Mine lands are omnipresent in South Africa's endless debates about land reform. Asbestos, platinum, chromium, iron: all of South Africa's mines have toxic afterlives. Their leakages, debris, and emanations continue to time-bomb the future. In Gauteng, planners, policy makers, and activists see the land under the tailings piles as prime real estate, ripe for development: the key to making the city whole. This puts remediation at the center of debates about urban planning. As mines shut down, revolving doors spin mine officials and engineers into remediation consulting firms that profit from the harms wreaked by their own former employers, turning many industry consultants into agents of the new apartheid. Their resources vastly exceed those of the communities, artists, activists, and social scientists who seek to remediate the spatial injustices of apartheid.
Figures & Tables
Contents
Residual Governance: How South Africa Foretells Planetary Futures
By
Gabrielle Hecht
Gabrielle Hecht
Gabrielle Hecht is Professor of History at Stanford University, author of
Search for other works by this author on:
Duke University Press
Copyright:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
ISBN electronic:
978-1-4780-9368-8
Publication date:
2023
Chapter Contents
Advertisement
References
Bibliography
Abrahams
, Peter
. “Fancies Idle.
” In You Better Believe It: Black Verse in English from Africa, the West Indies, and the United States
, edited by Paul
Breman
, 170
–71
. Baltimore, MD
: Penguin Books
, 1973
.
Adas
, Michael
. Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
, 1989
.
Adler
, Rebecca A.
, Marius
Claassen
, Linda
Godfrey
, and Anthony R.
Turton
. “Water, Mining and Waste: An Historical and Economic Perspective on Conflict Management in South Africa.
” Economics of Peace and Security Journal
2
, no. 2
(2007
): 32
–41
.Agricola
, Georgius
. De re metallica
. Translated by Herbert Clark
Hoover
and Lou Henry
Hoover
. New York
: Dover
, 1950
. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38015/38015-h/38015-h.htm.Alberts
, R.
, J. A.
Wessels
, A.
Morrison-Saunders
, M. P.
McHenry
, A. Rita
Sequeira
, H.
Mtegha
, and D.
Doepel
. “Complexities with Extractive Industries Regulation on the African Continent: What Has ‘Best Practice’ Legislation Delivered in South Africa?
” Extractive Industries and Society
4
, no. 2
(April 1, 2017
): 267
–77
.Alexander
, Amanda
. “Democracy Dispossessed: Land, Law and the Politics of Redistribution in South Africa.
” PhD diss., Columbia University
, 2016
.
Alexander
, Neville
. One Azania, One Nation: The National Question in South Africa
. Edited by No
Sizwe
. London
: Zed
, 1979
.
Alexander
, Neville
. An Ordinary Country: Issues in Transition from Apartheid to Democracy in South Africa
. New York
: Berghahn
, 2003
.
“
Are There Limits to Economic Growth? It's Time to Call Time on a 50-Year Argument.
” Editorial. Nature
603
, no. 7901
(March 16, 2022
).
Asafu-Adjaye
, John
, Linus
Blomqvist
, Stewart
Brand
, Barry
Brook
, Ruth
DeFries
, Erle
Ellis
, Christopher
Foreman
, et al. “An Ecomodernist Manifesto.
” 2015
. http://www.ecomodernism.org.Auf der Heyde
, T.
“South African Nuclear Policy since 1993: Too Hot to Handle?
” Paper presented at National Nuclear Technology Conference, September 6–9, 1998, South Africa
. Chamber of Mines archives
.Auyero
, Javier
. Patients of the State: The Politics of Waiting in Argentina
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2012
.
Auyero
, Javier
, and Étienne
Ollion
. “Faire patienter, c'est dominer: Le pouvoir, l’État et l'attente.
” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales
226
–27
, no. 1
(May
3
, 2019
): 120
–25
.Ballard
, Richard
, Gareth A.
Jones
, and Makale
Ngwenya
. “Trickle-Out Urbanism: Are Johannesburg's Gated Estates Good for Their Poor Neighbours?
” Urban Forum
32
, no. 2
(June 2021
): 165
–82
.Ballard
, Richard
, Ngaka
Mosiane
, Alexandra
Parker
, Christian
Hamann
, Julia de
Kadt
, Siân
Butcher
, and Sandiswa
Mapukata
. “Scale, Belonging and Exclusion in Gauteng.
” Johannesburg
: GCRO
, n.d.Ballard
, Richard
, Alexandra
Parker
, Siân
Butcher
, Julia de
Kadt
, Christian
Hamann
, Kate
Joseph
, Sandiswa
Mapukata
, Thembani
Mkhize
, Ngaka
Mosiane
, and Lukas
Spiropoulos
. “Scale of Belonging: Gauteng 30 Years after the Repeal of the Group Areas Act.
” Urban Forum
32
, no. 2
(June 2021
): 131
–39
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-021-09429-5.Ballard
, Richard
, and Margot
Rubin
. “A ‘Marshall Plan’ for Human Settlements: How Megaprojects Became South Africa's Housing Policy.
” Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa
95
, no. 1
(2017
): 1
–31
.Ballim
, Faeeza
. Apartheid's Leviathan: Electricity and the Power of Technological Ambivalence
. Athens
: Ohio University Press
, 2023
.
Baloyi
, Mahlatse L.
, and Elizabeth N.
Lubinga
. “After Izimbizo, What Next? A Participatory Development Communication Approach to Analysing Feedback by the Limpopo Provincial Government to Its Citizens.
” Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa
13
, no. 1
(April 26, 2017
): 7
.Barandiarán
, Javiera
. “Documenting Rubble to Shift Baselines: Environmental Assessments and Damaged Glaciers in Chile.
” Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space
3
, no. 1
(2020
): 58
–75
.Barthel
, R.
“Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Mine Water Discharges to Members of the Public Living around Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment Area.
” BSA Project No. 0607-03, BS Associates
, Bedfordview, South Africa
, 2007
.Beckett
, Caitlynn
, and Arn
Keeling
. “Rethinking Remediation: Mine Reclamation, Environmental Justice, and Relations of Care.
