
. “Primordialist Blinders: A Reply to I. M. Lewis
.” Cultural Anthropology
13
, no. 1
(1998
): 109
–20
.Besteman
, Catherine Lowe
. Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence, and the Legacy of Slavery
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
, 1999
.Besteman
, Catherine Lowe
, and Lee V.
Cassanelli
, eds. The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: The War behind the War
. London
: Haan
, 2000
.Bilsel
, Can
, and Juliana
Maxim
, eds. Architecture and the Housing Question
. London
: Routledge
, 2022
.Bilsel
, Can
, and Juliana
Maxim
. “Introduction: Architecture and the Housing Question: Specific Histories
.” In Architecture and the Housing Question
, edited by Can
Bilsel
and Juliana
Maxim
, 1
–18
. London
: Routledge
, 2022
.Blanco
, Lluís Alexandre Casanovas
, Ignacio G.
Galán
, Carlos Mínguez
Carrasco
, Alejandra Navarrete
Llopis
, and Marina Otero
Vezier
, eds. After Belonging: The Objects, Spaces, and Territories of the Ways We Stay in Transit
. Exhibition catalog, Oslo Architecture Triennale, 2016. Zurich
: Lars Müller
, 2016
.Blier
, Suzanne Preston
. The Anatomy of Architecture: Ontology and Metaphor in Batammaliba Architectural Expression
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 1987
.Bradley
, Gracie Mae
, and Luke De
Noronha
. Against Borders: The Case for Abolition
. London
: Verso
, 2022
.Brauman
, Rony
, interviewed by Eyal
Weizman
. “Planning Emergency: Urbanism for the Displaced?
” Hosted by Laura Kurgan and Peter Marcuse, Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
, Columbia University
, February 4, 2008
.Brown
, Wendy
. Walled States, Waning Sovereignty
. New York
: Zone
, 2010
.Brownlie
, Ian
, and Ian R.
Burns
. African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia
. London
: Hurst
, 1996
.Brun
, Cathrine
, and Tariq
Jazeel
, eds. Spatialising Politics: Culture and Geography in Postcolonial Sri Lanka
. Los Angeles
: Sage
, 2009
.Cadogan
, Garnette
. “Walking While Black
.” In Freeman's: Arrival
. New York
: Grove
, 2015
.Calhoun
, Craig
. “The Idea of Emergency: Humanitarian Action and Global (Dis)Order
.” In Contemporary States of Emergency: The Politics of Military and Humanitarian Interventions
, edited by Didier
Fassin
and Mariella
Pandolfi
, 29
–58
. New York
: Zone
, 2010
.Calhoun
, Craig
. “The Imperative to Reduce Suffering: Charity, Progress, and Emergencies in the Field of Humanitarian Action
.” In Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics
, edited by Michael
Barnett
and Thomas G.
Weiss
, 73
–97
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 2008
.Carboni
, Julien Lafontaine
. “(From) the Repertoire: An Architectural Theory of Operations: Oral and Embodied Knowledge in Architectural and Spatial Practices
.” PhD diss., École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
, 2022
.Carboni
, Julien Lafontaine
. “Undrawn Spatialities: The Architectural Archives in the Light of the History of the Sahrawi Refugee Camps
.” Architecture and Culture
9
, no. 3
(2021
): 505
–22
.Carrier
, Neil
. Little Mogadishu: Eastleigh, Nairobi's Global Somali Hub
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2016
.Carrier
, Neil
, Michael
O'Leary
, and Gisli
Palsson
. “Paul T. W. Baxter: Photographing the Other-than-Human
.” Ethnos
86
, no. 1
(2021
): 69
–93
.Carrier
, Neil
, and Kimo
Quaintance
. “Frontier Photographs: Northern Kenya and the Paul Baxter Collection
.” In Photography in Africa: Ethnographic Perspectives
, edited by Richard
Vokes
, 81
–103
. Woodbridge, UK
: James Currey
, 2012
.Casid
, Jill
. Sowing Empire: Landscape and Colonization
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2005
.Cassanelli
, Lee V.
The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600–1900
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
, 1982
.Cephas
, Jay
. “A Critical Closeness
.” In “Caregiving as Method” dossier, Anooradha Iyer Siddiqi, Can Bilsel, Ana Miljački, and Garnette Cadogan, with Javairia Shahid. In “Care,” guest edited by Torsten
Lange
and Gabrielle
Schaad
. gta Papers
7
(2022
): 108
–12
.Chatterjee
, Partha
. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 1993
.Chee
, Lilian
. “Keeping Cats, Hoarding Things: Domestic Situations in the Public Spaces of the Singaporean Housing Block
.” Journal of Architecture
22
, no. 6
(2017
): 1041
–65
.Cheng
, Irene
, Charles L.
Davis
II, and Mabel O.
Wilson
, eds. Race and Modern Architecture
. Pittsburgh, PA
: University of Pittsburgh Press
, 2020
.Chitchian
, Somayeh
, Maja
Momić
, and Shahd
Seethaler-Wari
. “Architectures of an ‘Otherwise’: Inhabiting Displacement
.” In “Contingency,” guest edited by Dana
Cuff
and Will
Davis
. Ardeth
6
(July
2020
): 249
–55
.Chowdhury
, Zirwat
. “An Imperial Mughal Tent and Mobile Sovereignty in Eighteenth-Century Jodhpur
.” Art History
38
, no. 4
(September
2015
): 668
–81
.Clapham
, Andrew
. Human Rights: A Very Short Introduction
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2007
.Clapham
, Christopher
. “Boundary and Territory in the Horn of Africa
.” In African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits, and Opportunities
, edited by Paul
Nugent
and A. I.
