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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

The conclusion returns to the question of how South Africa foretells planetary futures. Residual governance drives the Anthropocene and nourishes fantasies of endless growth. It bolsters racial capitalism and presents a formidable challenge to struggles for environmental justice.

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