” Local Environment
24
, no. 3
(March 4, 2019
): 216
–30
.Beinart
, William
, and Saul
Dubow
. The Scientific Imagination in South Africa: 1700 to the Present
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
, 2021
.
Bench
Marks
. “‘Waiting to Inhale’: A Survey of Household Health in Four Mine-Affected Communities.
” Policy Gap 12. Bench Marks Foundation
, 2018
. https://www.bench-marks.org.za/policy-gap-12/.Beningfield
, Jennifer
. The Frightened Land: Landscape and Politics in South Africa in the Twentieth Century
. New York
: Routledge
, 2006
.
Bhimull
, Chandra
, Gabrielle
Hecht
, Edward
Jones-Imhotep
, C. Chakanetsa
Mavhunga
, Lisa
Nakamura
, and Asif
Siddiqi
. “Systemic and Epistemic Racism in the History of Technology.
” Technology and Culture
63
, no. 4
(October 2022
): 935
–52
.BKS (Pty)
. “West Rand District Municipality: Environmental Management Framework, Revision 2.
” June
2013
.Blight
, G. E.
“Destructive Mudflows as a Consequence of Tailings Dyke Failures.
” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineering—Geotechnical Engineering
125
, no. 1
(1997
): 9
–18
.Bobbins
, Kerry
. “Acid Mine Drainage and Its Governance in the Gauteng City- Region.
” GCRO Occasional Paper 10. Johannesburg
: GCRO
, 2015
. https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/18835.Bobbins
, Kerry
, and Guy
Trangoš
. Mining Landscapes of the Gauteng City- Region
. Johannesburg
: GCRO
, 2018
.
Bonner
, Philip
. “The Politics of Black Squatter Movements on the Rand
, 1944–1952
.” Radical History Review
, nos. 46–47
(May
1990
): 89
–115
.Boudia
, Soraya
, Angela N. H.
Creager
, Scott
Frickel
, Emmanuel
Henry
, Nathalie
Jas
, Carsten
Reinhardt
, and Jody A.
Roberts
. “Residues: Rethinking Chemical Environments.
” Engaging Science, Technology, and Society
4
(June
28
, 2018
): 165
–78
.Boudia
, Soraya
, Angela N. H.
Creager
, Scott
Frickel
, Emmanuel
Henry
, Nathalie
Jas
, Carsten
Reinhardt
, and Jody A.
Roberts
. Residues: Thinking through Chemical Environments
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
, 2022
.
Bowker
, Geoffrey C.
, and Susan Leigh
Star
. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 1999
.
Bowman
, Andrew
. “Black Economic Empowerment Policy and State-Business Relations in South Africa: The Case of Mining.
” Review of African Political Economy
46
, no. 160
(April 3, 2019
): 223
–45
.Braun
, Lundy
. Breathing Race into the Machine: The Surprising Career of the Spirometer from Plantation to Genetics
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2014
.
Breckenridge
, Keith
. “The Book of Life: The South African Population Register and the Invention of Racial Descent, 1950–1980.
” Kronos
40
, no. 1
(November 1, 2014
): 225
–40
.Breckenridge
, Keith
. “Made in America: Progressive Mining Engineers and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism in South Africa.
” Unpublished manuscript, 2007
. Courtesy of the author
.Breckenridge
, Keith
. “‘Money with Dignity’: Migrants, Minelords and the Cultural Politics of the South African Gold Standard Crisis, 1920–33.
” Journal of African History
36
, no. 2
(January 1, 1995
): 271
–304
.Breckenridge
, Keith
. “Verwoerd's Bureau of Proof: Total Information in the Making of Apartheid.
” History Workshop Journal
59
, no. 1
(February 10, 2006
): 83
–108
.Bremner
, Lindsay
. “The Political Life of Rising Acid Mine Water.
” Urban Forum
24
, no. 4
(December 2013
): 463
–83
.Bremner
, Lindsay
. Writing the City into Being: Essays on Johannesburg, 1998–2008
. Edited by Bronwyn
Law-Viljoen
. Johannesburg
: Fourthwall
, 2010
.
Bullard
, Robert D.
Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color
. Oakland, CA
: Sierra Club Books
, 1994
.
Bullard
, Robert D.
, and Beverly
Wright
. The Wrong Complexion for Protection: How the Government Response to Disaster Endangers African American Communities
. New York
: New York University Press
, 2012
.
Butcher
, Siân
. “Making and Governing Unstable Territory: Corporate, State and Public Encounters in Johannesburg's Mining Land, 1909–2013.
” Journal of Development Studies
54
, no. 12
(December 2, 2018
): 2186
–209
.Buthelezi
, Mbongiseni
, Dineo
Skosana
, and Beth
Vale
, eds. Traditional Leaders in a Democracy: Resources, Respect and Resistance
. Johannesburg
: Mapugunbwe Institute for Strategic Reflection
, 2019
.
Cane
, Jonathan
. Civilising Grass: The Art of the Lawn on the South African Highveld
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
, 2019
.
Card
, K.
, dir. “Geographies of Racial Capitalism with Ruth Wilson Gilmore.
” Antipode Foundation
, 2020
. https://antipodeonline.org/geographies-of-racial-capitalism/.Chakwizira
, James
. “Low-Income Housing Backlogs and Deficits ‘Blues’ in South Africa
. What Solutions Can a Lean Construction Approach Proffer?” Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning
10
, no. 2
(December 31, 2019
): 71
–88
.Charlton
, Sarah
. “Poverty, Subsidised Housing and Lufhereng as a Prototype Megaproject in Gauteng.
” Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa
95
, no. 1
(2017
): 85
–110
.Chipkin
, Ivor
, Mark
Swilling
, Haroon
Bhorat
, Mzukisi
Qobo
, Sikhulekile
Duma
, Lumkile
Mondi
, Camaren
Peter
, Mbongiseni
Buthelezi
, Hannah
Friedenstein
, and Nicky
Prins
. Shadow State: The Politics of State Capture
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
, 2018
.