Asiwaju
, 237
–50
. London
: Pinter
, 1996
.Cock
, Emil
, and Institut Universitaire d’Ètudes du
Dèveloppement
. Le dispositif humanitaire
. Geneva
: IUED
, 2003
.Cohen
, Jean-Louis
. Architecture in Uniform: Designing and Building for the Second World War
. Paris
: Hazan Editeur
, 2011
.Coomaraswamy
, Radhika
. “Reclaiming Parts of the Enlightenment: South Asia and Human Rights
.” Lecture, University of Edinburgh Centre for South Asian Studies
, October 5, 2021
.Cooper
, Frederick
. Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
, 1977
.Cooper
, Frederick
. “What Is the Concept of Globalization Good For? An African Historian's Perspective
.” African Affairs
100
(April
2001
): 189
–213
.Corsellis
, Tom
. “The Selection of Sites for Temporary Settlements for Forced Migrants
.” PhD diss., King's College, University of Cambridge
, 2001
.Crinson
, Mark
, ed. “Dossier: Dynamic Vernacular
.” ABE Journal: Architecture beyond Europe
9
–10
(2016
). https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.3002.Cuny
, Frederick C.
, Susan
Abrams
, and Oxfam
America
. Disasters and Development
. New York
: Oxford University Press
, 1983
.Cupers
, Kenny
. Use Matters: An Alternative History of Architecture
. London
: Routledge
, 2013
.Dadi
, Iftikhar
, and Hammad
Nasar
, eds. Lines of Control: Partition as a Productive Space
. London
: Green Cardamom
, 2012
.Dainese
, Elisa
, and Aleksandar
Staničić
. “Introduction: Critical Themes of Design after Destruction
.” In War Diaries: Design after the Destruction of Art and Architecture
, edited by Elisa
Dainese
and Aleksandar
Staničić
, 1
–15
. Charlottesville
: University of Virginia Press
, 2022
.Dalal
, Ayham
. From Shelters to Dwellings: The Zaatari Refugee Camp
. Bielefeld
: Transcript Verlag
, 2022
.Damm
, Tile von
, Anne-Katrin
Fenk
, and Rachel
Lee
, eds. OK—Otto Koenigsberger: Architecture and Urban Visions in India
. Liverpool
: TAG Press
, 2015
.D'Avignon
, Robyn
. A Ritual Geology: Gold and Subterranean Knowledge in Savanna West Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2022
.Davis
, William Michael
. “Palm Politics: Warfare, Folklore, and Architecture
.” PhD diss., University of California
, Los Angeles
, 2021
.De Alwis
, Malathi
. “Moral Mothers and Stalwart Sons: Reading Binaries in a Time of War
.” In The Women and War Reader
, edited by Lois Ann
Lorentzen
and Jennifer
Turpin
, 254
–71
. New York
: New York University Press
, 1998
.Dean
, Andrea Oppenheimer
, Timothy
Hursley
, Lawrence
Chua
, and Cervin
Robinson
. Rural Studio: Samuel Mockbee and an Architecture of Decency
. New York
: Princeton Architectural Press
, 2002
.Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency (DAAR)
, Alessandro
Petti
, Sandi
Hilal
, and Eyal
Weizman
. Architecture after Revolution
. Berlin
: Sternberg
, 2013
.Deegan
, Omar
. Mogadishu: Through the Eyes of an Architect
. Self-published, 2020
.Desai
, Gaurav Gajanan
. Commerce with the Universe: Africa, India, and the Afrasian Imagination
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 2016
.Desai
, Renu
, and Romola
Sanyal
, eds. Urbanizing Citizenship: Contested Spaces in Indian Cities
. Thousand Oaks, CA
: Sage
, 2012
.De Waal
, Alex
. Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa
. London
: African Rights and the International African Institute in association with James Currey
, 1997
.Dharia
, Namita Vijay
. The Industrial Ephemeral: Labor and Love in Indian Architecture and Construction
. Oakland
: University of California Press
, 2022
.Dingley
, Zebulon
. “Kinship, Capital, and the Occult on the South Coast of Kenya
.” PhD diss., University of Chicago
, 2018
.Dodier
, Nicolas
. “Contributions by Médecins Sans Frontières to Changes in Transnational Medicine
.” In Medical Innovations in Humanitarian Situations: The Work of Médecins Sans Frontières
, edited by Jean-Hervé
Bradol
and Claudine
Vidal
, 200
–224
. Paris
: MSF
, 2011
.Donham
, Donald L.
, and Wendy
James
, eds. The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology
. Oxford
: James Currey
, 2001
.Dos Santos
, Riberio
. A Baixa Pombalina: Passado e futuro
. Lisbon
: Livros Horizonte
, 2005
.Doucet
, Isabelle
. “Understanding Social Engagement in Architecture: Toward Situated-Embodied and Critical Accounts
.” In The Routledge Companion to Architecture and Social Engagement
, edited by Farhan
Karim
, 14
–26
. London
: Routledge
, 2018
.D'Souza
, Radha
. “Decolonizing Knowledge: Science, Scientists, and Science Education
.” In Decolonising Knowledge: Looking Back, Moving Forward
, edited by Radha
D'Souza
and Sunera
Thobani
(forthcoming).Dutta
, Arindam
. A Second Modernism: MIT, Architecture, and the “Techno-Social” Moment
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2013
.Dutta
, Arindam
, Ateya
Khorakiwala
, Ayala
Levin
, Fabiola López
Durán
, and Ijlal
Muzzaffar
, eds., for Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative
. Architecture in Development: Systems and the Emergence of the Global South
. London
: Routledge
, 2022
.Eade
, Deborah
, and Tony
Vaux
, eds. Development and Humanitarianism: Practical Issues
. Bloomfield, CT
: Kumarian Press
, 2007
.Elden
, Stuart
. The Birth of Territory
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2013
.Elden
, Stuart
. “Land, Terrain, Territory
.” Progress in Human Geography
34
, no. 6
(December
2010
): 799
–817
.Elkins
, Caroline
. “Detention, Rehabilitation, and the Destruction of Kikuyu Society
.” In Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration
, edited by E. S.