Chirikure
, Shadreck
. Metals in Past Societies
. New York
: Springer International
, 2015
. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11641-9.Chirikure
, Shadreck
. “Metals in Society: Iron Production and Its Position in Iron Age Communities of Southern Africa.
” Journal of Social Archaeology
7
, no. 1
(February 2007
): 72
–100
.Cilliers
, D. P.
“The Quality and Effectiveness of Environmental Management Frameworks (EMF) in South Africa.
” PhD diss., North-West University
, 2015
.
City of Johannesburg
. “Nodal Review Policy 2019/20: City Transformation and Spatial Planning.
” February
2020
.City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality in collaboration with Iyer Urban Design, UN Habitat, Urban Morphology and Complex Systems Institute and the French Development Agency
. “Spatial Development Framework 2040.
” City of Johannesburg
: Department of Development Planning
, 2016
.
Coase
, R. H.
“The Problem of Social Cost.
” Journal of Law and Economics
3
(October
1960
): 1
–44
.Coetzee
, Henk
, et al. “Uranium and Heavy Metals in Sediments in a Dam on the Farm Blaauwbank.
” Pretoria
: Council for Geoscience
, 2002
.
Coetzee
, Henk
, Peter
Wade
, and Frank
Winde
. “Reliance on Existing Wetlands for Pollution Control around the Witwatersrand Gold/Uranium Mines of South Africa—Are They Sufficient?
” In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment
, edited by Broder J.
Merkel
, Britta
Planer-Friedrich
, and Christian
Wolkersdorfer
, 59
–64
. Berlin
: Springer
, 2002
.
Coetzee
, Henk
, F.
Winde
, and P. W.
Wade
. “An Assessment of Sources, Pathways, Mechanisms and Risks of Current and Potential Future Pollution of Water and Sediments in Gold-Mining Areas of the Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment: Report to the Water Research Commission.
” Water Research Commission
, Report 1214, January
2006
.Cooper
, Anthony H.
, Teresa J.
Brown
, Simon J.
Price
, Jonathan R.
Ford
, and Colin N.
Waters
. “Humans Are the Most Significant Global Geomorphological Driving Force of the 21st Century.
” Anthropocene Review
5
, no. 3
(December 1, 2018
): 222
–29
.Cram
, Shannon
. “Becoming Jane: The Making and Unmaking of Hanford's Nuclear Body.
” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
33
, no. 5
(October 1, 2015
): 796
–812
.CSIR
. “A CSIR Perspective on South Africa's Post-mining Landscape.
” Pretoria
: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
, 2019
.
D'Avignon
, Robyn
. “Primitive Techniques: From ‘Customary’ to ‘Artisanal’ Mining in French West Africa.
” Journal of African History
59
, no. 2
(2018
): 179
–97
.D'Avignon
, Robyn
. A Ritual Geology: Gold and Subterranean Knowledge in Savanna West Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2022
.
D'Avignon
, Robyn
. “Spirited Geobodies: Producing Subterranean Property in Nineteenth-Century Bambuk, West Africa.
” Technology and Culture
61
, no. 2
(April 2020
): s20–s48
.Death
, Carl
. “Troubles at the Top: South African Protests and the 2002 Johannesburg Summit.
” African Affairs
109
, no. 437
(October 1, 2010
): 555
–74
.Dillon
, Lindsey
. “Race, Waste, and Space: Brownfield Redevelopment and Environmental Justice at the Hunters Point Shipyard.
” Antipode
46
, no. 5
(November 2014
): 1205
–21
.Dlamini
, Jacob S. T.
Safari Nation: A Social History of Kruger National Park
. Athens
: Ohio University Press
, 2020
.
Dobler
, Gregor
. “Waiting: Elements of a Conceptual Framework.
” Critical African Studies
12
, no. 1
(January 2, 2020
): 10
–21
.Dubow
, Saul
. A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Science, Sensibility, and White South Africa, 1820–2000
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2006
.
Dubow
, Saul
. Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
, 1995
.
Dugard
, Jackie
, and Anna
Alcaro
. “A Rights-Based Examination of Residents’ Engagement with Acute Environmental Harm across Four Sites on South Africa's Witwatersrand Basin.
” Social Research
79
, no. 4
(winter 2012
): 931
–56
.du Toit
, J. S.
“Background Report on Communities at Risk within Mogale City Local Municipality Affected by Mining Related Activities, with Special Reference to Radiation and Toxicity.
” Krugersdorp
: Mogale City Local Municipality
, September 2007
.dwaf (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) and nnr (National Nuclear Regulator)
. “Wonderfontein Catchment Area: Remediation Action Plan. Radioactive Contamination Specialist Task Team Report on Site Visits and Recommended Actions.
” Rev. 1.0, October
24
, 2008
.Ebron
, Paulla A.
“Slave Ships Were Incubators for Infectious Diseases.
” In Feral Atlas: The More-Than-Human Anthropocene
, edited by Anna L.
Tsing
, Jennifer
Deger
, Alder Keleman
Saxena
, and Feifei
Zhou
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
, 2020
. https://feralatlas.supdigital.org/poster/slave-ships-were-incubators-for-infectious-diseases.Edwards
, Paul N.
“Entangled Histories: Climate Science and Nuclear Weapons Research.
” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
68
, no. 4
(July 1, 2012
): 28
–40
.Edwards
, Paul N.
“The Mechanics of Invisibility: On Habit and Routine as Elements of Infrastructure.
” In Infrastructure Space
, edited by Ilka
Ruby
and Andreas
Ruby
, 327
–36
. Berlin
: Ruby
, 2017
.
Edwards
, Paul N.
, and Gabrielle
Hecht
. “History and the Technopolitics of Identity: The Case of Apartheid South Africa.
” Journal of Southern African Studies
36
, no. 3
(September 2010
): 619
–39
.Ellis
, Miller W.
, and Charles W.
Sweetwood
. “The Mineral Industry of the Republic of South Africa.
” Minerals Yearbook Area Reports: International
3
(1977
): 825
–48
.Environmental Management Section
. “Radiation and Toxicity Concerns: Informal Settlements in the Tudor Shaft Area.