Atieno-Odhiambo
and John
Lonsdale
, 191
–226
. Oxford
: James Currey
, 2003
.Elkins
, Caroline
. Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya
. New York
: Henry Holt
, 2005
.Elleh
, Nnamdi
. African Architecture: Evolution and Transformation
. New York
: McGraw-Hill
, 1996
.Espiritu
, Yen Le
, Lan
Duong
, Ma
Vang
, Victor
Bascara
, Khatharya
Um
, Lila
Sharif
, and Nigel
Hatton
. Departures: An Introduction to Critical Refugee Studies
. Oakland
: University of California Press
, 2022
.Estes
, Nick
. Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance
. London
: Verso
, 2019
.Etoke
, Nathalie
. Melancholia Africana: The Indispensable Overcoming of the Black Condition
. Translated by Bill
Hamlett
. London
: Rowman & Littlefield International
, 2019
.Everill
, Bronwen
. “Freetown, Frere Town and the Kat River Settlement: Nineteenth-Century Humanitarian Intervention and Precursors to Modern Refugee Camps
.” In The History and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention and Aid in Africa
, edited by Bronwen
Everill
and Josiah
Kaplan
, 23
–42
. Houndmills, UK
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2013
.Fanon
, Frantz
. Black Skins, White Masks
. Translated by Richard
Phillcox
. New York
: Grove
, 1952
.Fassin
, Didier
. Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 2012
.Fassin
, Didier
, and Mariella
Pandolfi
, eds. Contemporary States of Emergency: The Politics of Military and Humanitarian Interventions
. New York
: Zone
, 2010
.Fearon
, James
. “The Rise of Emergency Relief Aid
.” In Humanitarianism in Question: Power, Politics, Ethics
, edited by Michael
Barnett
and Thomas G.
Weiss
, 49
–72
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 2008
.Feher
, Michel
, Gaëlle
Krikorian
, and Yates
McKee
, eds. Nongovernmental Politics
. New York
: Zone
, 2007
.Fleetwood
, Nicole R.
Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 2020
.Forman
, Fonna
, and Teddy
Cruz
. Top Down / Bottom Up: The Political and Architectural Practice of Estudio Teddy Cruz + Forman
. Ostfildern, Germany
: Hatje/Cantz
, 2017
.Foucault
, Michel
. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège De France 1978–79
. Edited by Michel
Senellart
and translated by Graham
Burchell
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2008
.Foucault
, Michel
. “The Confession of the Flesh
.” A conversation with Alain Grosrichard, Gerard Wajeman, Jaques-Alain Miller, Guy Le Gaufey, Dominique Celas, Gerard Miller, Catherine Millot, Jocelyne Livi, and Judith Miller. In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977
, edited by Colin
Gordon
, 194
–228
. New York
: Pantheon
, 1980
.Foucault
, Michel
. The History of Sexuality
. Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge. Translated by Robert
Hurley
. New York
: Pantheon
, 1978
.Foucault
, Michel
. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–1976
. Edited by Mauro
Bertani
and Alessandro
Fontana
and translated by David
Macey
. New York
: Picador
, 2003
.Foucault
, Michel
, Michel
Senellart
, François
Ewald
, and Alessandro
Fontana
. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–78
. New York
: Picador
, 2007
.Fraiman
, Susan
. Extreme Domesticity: A View from the Margins
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 2016
.Franklin
, Derek Peter
. A Pied Cloak: Memoirs of a Colonial Police Officer (Special Branch), Kenya, 1953–66, Bahrain, 1967–71, Lesotho, 1971–75, Botswana, 1976–81
. London
: Janus
, 1996
.Fredriksen
, Aurora
. “Emergency Shelter Topologies: Locating Humanitarian Space in Mobile and Material Practice
.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
32
, no. 1
(2014
): 147
–62
.Fredriksen
, Aurora
. “Making Humanitarian Spaces Global: Coordinating Crisis Response through the Cluster Approach
.” PhD diss., Columbia University
, 2012
.Gardner
, Judith
, and Judy El
Bushra
, eds. Somalia—the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women
. London
: Pluto
, 2004
.Gattrell
, Peter
. The Making of the Modern Refugee
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2015
.Geeldoon
, Maxamed Xuseen
. We Kissed the Ground: A Migrant's Journey from Somaliland to the Mediterranean
[Carrada Ayaan Dhunkannay: Waa socdaalkii tahriibka ee Somaliland ilaa badda Medhitereeniyanka]. London and Nairobi
: Rift Valley Institute
, 2016
.The Getty Research Institute
. “The Art and Architecture of Partition and Confederation, Pakistan and Beyond, 1933–1971
.” Research project and workshop organized by Maristella Casciato, Zirwat Chowdhury, and Farhan Karim
, October 15–16, 2018
.Gharipour
, Mohammad
, and Kıvanç
Kılınç
, eds. Social Housing in the Middle East: Architecture, Urban Development, and Transnational Modernity
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
, 2019
.Goldewijk
, Berma Klein
, Georg
Frerks
, and Els van der
Plas
, eds. Cultural Emergency in Conflict and Disaster
. Rotterdam
: NAi
, 2011
.Goldstone
, Brian
, and Juan
Obarrio
, eds. African Futures: Essays on Crisis, Emergence, and Possibility
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2017
.Gooden
, Mario
. Dark Space: Architecture Representation Black Identity
. New York
: Columbia Books on Architecture and the City
, 2016
.Gosseye
, Janina
, Naomi
Stead
, and Deborah van der
Plaat
, eds. Speaking of Buildings: Oral History in Architectural Research
. New York
: Princeton Architectural Press
, 2019
.Gramsci
, Antonio
, Quintin
Hoare
, and Geoffrey
Nowell-Smith
. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci
. New York
: International Publishers
, 1972
.Gyger
, Helen
. Improvised Cities: Architecture, Urbanization, and Innovation in Peru
. Pittsburgh, PA
: University of Pittsburgh Press
, 2019
.Haraway
, Donna
. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective
.” In Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature
, 183
–201
. New York
: Routledge
, 1991
.Haraway
, Donna
. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2016
.Harper
, Mary
. Getting Somalia Wrong? Faith, War, and Hope in a Shattered State
. London
: Zed
, 2012
.Hartman
, Saidiya
. Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals
. New York
: W. W. Norton
, 2019
.Hecht
, Gabrielle
. Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2011
.Henni
, Samia
. Architecture of Counterrevolution: The French Army in Northern Algeria
. Zürich
: GTA Verlag
, 2017
.Henni
, Samia
. “Colonial Ramifications
.” e-flux Architecture
, October
2018
. https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/history-theory/225180/colonial-ramifications/.Herscher
, Andrew
. “Surveillant Witnessing: Satellite Imagery and the Visual Politics of Human Rights
.” Public Culture
26
, no. 3
(September
1
, 2014
): 469
–500
.Herscher
, Andrew
. Violence Taking Place: The Architecture of the Kosovo Conflict
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
, 2010
.Herscher
, Andrew
, and Anooradha Iyer
Siddiqi
. “Spatial Violence
.” Architectural Theory Review
19
, no. 3
(2014
): 269
–77
.Hibou
, Béatrice
. La bureaucratization du monde à l’ère néolibérale
. Paris
: La Découverte
, 2012
.Ho
, Engseng
. The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 2006
.Holston
, James
. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 2008
.hooks
, bell.
“Choosing the Margin as a Space of Radical Openness
.” Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media
36
(1989
): 15
–23
.hooks
, bell
. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics
. New York
: Routledge
, 2014
.Hopgood
, Stephen
. “Saying ‘No’ to Wal-Mart? Money and Morality in Professional Humanitarianism
.” In Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics
, edited by Michael
Bennett
and Thomas G.
Weiss
, 98
–123
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 2008
.Horst
, Cindy
. “Buufis amongst Somalis in Dadaab: The Transnational and Historical Logics behind Resettlement Dreams
.” Journal of Refugee Studies
19
, no. 2
(2006
): 143
–57
.Horst
, Cindy
. Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya
. New York
: Berghahn
, 2006
.Hydén
, Göran
. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry
. London
: Heinemann
, 1982
.Hyndman
, Jennifer
. “Border Crossings
.” Antipode
29
, no. 2
(1997
): 149
–76
.Hyndman
, Jennifer
. Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2000
.Ibrahim
, Rhoda M.
“Women's Role in the Pastoral Economy
.” In Somalia—the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women
, edited by Judith
Gardner
and Judy El
Bushra
, 24
–50
. London
: Pluto
, 2004
.Iheka
, Cajetan
. African Ecomedia: Network Forms, Planetary Politics
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2021
.Ikanda
, Fred Nyongesa
. “Animating ‘Refugeeness’ through Vulnerabilities: Worthiness of Long-Term Exile in Resettlement Claims among Somali Refugees in Kenya
.” Africa
88
, no. 3
(August
2018
): 579
–96
.Ikanda
, Fred Nyongesa
. “Deteriorating Conditions of Hosting Refugees: A Case Study of the Dadaab Complex in Kenya
.” African Study Monographs
29
, no. 1
(October
2008
): 29
–49
.Ikanda
, Fred Nyongesa
. “Good and Bad Muslims: Conflict, Justice, and Religion Among Somalis at Dagahaley Refugee Camp in Kenya
.” In Pursuing Justice in Africa: Competing Imaginaries and Contested Practices
, edited by Jessica
Johnson
and George Hamandishe
Karekwaivanane
, 222
–42
. Athens
: Ohio University Press
, 2018
.Ikanda
, Fred Nyongesa
. “Somali Refugees in Kenya and Social Resilience: Resettlement Imaginings and the Longing for Minnesota
.” African Affairs
117
, no. 469
(October
2018
): 569
–91
.Incite! Women of Color against Violence
, ed. The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex
. Cambridge
: South End Press
, 2007
.Insurgent Domesticities
. Columbia University Center for the Study of Social Difference Working Group
. https://www.socialdifference.columbia.edu/projects-/insurgent-domesticities. Accessed March
16
, 2023
.Jain
, Kajri
. “Whose Emergency?