” Mogale City Local Municipality: Integrated Environmental Management
, January 19, 2011
.Environomics
. “Gauteng Provincial Environmental Management Framework (GPEMF): Environmental Management Framework Report.
” Gauteng Province
: Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
, 2014
.Falkof
, Nicky
, and Cobus
Van Staden
, eds. Anxious Joburg: The Inner Lives of a Global South City
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
, 2020
.
Federation for a Sustainable Environment
. “Integrated Annual Report 2018.
” Rivonia
, 2018
.Ferdinand
, Malcom
. Une écologie décoloniale: Penser l’écologie depuis le monde caribéen
. Paris
: Le Seuil
, 2019
.
Finney
, Carolyn
. Black Faces, White Spaces: Reimagining the Relationship of African Americans to the Great Outdoors
. Chapel Hill
: University of North Carolina Press
, 2014
.
Fisher
, Mark
. Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?
Winchester, UK
: Zero
, 2009
.
Fortun
, Kim
. Advocacy after Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2001
.
Fourie
, Wouter
, and Jaco
van der Walt
. “Heritage Scoping Assessment for the Top Star Dump Mining Project—Crown Gold Recoveries.
” Matakoma Heritage Consultants
, February
10
, 2006
. Unpublished report.Fressoz
, Jean-Baptiste
. L'apocalypse joyeuse: Une histoire du risque technologique
. L'Univers Historique. Paris
: Seuil
, 2012
.
Friede
, H. M.
“Iron Age Mining in the Transvaal.
” Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
(April
1980
): 156
–65
.Frith
, Adrian
. “Mogale City: Local Municipality 763 from Census 2011.
” Census 2011. Accessed March 23, 2022
. https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/763.Frost
, M.
“Report on an Investigation into Mine Effluents.
” Johannesburg
: Chamber of Mines Research Organisation
, 1957
.
Funke
, Nikki
, Shanna
Nienaber
, and Christine
Gioia
. “An Interest Group at Work: Environmental Activism and the Case of Acid Mine Drainage on Johannesburg's West Rand.
” Africa Institute of South Africa
, 2012
.Gaule
, Sally
. “Ernest Cole: The Perspective of Time.
” Safundi
18
, no. 4
(October 2, 2017
): 380
–99
.Gaule
, Sally
. “Stardust Artist's Statement.
” November 8—December 16, 2012
, Goethe on Main Gallery. Courtesy of the artist
.GDARD
. “Gauteng Mine Residue Area Strategy.
” Johannesburg
: Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
, 2012
.
GDARD
. “Study on Reclamation and Rehabilitation of Mine Residue Areas for Development Purposes: Phase II (Strategy and Implementation Plan).
” Johannesburg
: Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
, 2012
.
Gevisser
, Mark
. Lost and Found in Johannesburg: A Memoir
. New York
: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
, 2014
.Gidwani
, Vinay
, and Rajyashree N.
Reddy
. “The Afterlives of ‘Waste’: Notes from India for a Minor History of Capitalist Surplus.
” Antipode
43
, no. 5
(2011
): 1625
–58
.Gilmore
, Ruth Wilson
. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 2007
.
Glinski
, Carola
. “Environmental Justice in South African Law and Policy.
” Verfassung in Recht und Übersee
36
, no. 1
(2003
): 49
–74
.Global Justice Now
. “Honest Accounts 2017: How the World Profits from Africa's Wealth.
” May 24, 2017
. https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/resources/honest-accounts-2017-how-world-profits-africas-wealth.Gordimer
, Nadine
. “The Witwatersrand: A Time and Tailings.
” In On the Mines
, edited by David
Goldblatt
and Nadine
Gordimer
, 19
–26
. Göttingen
: Steidl
, 2012
.Grace
, Joshua
. African Motors: Technology, Gender, and the History of Development in Tanzania
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2021
.
Green
, Lesley
. Rock/Water/Life: Ecology and Humanities for a Decolonial South Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2020
.
Guinier
, Lani
, and Gerald
Torres
. The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
, 2003
.
Guy
, Jeff
, and Motlatsi
Thabane
. “Technology, Ethnicity and Ideology: Basotho Miners and Shaft-Sinking on the South African Gold Mines.
” Journal of Southern African Studies
14
, no. 2
(January 1988
): 257
–78
.Haraway
, Donna J.
Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2016
.
Harber
, Jesse
, and Kate
Joseph
. “Institutionalising the Gauteng City-Region.
” Governing the Gauteng City-Region Provocations no. 3. Johannesburg
: GCRO
, 2018
.
Harrison
, Philip
, Graeme
Götz
, A.
Todes
, and Chris
Wray
, eds. Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg after Apartheid
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
, 2014
.
Hart
, K.
“On the Informal Economy: The Political History of an Ethnographic Concept.
” CEB Working Paper 09/042. Brussels
: Centre Emile Bernheim, Université Libre de Bruxelles
, 2009
.Haufler
, Virginia
. “Disclosure as Governance: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and Resource Management in the Developing World.
” Global Environmental Politics
10
, no. 3
(August 2010
): 53
–73
.Hecht
, Gabrielle
. Being Nuclear: Africans and the Global Uranium Trade
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
; Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2012
.
Hecht
, Gabrielle
. “Interscalar Vehicles for an African Anthropocene: On Waste, Temporality, and Violence.
” Cultural Anthropology
33
, no. 1
(February 22, 2018
): 109
–41
.Hecht
, Gabrielle
. The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 1998
.
Hepler-Smith
, Evan
. “Molecular Bureaucracy: Toxicological Information and Environmental Protection.
” Environmental History
24
, no. 3
(July 2019
): 534
–60
.Herwitz
, Daniel
. Heritage, Culture, and Politics in the Postcolony
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 2012
.
Hickel
, Jason
, Christian
Dorninger
, Hanspeter
Wieland
, and Intan
Suwandi
. “Imperialist Appropriation in the World Economy: Drain from the Global South through Unequal Exchange, 1990–2015.
” Global Environmental Change
73
(March
2022
). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102467.Hinton
, Elizabeth Kai
. America on Fire: The Untold History of Police Violence and Black Rebellion since the 1960s
. New York
: Liveright
, 2021
.