” In Art History and Emergency: Crises in the Visual Arts and Humanities
, edited by David
Breslin
, Darby
English
, and Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute
, 12
–22
. Williamstown, MA
: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute
, 2016
.Jaji
, Rose
. “Social Technology and Refugee Encampment in Kenya
.” Journal of Refugee Studies
25
, no. 2
(2012
): 221
–38
.James
, C. L. R.
“Epilogue: The History of Pan-African Revolt: A Summary, 1939–1969
.” In Living with Ghosts: A Reader
, edited by Kojo
Abudu
, 25
-43
. London
: Pace Publishing
, 2023
.James
, Wendy
, Donald L.
Donham
, Eisei
Kurimoto
, and Alessandro
Triulzi
, eds. Remapping Ethiopia: Socialism and After
. Oxford
: James Currey
, 2002
.Jamison
, Matthew
. “Humanitarian Intervention since 1990 and ‘Liberal Interventionism.’ ”
In Humanitarian Intervention: A History
, edited by Brendan
Simms
and D. J. B.
Trim
, 365
–80
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
, 2011
.Jansen
, Bram
. Kakuma Refugee Camp: Humanitarian Urbanism in Kenya's Accidental City
. London
: Zed
, 2018
.Jaskot
, Paul B.
The Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor, and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy
. London
: Routledge
, 2000
.Jennings
, Michael
. Surrogates of the State: NGOs, Development, and Ujamaa in Tanzania
. Bloomfield, CT
: Kumarian
, 2008
.Johnson
, Christopher D.
Memory, Metaphor, and Aby Warburg's Atlas of Images
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 2012
.Kanogo
, Tabitha
. Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–63
. London
: James Currey
, 1987
.Kapteijns
, Lidwien
. Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
, 2013
.Karim
, Farhan
. “Between Self and Citizenship: Doxiadis Associates in Postcolonial Pakistan 1958–68
.” International Journal of Islamic Architecture
5
, no. 1
(2016
): 135
–61
.Karim
, Farhan
. The Routledge Companion to Architecture and Social Engagement
. London
: Routledge
, 2018
.Katz
, Irit
. The Common Camp: Architecture of Power and Resistance in Israel-Palestine
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2022
.Katz
, Irit
. “Spreading and Concentrating: The Camp as the Space of the Frontier
.” City
19
, no. 5
(2015
): 727
–40
.Katz
, Irit
, Diana
Martín
, and Claudio
Minca
, eds. Camps Revisited: Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology
. London
: Rowman and Littlefield International
, 2018
.Kaur
, Ravinder
. “Claiming Community through Narratives: Punjabi Refugees in Delhi
.” In The Idea of Delhi
, edited by Romi
Khosla
, 54
–67
. Mumbai
: Marg
, 2005
.Keck
, Margaret E.
, and Kathryn
Sikkink
. Activists beyond Borders
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 1998
.Keenan
, Thomas
. “Do Something
.” In “Humanism without Borders: A Dossier on the Human, Humanitarianism, and Human Rights.” Alphabet City
7
, “Social Insecurity” (2000
): 44
–46
.Kennedy
, Hollyamber
. “Infrastructures of ‘Legitimate Violence’: The Prussian Settlement Commission, Internal Colonization, and the Migrant Remainder
.” Grey Room
76
(Summer 2019
): 58
–97
.Kennedy
, Hollyamber
. “A Spatial Writing of the Earth: The Design of Colonial Territory in South-West Africa
.” In German Colonialism in Africa and Its Legacies
, edited by Itohan
Osyayimwese
, 89
–119
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2023
.Kennedy
, Hollyamber
. “Wastelands of Empire, Sites of ‘Salvation’: Landscapes of ‘Reform’ in Late 19th Century Germany
.” In “Territories of Incarceration,” guest edited by Sabrina
Puddu
and Francesco
Zuddas
. Journal of Architecture
(forthcoming 2024
).Kennedy
, James
. “Structures for the Displaced: Service and Identity in Refugee Settlements
.” PhD diss., Technische Universiteit Delft
, 2008
.Keshavarz
, Mahmoud
. The Design Politics of the Passport: Materiality, Immobility, and Dissent
. London
: Bloomsbury
, 2019
.Khadiagala
, Gilbert M.
“Boundaries in Eastern Africa
.” Journal of Eastern African Studies
4
, no. 2
(2010
): 266
–78
.Khagram
, Sanjeev
, James V.
Riker
, and Kathryn
Sikkink
, eds. Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks and Norms
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2002
.Kibinge
, Judy
, Marius Van
Graan
, Jason
Corder
, and Kevin
McCloud
. Scarred: The Anatomy of a Massacre
. Los Angeles
: Seven Productions
, 2015
.Kimathi
, Leah
. “The Securitization of Humanitarian Aid: A Case Study of the Dadaab Refugee Camp in Kenya
.” In Refugees and Forced Migration in the Horn and Eastern Africa: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
, edited by Johannes Dragsbaek
Schmidt
, Leah
Kimathi
, and Michael Omondi
Owiso
, 65
–80
. Cham, Switzerland
: Springer
, 2019
.Kĩnyattĩ
, Maina wa
, ed. Kenya's Freedom Struggle: The Dedan Kimathi Papers
. London
: Zed
, 1987
.Kĩnyattĩ
, Maina wa.
Mwakenya: The Unfinished Revolution: Selected Documents of the Mwakenya–December Twelve Movement (1974–2002)
. Nairobi
: Mau Mau Research Center
, 2014
.Kĩnyattĩ
, Maina wa.
The Pen and the Gun: Selected Essays, Letters, and Poems
. Nairobi
: Mau Mau Research Center
, 2006
.Kirkham-Lewitt
, Isabelle
, ed. Paths to Prison: On the Architectures of Carcerality
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 2020
.Klein
, Naomi
. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
. New York
: Metropolitan / Henry Holt
, 2007
.Kostof
, Spiro
. The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form through History
. Boston
: Little, Brown
, 1992
.Kurgan
, Laura
. Close Up at a Distance: Mapping, Technology, and Politics
. New York
: Zone
, 2013
.Laitin
, David D.
, and Said S.
Samatar
. Somalia: Nation in Search of a State
. Boulder, CO
: Westview Press
, 1987
.Landau
, Loren
, and Tanya
Pampalone
, eds. I Want to Go Home Forever
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
, 2018
.Larkin
, Brian
. “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure
.” Annual Review of Anthropology
42
(2013
): 327
–43
.Latour
, Bruno
. The Pasteurization of France
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 1988
.Lavin
, Sylvia
. Architecture Itself and Other Postmodernization Effects
. Montreal
: Canadian Centre for Architecture
, 2020
.Lawrence
, Michael
, and Rachel
Tavernor
, eds. Global Humanitarianism and Media Culture
. Manchester
: Manchester University Press
, 2019
.Lee
, Rachel
. “Negotiating Modernities: Otto Koenigsberger's Works and Network in Exile (1933–1951)
.” PhD diss., TU Berlin
, 2017
.Lee-Smith
, Diana
. “ ‘My House Is My Husband’: A Kenyan Study of Women's Access to Land and Housing
.” PhD diss., Lund University
, 1997
.Lewis
, I. M.
Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 1893
.Loescher
, Gil
. The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2001
.Lokko Lesley Naa Norle, ed.
White Papers Black Marks: Architecture, Race, Culture
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2000
.Lopez
, Sarah Lynn
. The Remittance Landscape: Spaces of Migration in Rural Mexico and Urban USA
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2014
.Lopez
, Sarah Lynn
. “States of Incarceration: An Architectural Perspective on Immigrant Detention in Texas
.” Museums & Social Issues
12
, no. 1
(2017
): 33
–40
.Lorde
, Audre
. “The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House
.” In This Bridge Called My Back: Writing by Radical Women of Color
, edited by Cherríe
Moraga
and Gloria
Anzaldúa
, 98
–101
. Watertown, MA
: Persephone Press
, 1981
.Lorde
, Audre
. “The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Racism
.” Blackpast
, August
12
, 2012
. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/speeches-african-american-history/1981-audre-lorde-uses-anger-women-responding-racism/.Lorentzen
, Lois Ann
, and Jennifer
Turpin
, eds. The Women and War Reader
. New York
: New York University Press
, 1998
.Lowe
, Lisa
. The Intimacies of Four Continents
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2015
.Lozanovska
, Mirjana
. Ethno-architecture and the Politics of Migration
. London
: Routledge
, 2016
.Lozanovska
, Mirjana
. Migrant Housing: Architecture, Dwelling, Migration
. London
: Routledge
, 2019
.Lynch
, Gabrielle
. I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2011
.MacArthur
, Julie
. Cartography and the Political Imagination: Mapping Community in Colonial Kenya
. Athens
: Ohio University Press
, 2016
.Magone
, Claire
, Michael
Neuman
, and Fabrice
Weissman
, eds. Humanitarian Negotiations Revealed: The MSF Experience
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 2011
.Mahmood
, Saba
. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 2011
.Malkki
, Liisa Helena
. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 1995
.Mamdani
, Mahmood
. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 2018
.Manji
, Ambreena
. The Struggle for Land and Justice in Kenya
. Woodbridge, UK
: James Currey
, 2020
.Martin
, Reinhold
. “Financial Imaginaries: Toward a Philosophy of the City
.” Grey Room
42
(Winter 2011
): 60
–79
.Marx
, Karl
. “The Fetishism of the Commodity and the Secret Thereof
.” In Capital
, vol. 1
. Alexandria, VA
: Chadwydk-Healey
, 1999
.Matsipa
, Mpho
, ed. African Mobilities: This Is Not a Refugee Camp Exhibition
. Exhibition catalog, Arkitekturmuseum der TUM
, April 26–August 19, 2018
.Mburu
, Nene
. Bandits on the Border: The Last Frontier in the Search for Somali Unity
. Lawrenceville, NJ
: Red Sea
, 2005
.McConnell
, Tristan
. “Inside Somalia: Where Poetry Is Revered
.” The World
. GlobalPost from Agence France-Presse, February
12
, 2010
. https://theworld.org/stories/2010-02-12/inside-somalia-where-poetry-revered.McKee
, Yates
. “ ‘Eyes and Ears’: Aesthetics, Visual Culture, and the Claims of Nongovernmental Politics
.” In Nongovernmental Politics
, edited by Michel
Feher
, with Gaëlle
Krikorian
and Yates
McKee
, 326
–55
. New York
: Zone
, 2007
.McKittrick
, Katherine
. Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2006
.McLagan
, Meg
, and Yates
McKee
, eds. Sensible Politics: The Visual Culture of Nongovernmental Activism
. New York
: Zone
, 2012
.McNeish
, John-Andrew
, and Jon Harald Sande
Lie
, eds. Security and Development