Hoag
, Colin
. “‘Water Is a Gift That Destroys’: Making a National Natural Resource in Lesotho.
” Economic Anthropology
6
, no. 2
(March 25, 2019
): 183
–94
. https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12149.Hudson
, Peter James
. Bankers and Empire: How Wall Street Colonized the Caribbean
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2017
.
Hufty
, Marc
. “Abandoned Mines: The Scars of the Past.
” Global Challenges— Endangered Earth
, November
6
, 2019
.Humby
, Tracy-Lynn
. “Environmental Justice and Human Rights on the Mining Wastelands of the Witwatersrand Gold Fields.
” Revue Générale de Droit
43
(January
13
, 2014
): 67
–112
.Humby
, Tracy-Lynn
. “Facilitating Dereliction? How the South African Legal Regulatory Framework Enables Mining Companies to Circumvent Closure Duties.
” Ninth International Conference on Mine Closure
, Sandton, South Africa
, October 1–3, 2014
.Humby
, Tracy-Lynn
. “‘One Environmental System’: Aligning the Laws on the Environmental Management of Mining in South Africa.
” Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law
33
, no. 2
(April 3, 2015
): 110
–30
.Humby
, Tracy-Lynn
. “The Spectre of Perpetuity: Liability for Treating Acid Water on South Africa's Goldfields: Decision in Harmony II.
” Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law
31
, no. 4
(2013
): 453
–66
.Iheka
, Cajetan
. African Ecomedia: Network Forms, Planetary Politics
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2021
.
International Human Rights Clinic
. “The Cost of Gold: Environmental, Health, and Human Rights Consequences of Gold Mining in South Africa's West and Central Rand.
” Harvard Law School
, October
2016
.International Network for Acid Prevention
. “GARD Guide.
” Accessed October
8
, 2021
. http://www.gardguide.com/index.php?title=Main_Page.iwqs (Institute for Water Quality Studies)
. “Report on the Radioactivity Monitoring Programme in the Mooi River (Wonderfonteinspruit) Catchment.
” Report No. n/c200/00//rpq/2399. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
, 1999
.Jacobs
, Jane
. Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life
. New York
: Random House
, 1984
.
Jansen
, Candice
. “Colored Black: The Life and Works of South African Photographers Ernest Cole and Cedric Nunn.
” PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand
, 2020
.
Jenkins
, Destin
. The Bonds of Inequality: Debt and the Making of the American City
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 2021
.
Jenkins
, Destin
, and Justin
Leroy
, eds. Histories of Racial Capitalism
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 2021
.
Johnson
, Anthony
. “Post-apartheid Citizenship and the Politics of Evictions in Inner City Johannesburg.
” PhD diss., The Graduate Center, City University of New York
, 2016
.
Johnson
, Willard R.
“Getting Over by Reaching Out: Lessons from the Divestment and Krugerrand Campaigns.
” Black Scholar
29
, no. 1
(March 1999
): 2
–19
.Jordaan
, J. M.
, J. F.
Enslin
, A.
Havemann
, L. E.
Kent
, and W. H.
Cable
. “Final Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Dolomitic Mine Water: Far West Rand.
” Pretoria
: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
, 1960
.
“
The June 16 Soweto Youth Uprising.
” South African History Online, 2013
. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/june-16-soweto-youth-uprising.Katz
, Elaine
. The White Death: Silicosis on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines, 1886–1910
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
, 1994
.
Khumalo
, Vusumuzi
. “Kagiso Historical Research Report.
” Accessed May 19, 2020
. https://www.mogalecity.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/Pdfs/kagiso_history.pdf?_t=1547619053.Kisting
, Sophia
, Eugene
Cairncross
, David van
Wyk
, and Mariette
Liefferink
. “Case Study on Extractive Industries Prepared for the Lancet Commission on Global Governance: Report from South Africa.
” 2013
. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33297.45922.Knape
, Gunilla
. “Notes on the Life of Ernest Cole.
” South African History Online, n.d. https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/ERNEST%20COLE-gunilla.pdf.Knowles
, Scott Gabriel
. The Disaster Experts: Mastering Risk in Modern America
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
, 2011
.
Knowles
, Scott Gabriel
. “Learning from Disaster? The History of Technology and the Future of Disaster Research.
” Technology and Culture
55
, no. 4
(December 3, 2014
): 773
–84
. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2014.0110.Knowles
, Scott Gabriel
. “Slow Disaster in the Anthropocene: A Historian Witnesses Climate Change on the Korean Peninsula.
” Daedalus
149
, no. 4
(October 1, 2020
): 192
–206
.Kojola
, Erik
, and David N.
Pellow
. “New Directions in Environmental Justice Studies: Examining the State and Violence.
” Environmental Politics
30
, nos. 1–2
(February
23
, 2021
): 100
–118
.Kootbodien
, T.
, A.
Mathee
, N.
Naicker
, and N.
Moodley
. “Heavy Metal Contamination in a School Vegetable Garden in Johannesburg.
” South African Medical Journal
102
, no. 4
(April 2012
): 226
–27
.Krupar
, Shiloh
. “Brownfields as Waste/Race Governance: US Contaminated Property Redevelopment and Racial Capitalism.
” In The Routledge Handbook of Waste Studies
, edited by Zsuzsa
Gille
and Josh
Lepawsky
, 238
–53
. London
: Routledge
, 2022
.
Kuklick
, Henrika
. “Contested Monuments: The Politics of Archeology in Southern Africa.
” In Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge
, edited by George W.
Stocking
Jr., 135
–69
. Madison
: University of Wisconsin Press
, 1991
.
Ledwaba
, Lucas
, and Leon
Sadiki
. Broke and Broken: The Shameful Legacy of Gold Mining in South Africa
. Auckland Park, South Africa
: Blackbird
, 2016
.Legassick
, Martin
, and David
Hemson
. “Foreign Investment and the Reproduction of Racial Capitalism in South Africa.
” Anti-Apartheid Movement
, September 1976
. https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive_files/Foreign%20Investment%20by%20%20Martin%20Legassick%20%26%20Dave%20Hemson.pdf.le Roux
, Hannah
. “Designing KwaThema: Cultural Inscriptions in the Model Township.
” Journal of Southern African Studies
45
, no. 2
(2019
): 273
–307
.le Roux
, Hannah
, and Gabrielle
Hecht
. “Bad Earth.
” e-Flux Architecture
, August
31
, 2020
.Levin
, Kelly
, Benjamin
Cashore
, Steven
Bernstein
, and Graeme
Auld
. “Overcoming the Tragedy of Super Wicked Problems: Constraining Our Future Selves to Ameliorate Global Climate Change.
” Policy Sciences
45
, no. 2
(June 2012
): 123
–52
.Lewis
, Mark
, and Tanya
Zack
. Undercity: Wake Up, This Is Joburg, Vol. 10
. Johannesburg
: Fourthwall
, 2018
.
Liboiron
, Max
, Manuel
Tironi
, and Nerea
Calvillo
. “Toxic Politics: Acting in a Permanently Polluted World.
” Social Studies of Science
48
, no. 3
(2018
): 331
–49
.Lichtenstein
, Alex
, and Rick
Halpern
. Margaret Bourke-White and the Dawn of Apartheid
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
, 2016
.
Liefferink
, Mariette
. “Assessing the Past and Present Role of the National Nuclear Regulator as a Public Protector against Potential Health Injuries: The West and Far West Rand Case Study.
” Unpublished manuscript, 2012
.Liefferink
, Mariette
. “Classification of FSE's Activism Pertaining to AMD.
” Unpublished manuscript, 2011
.Livingston
, Julie
. Debility and the Moral Imagination in Botswana
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
, 2005
.
Livingston
, Julie
. Self-Devouring Growth: A Planetary Parable as Told from Southern Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2019
.
Lombard
, Marlize
. On the Minds of Bow Hunters: Squeezing Minds from Stones
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.
Lyssens
, Marjolein
, and Griet
Juwet
. “Sculpting the Hill, Cultivating the Valley: Re-claiming the West Rand's Post-mining Landscape.
” Master in Urbanism and Strategic Planning thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
, 2014
.Madida
, Sipokazi
. “Exploring the Conflicting Meanings of the South African Post-apartheid Heritage Practice.
” Online talk, May 12, 2021
, Stanford University
.Madihlaba
, Thabo
. “The Environmental Impact of Mining on Communities in South Africa.
” In Environmental Justice in South Africa
, edited by David
McDonald
, 156
–67
. Athens
: Ohio University Press
, 2002
.
Madonsela
, Sanet
. “Critical Reflections on State Capture in South Africa.
” Insight on Africa
11
, no. 1
(January 2019
): 113
–30
.Mamdani
, Mahmood
. Neither Settler nor Native: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities.
Cambridge, MA
: Belknap
, 2020
.
Maneli
, Boyce Makhosonke
, and Austin
Musundire
. “Investigating the Impact of the Integrated Approach on Local Economic Development in South Africa in the Context of Policy Planning and Implementation: The Case of the West Rand District Municipality and Its Development Agency.
” International Journal of Science and Research
9
, no. 7
(2020
): 10
.Manungufala
, T. E.
, M.
Sabiti-Kalule
, and I.
Aucamp
. “Investigation into the Slimes Dams, Mine Dumps and Landfills (Residue Deposits) as Environmental Constraints to Low-Cost Housing Projects in Gauteng, South Africa.
” Twenty-Third IAHS World Congress on Housing
, Pretoria, South Africa
, 2005
.Martin
, Michaela Elsbeth
, and Hussein
Solomon
. “Understanding the Phenomenon of ‘State Capture’ in South Africa.
” Southern African Peace and Security Studies
5
, no. 2
(2016
): 139
–69
.Marutlulle
, Noah K.
“A Critical Analysis of Housing Inadequacy in South Africa and Its Ramifications.
” Africa's Public Service Delivery and Performance Review
9
, no. 1
(March 24, 2021
): 16
.Masuku
, Themba
, Malose
Langa
, and David
Bruce
. “The Community Work Programme in Kagiso.
” Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation
, April 2016
.Mavhunga
, Clapperton Chakanetsa
. The Mobile Workshop: The Tsetse Fly and African Knowledge Production
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2018
.
Mavhunga
, Clapperton Chakanetsa
. Transient Workspaces: Technologies of Everyday Innovation in Zimbabwe
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2014
.
Mavhunga
, Clapperton Chakanetsa
, ed. What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa?
Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2017
.
Maviyane-Davies
, Chaz.
A World of Questions: 120 Posters on the Human Condition
. Mzingeli
, 2015
.Mbembe
, Achille
. Critique of Black Reason
. Translated by Laurent
Dubois
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2017
.
Mbembe
, Achille
. Out of the Black Night: Essays on Decolonization
. New York
: Columbia University Press
, 2021
.
Mbembe
, Achille
, and Carolyn
Shread
. “The Universal Right to Breathe.
” Critical Inquiry
47
, no. S2
(December
22
, 2020
): s58–s62.McCarthy
, T. S.
, G.
Steyl
, J.
Maree
, and B.
Zhao
. “Mine Water Management in the Witwatersrand Gold Fields with Special Emphasis on Acid Mine Drainage.
” Report to the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Acid Mine Drainage. December 2010
. https://www.dmr.gov.za/Portals/0/Resource%20Center/Reports%20and%20Other%20Documents/2010_Report_Interministerial%20 Committee_Acid%20Mine%20Drainage.pdf?ver=2018-03-13-020432-273.McCarthy
, Terence
. “The Decanting of Acid Mine Water in the Gauteng City- Region: Analysis, Prognosis and Solutions.
” Governing the Gauteng City-Region Provocations no. 1
. Johannesburg
: GCRO
, 2010
.
McCulloch
, Jock
. Asbestos Blues: Labour, Capital, Physicians and the State in South Africa
. Oxford
: James Currey
, 2002
.
McCulloch
, Jock
. “Asbestos, Lies and the State: Occupational Disease and South African Science.