. New York
: Berghahn
, 2010
.Meier
, Prita
. Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
, 2016
.Meiu
, George
. Ethno-erotic Economies: Sexuality, Money, and Belonging in Kenya
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2017
.Mendoza
, Elis
. “From Refuge to Shelter: Frederick Cuny's Humanitarian Architecture as Deferred Utopia
.” PhD diss., Princeton University
, 2022
.Mendoza
, Elis
. “Tracing Humanitarian Work: Caring about the Gaps in Documenting Knowledge Production
.” In “Caregiving as Method” dossier, Anooradha Iyer Siddiqi, Can Bilsel, Ana Miljački, and Garnette Cadogan, with Javairia Shahid In “Care,” guest edited by Torsten
Lange
and Gabrielle
Schaad
. gta Papers
7
(2022
): 119
–24
.Merry
, Sally Engle
. Gender Violence: A Cultural Perspective
. Malden, MA
: Wiley-Blackwell
, 2009
.Merry
, Sally Engle
. “Introduction: States of Violence
.” In The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law Between the Global and the Local
, edited by Mark
Goodale
and Sally Engle
Merry
, 41
–48
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
, 2007
.Mezzadra
, Sandro
, and Brett
Nielson
. Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2013
.Mire
, Sada
. “Comment 2: The Role of Cultural Heritage in the Basic Needs of East African Pastoralists
.” Supplement, African Study Monographs
, no. 53
(March
2017
): 152
.Mire
, Sada
. Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa
. London
: Routledge
, 2020
.Mitchell
, Timothy
. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 2002
.Miyonga
, Rose
. “Colonial Afterlives: Land and the Emotional History of the Mau Mau War
.” Funambulist
, February
22
, 2022
. https://thefunambulist.net/magazine/the-land/colonial-afterlives-land-and-the-emotional-history-of-the-mau-mau-war.Monk
, Daniel Bertrand
, and Andrew
Herscher
. The Global Shelter Imaginary: IKEA Humanitarianism and Rightless Relief
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2021
.Monk
, Daniel Bertrand
, and Jacob
Mundy
, eds. The Post-Conflict Environment: Investigation and Critique
. Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan Press
, 2014
.Mostov
, Julie
. Soft Borders: Rethinking Sovereignty and Democracy
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2008
.Moyn
, Samuel
. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History
. Cambridge, MA
: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
, 2010
.Moyo
, Dambisa
. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa
. New York
: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux
, 2009
.Musmar
, Aya
. “Witnessing as a Feminist Spatial Practice: Encountering the Refugee Camp beyond Recognition
.” PhD diss., University of Sheffield
, 2020
.Mutongi
, Kenda
. Matatu: A History of Popular Transportation in Nairobi
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2017
.Muzaffar
, M. Ijlal
. “Boundary Games: Ecochard, Doxiadis, and the Refugee Housing Projects under Military Rule in Pakistan, 1953–1959
.” In Governing by Design: Architecture, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century
, edited by Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative
, 142
–78
. Pittsburgh, PA
: University of Pittsburgh Press
, 2012
.Muzaffar
, M. Ijlal
. “God's Gamble: Self-Help Architecture and the Housing of Risk
.” In Architecture in Development: Systems and the Emergence of the Global South
, edited by Arindam
Dutta
, Ateya
Khorakiwala
, Ayala
Levin
, Fabiola López
Durán
, and Ijlal
Muzaffar
, for Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative
, 47
–62
. London
: Routledge
, 2022
.Muzaffar
, M. Ijlal
. “The Periphery Within: Modern Architecture and the Making of the Third World
.” PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
, 2007
.Naimou
, Angela
. “Preface
.” Humanity
8
, no. 3
(Winter 2017
): 511
–17
, 580
.Ndaliko
, Chérie Rivers
, and Samuel
Anderson
. Introduction to The Art of Emergency: Aesthetics and Aid in African Crises
, edited by Chérie Rivers
Ndaliko
and Samuel
Anderson
, 1
–29
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2020
.Nixon
, Rob
. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 2011
.Nolan
, Ginger
. “Cash-Crop Design: Architectures of Land, Knowledge, and Alienation in Twentieth-Century Kenya
.” Architectural Theory Review
3
(December
2017
): 280
–301
.Nolan
, Ginger
. The Neocolonialism of the Global Village
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2018
.Nugent
, Paul
, and A. I.
Asiwaju
. African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities
. London
: Pinter
, 1996
.Nyerere
, Julius Kambarage
. “The Arusha Declaration: Socialism and Self-Reliance
.” In Freedom and Socialism / Uhuru Na Ujamaa: A Selection from Writings and Speeches 1965–1967
. Dar Es Salaam
: Oxford University Press
, 1968
.Ochieng
, William Robert
, and Robert M.
Maxon
, eds. An Economic History of Kenya
. Nairobi
: East African Educational Publishers
, 1992
.Ogot
, Bethwell A.
“The Decisive Years 1956–63
.” In Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93
, edited by Bethwell A.
Ogot
and William Robert
Ochieng
, 48
–71
. London
: James Currey
, 1995
.Ogot
, Bethwell A.