” African Studies
, no. 2
(2005
): 201
–16
.McCulloch
, Jock
. “Mining Evidence: South Africa's Gold Mines and the Career of A. J. Orenstein.
” Social History of Medicine
31
, no. 1
(February 1, 2018
): 61
–78
.McCulloch
, Jock
. South Africa's Gold Mines and the Politics of Silicosis
. Woodbridge, UK
: James Currey
, 2012
.
McDonald
, David A.
, ed. Environmental Justice in South Africa
. Athens
: Ohio University Press
, 2002
.
McGill
, R. A.
, R. E.
Fox
, and A. R.
Hughes
. “Rehabilitation of the Nabarlek Uranium Mine—Will Close Out Ever Be Achieved?
” In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment
, edited by Broder J.
Merkel
, Britta
Planer-Friedrich
, and Christian
Wolkersdorfer
, 727
–36
. Berlin
: Springer
, 2002
.
Mendes
, Margarida
. “Molecular Colonialism.
” Anthropocene Campus 2016: Techno-Metabolism, May 29, 2017
. https://www.anthropocene-curriculum.org/contribution/molecular-colonialism.Merkel
, Broder J.
, Britta
Planer-Friedrich
, and Christian
Wolkersdorfer
, eds. Uranium in the Aquatic Environment
. Berlin
: Springer
, 2002
.
Meskell
, Lynn
. The Nature of Heritage: The New South Africa
. Chichester
: Wiley-Blackwell
, 2011
.
Milaras
, M.
, F.
Ahmed
, and T. J. M.
McKay
. “Mine Closure in South Africa: A Survey of Current Professional Thinking and Practice.
” Johannesburg
: University of the Witwatersrand
, 2014
.
Millar
, Kathleen M.
“Garbage as Racialization.
” Anthropology and Humanism
45
, no. 1
(June 1, 2020
): 4
–24
.Miller
, Duncan
, Nirdev
Desai
, and Julia
Lee-Thorp
. “Indigenous Gold Mining in Southern Africa: A Review.
” Goodwin Series
8
(2000
): 91
–99
. https://doi.org/10.2307/3858050.Mills
, Charles W.
“Black Trash.
” In Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice
, 2nd ed., edited by Laura
Westra
and Bill E.
Lawson
, 73
–91
. Lanham, MD
: Rowman and Littlefield
, 2001
.
Mkhize
, Thembani
. “Rescaling Municipal Governance in Gauteng: Competing Rationalities in Sedibeng's Proposed Re-demarcation and Metropolitanisation.
” Urban Forum
32
, no. 2
(June 2021
): 205
–23
.Mnwana
, Sonwabile
. “‘Custom’ and Fractured ‘Community’: Mining, Property Disputes and Law on the Platinum Belt, South Africa.
” Third World Thematics
1
, no. 2
(2016
): 218
–34
.Mnwana
, Sonwabile
. “Democracy, Development and Chieftaincy along South Africa's ‘Platinum Highway’: Some Emerging Issues.
” Journal of Contemporary African Studies
33
, no. 4
(October 2015
): 510
–29
.Mnwana
, Sonwabile
. “A Radical Mineral Policy with Retribalisation? Mining and Politics of Difference in Rural South Africa.
” In Extractive Industries and Changing State Dynamics in Africa: Beyond the Resource Curse
, edited by Jon
Schubert
, Ulf
Engel
, and Elísio Salvado
Macamo
, 112
–28
. New York
: Routledge
, 2018
.
Mnwana
, Sonwabile
, and Andrew
Bowman
. “Land, Conflict and Radical Distributive Claims in South Africa's Rural Mining Frontier.
” Extractive Industries and Society
11
(2022
). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100972.Molelekwa
, Thabo
. “Silicosis Payouts Are ‘Symbolic Justice’ for Miners.
” New Frame
, September 13, 2021
. https://www.newframe.com/silicosis-payouts-are-symbolic-justice-for-miners/.Moloi
, Dudley
. “When Gold Becomes a Nuisance.
” In Environmental Justice in South Africa
, edited by David
McDonald
, 168
–70
. Athens
: Ohio University Press
, 2002
.
Mondi
, Lumkile Patriarch
, and Simon
Roberts
. “The Role of Development Finance for Industry in a Restructuring Economy: A Critical Reflection on the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa.
” United Nations University
, 2005
.Moore
, Jason W.
Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital
. New York
: Verso
, 2015
.
Moore
, Rob
. “Taking the Gap: Reflections on Hybridity.
” Johannesburg
: GCRO
, May
31
, 2021
. https://www.gcro.ac.za/news-events/news/detail/outgoing-ed-rob-moores-farewell-message/.Morris
, Rosalind
. “Shadow and Impress: Ethnography, Film and the Task of Writing History in the Space of South Africa's Deindustrialization.
” History and Theory
57
, no. 4
(December 1, 2018
): 102
.Moshupya
, Paballo
, Tamiru
Abiye
, Hassina
Mouri
, Mannie
Levin
, Marius
Strauss
, and Rian
Strydom
. “Assessment of Radon Concentration and Impact on Human Health in a Region Dominated by Abandoned Gold Mine Tailings Dams: A Case from the West Rand Region, South Africa.
” Geosciences
9
, no. 11
(November 2019
). https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110466.Mtolo
, Khanyiso Edmund
. “Effectiveness of Environmental Management Frameworks in South Africa: Evaluating Stakeholder Perceptions and Expectations
.” Master of Environment and Development thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal
, 2010
.Mudd
, Gavin M.
“Global Trends in Gold Mining: Towards Quantifying Environmental and Resource Sustainability.
” Resources Policy
32
, nos. 1–2
(2007
): 42
–56
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.05.002.Mudd
, Gavin M.
“The Limits to Growth and ‘Finite’ Mineral Resources: Re-visiting the Assumptions and Drinking from That Half-Capacity Glass.
” International Journal of Sustainable Development
16
, nos. 3–4
(2013
): 204
–20
.Mujere
, Joseph
. “Unemployment, Service Delivery and Practices of Waiting in South Africa's Informal Settlements.