, and William Robert
Ochieng
, eds. Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93
. London
: James Currey
, 1995
.Okoye, “
Enigmatic Mobilities / Historical Mobilities
.” In African Mobilities
, edited by Mpho
Matsipa
, 2018
. https://archive.africanmobilities.org/discourse/2018/05/enigmatic-mobilities-historical-mobilities/.Oliver
, Kelly
. Carceral Humanitarianism: Logics of Refugee Detention
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2017
.Oluoch-Olunya
, Garnette
. “Contextualising Post-Independence Anglophone African Writing: Ayi Kwei Armah and Ngugi wa Thiong'o Compared
.” PhD diss., University of Glasgow
, 2000
.Ophir
, Adi
. “The Sovereign, the Humanitarian, and the Terrorist
.” In Nongovernmental Politics
, edited by Michel
Feher
, Gaëlle
Krikorian
, and Yates
McKee
, 161
–66
. New York
: Zone
, 2007
.Osayimwese
, Itohan
. Colonialism and Modern Architecture in Germany
. Pittsburgh, PA
: University of Pittsburgh Press
, 2017
.Osayimwese
, Itohan
. “On Architecture and the Restitution of Cultural Heritage
.” Eduard F. Sekler talk delivered at the Society of Architectural Historians annual meeting
, April 28, 2022
. https://www.sah.org/2022/sekler-talk?_zs=7XjhX&_zl=xsIv2.Osborne
, Myles
. Ethnicity and Empire in Kenya: Loyalty and Martial Race among the Kamba, c. 1800 to the Present
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
, 2014
.Otero-Pailos
, Jorge
. Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2010
.Ozaki
, Ana G.
“Afro-Brazilian Lenses: Quilombo Urbanism in Rio de Janeiro's Pequena África
.” In Decolonizing the Spatial History of the Americas
, edited by Fernando Luiz
Lara
, 100
–113
. Austin
: Center for American Architecture and Design at the University of Texas at Austin
, 2021
.Pallister-Wilkins
, Polly
. Humanitarian Borders: Unequal Mobility and Saving Lives
. London
: Verso
, 2022
.Pasquetti
, Silvia
, and Romola
Sanyal
, eds. Displacement: Global Conversations on Refuge
. Manchester
: Manchester University Press
, 2020
.Perera
, Suvendrini
. Australia and the Insular Imagination: Beaches, Borders, Boats, and Bodies
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
, 2009
.Perera
, Suvendrini
. “Oceanic Corpo-graphies, Refugee Bodies and the Making and Unmaking of Waters
.” In “Water,” guest edited by Rutvica
Andrijasevic
and Laleh
Khalili
, Feminist Review
103
no. 1
(March
2013
): 58
–79
.Perera
, Suvendrini
. “Sexual Violence and the Border: Colonial Genealogies of US and Australian Immigration Detention Regimes
.” Social & Legal Studies
30
, no. 1
(2021
): 66
–79
.Pérouse de Montclos
, Marc-Antoine
, and Peter Mwangi
Kagwanja
. “Refugee Camps or Cities? The Socio-Economic Dynamics of the Dadaab and Kakuma Camps in Northern Kenya
.” Journal of Refugee Studies
13
, no. 2
(2000
): 205
–22
.Phelan
, Kevin P. Q.
“From an Idea to Action: The Evolution of Médicins Sans Frontières
.” In The New Humanitarians: Inspiration, Innovations, and Blueprints for Visionaries,
edited by Chris E.
Stout
, vol. 1
, Changing Global Health Inequities, 1
–29
. London
: Praeger
, 2009
.Pieris
, Anoma
, ed. Architecture on the Borderline: Boundary Politics and Built Space
. Abingdon, UK
: Routledge
, 2019
.Pieris
, Anoma
, ed., and Lynne Horiuchi
. The Architecture of Confinement: Incarceration Camps of the Pacific War
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
, 2022
.Pollock
, Griselda
. Differencing the Canon: Feminist Desire and the Writing of Art's Histories
. London
: Routledge
, 1999
.Povinelli
, Elizabeth A.
Geontologies: A Requiem to Late Liberalism
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2016
.Povinelli
, Elizabeth A.
“Routes/Worlds
.” e-flux Journal
, September
2011
. https://www.e-flux.com/journal/27/67991/routes-worlds/.Povinelli
, Elizabeth A.
“The Will to Be Otherwise / The Effort of Endurance
.” South Atlantic Quarterly
111
, no. 3
(2012
): 453
–75
.Prussin
, Labelle
. African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place, and Gender
. Washington, DC
: Smithsonian Institution Press
, 1995
.Puar
, Jasbir K.
Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2017
.Puig de la Bellacasa
, Maria
. Matters of Care: Speculative Ethics in More than Human Worlds
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2017
.Purpura
, Allyson
. “Framing the Ephemeral
.” In “Ephemeral Arts 1,” guest edited by Allyson
Purpura
. African Arts
42
, no. 3
(Autumn 2009
): 11
–15
.Rael
, Ronald
. Borderwall as Architecture: A Manifesto for the U.S.-Mexico Boundary
. Oakland
: University of California Press
, 2017
.Ramirez
, Enrique
. “Airs of Modernity
, 1881–1914
.” PhD diss., Princeton University
, 2013
.Rao
, Anupama
. The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 2009
.Rao
, Anupama
, and Steven
Pierce
. “Discipline and the Other Body: Humanitarianism, Violence, and the Colonial Exception
.” In Discipline and the Other Body: Correction, Corporeality, Colonialism
, edited by Steven
Pierce
and Anupama
Rao
, 1
–35
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2006
.Rawes
, Peg
, Stephen
Loo
, and Timothy
Mathews
, eds. Poetic Biopolitics: Practices of Relation in Architecture and the Arts
. London
: I. B. Tauris
, 2016
.Rawlence
, Ben
. City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World's Largest Refugee Camp
. New York
: Picador
, 2016
.