” Critical African Studies
12
, no. 1
(January 2, 2020
): 65
–78
.Murray
, Martin J.
City of Extremes: The Spatial Politics of Johannesburg
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2011
.
Murray
, Martin J.
Panic City: Crime and the Fear Industries in Johannesburg
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
, 2020
.
Mushai
, Albert
. “The Long Road to Compensation for Silicosis Sufferers in South Africa.
” Journal of Southern African Studies
46
, no. 6
(November 1, 2020
): 1127
–43
.Ndlovu
, Sifiso Mxolisi
. The Soweto Uprisings: Counter Memories of June 1976
. Johannesburg
: Ravan
, 1998
.
Nelson
, Alondra
. Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2011
.
Ngole-Jeme
, Veronica Mpode
, and Peter
Fantke
. “Ecological and Human Health Risks Associated with Abandoned Gold Mine Tailings Contaminated Soil.
” plos one
12
, no. 2
(February 21, 2017
). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172517.Nieftagodien
, Noor
, and Sally
Gaule
. Orlando West, Soweto: An Illustrated History
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
, 2012
.
Niekerk
, H. J. Van
, and M. J.
Viljoen
. “Causes and Consequences of the Merriespruit and Other Tailings-Dam Failures.
” Land Degradation and Development
16
, no. 2
(2005
): 201
–12
.“
1946 African Mineworkers Strike.
” South African History Online, accessed February 2, 2022
. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/1946-african-mineworkers-strike.nnr (National Nuclear Regulator)
. “Regulatory Strategy for the Remediation of the Wonderfontein Catchment Area.
” nnr-sd-0002. National Nuclear Regulator
, 2009
.Nørgård
, Jørgen Stig
, John
Peet
, and Kristín Vala
Ragnarsdóttir
. “The History of The Limits to Growth.
” Solutions Journal
, February
22
, 2016
.Nuttall
, Sarah
, and Achille
Mbembe
. Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2008
.
Olalde
, Mark
. “The Haunting Legacy of South Africa's Gold Mines.
” Yale E360
, November
12
, 2015
.Oreskes
, Naomi
, and Erik M.
Conway
. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming
. New York
: Bloomsbury
, 2010
.
Packard
, Randall M.
White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 1989
.
Park
, Emma
, and Kevin P.
Donovan
. “Between the Nation and the State.
” Limn
, August 9, 2016
. https://limn.it/articles/between-the-nation-and-the-state/.Parker
, Alexandra
, Christian
Hamann
, and Julia de
Kadt
. “Accessing Quality Education in Gauteng: Intersecting Scales of Geography, Educational Policy and Inequality.
” Urban Forum
32
, no. 2
(June 2021
): 141
–63
.Parliamentary Monitoring Group
. “National Nuclear Regulator on Relocation of Tudor Shaft Informal Settlement from Mine Dump Contaminated with Nuclear Radioactive Material.
” February 28, 2011
. https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/12639/.Parvin
, Nassim
, and Anne
Pollock
. “Unintended by Design: On the Political Uses of ‘Unintended Consequences.’
” Engaging Science, Technology, and Society
6
(August
1
, 2020
): 320
–27
.Pellow
, David Naguib
. Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2007
.
Pellow
, David Naguib
, and Robert J.
Brulle
, eds. Power, Justice, and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2005
.
Peterson
, Derek R.
, Kodzo
Gavua
, and Ciraj
Rassool
, eds. The Politics of Heritage in Africa: Economies, Histories, and Infrastructures
. Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan Press
, 2015
.
Phillips
, O.
“Surveillance Report of the Upper Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment Area.
” National Nuclear Regulator
, March 14, 2011
.Phumla Patience Mjadu (and 291 further residents of the Tudor Shaft Informal Settlement) and Federation for a Sustainable Environment v The National Nuclear Regulator and Mogale City Local Municipality, No. 24611/2012, High Court of South Africa (South Gauteng, Johannesburg Division)
2012
.Posel
, Deborah
. “The Case for a Welfare State: Poverty and the Politics of the Urban African Family in the 1930s and 1940s.
” In South Africa's 1940s: World of Possibilities
, edited by Saul
Dubow
and Alan
Jeeves
, 64
–86
. Cape Town
: Double Storey
, 2005
.
Pretorius
, Theo
. “West Mining Belt: Formulation of a Strategic Area Framework. Prepared for City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.
” Plan Associates, in association with Novus, Iyer Urban Design Studio, Gudani Consulting
, GLS Consulting, April 2016
.Proctor
, Robert
. Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
, 2012
.
Proctor
, Robert
, and Londa L.
Schiebinger
. Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
, 2008
.
Pulido
, Laura
. “Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism.
” Capitalism Nature Socialism
27
, no. 3
(July 2, 2016
): 1
–16
.Pulles
, W.
“Radionuclides in South African Gold Mining Water Circuits: An Assessment of Licensing, Health Hazards, Water and Waste Water Regulations and Impact on the Environment and Workforce.
” Restricted Report No. 17/91. comro, 1991
.Rasmussen
, Jacob
. “Struggling for the City: Evictions in Inner-City Johannesburg.
” In The Security-Development Nexus: Expressions of Sovereignty and Securitization in Southern Africa
, edited by Lars
Buur
, Steffen
Jensen
, and Finn
Stepputat
, 174
–90
. Uppsala
: Nordiska Afrikainstitute
; Cape Town: hsrc Press, 2007
.
Rassool
, Ciraj
. “The Rise of Heritage and the Reconstitution of History in South Africa.
” Kronos
, no. 26
(2000
): 1
–21
.Rassool
, Ciraj
, and Leslie
Witz
. “South Africa: A World in One Country. Moments in International Tourist Encounters with Wildlife, the Primitive and the Modern.
” Cahiers d’Études Africaines
36
, no. 143
(1996
): 335
–71
.Redfield
, Peter
, and Steven
Robins
. “An Index of Waste: Humanitarian Design, ‘Dignified Living’ and the Politics of Infrastructure in Cape Town.
” Anthropology Southern Africa
39
, no. 2
(May 31, 2016
): 145
–62
.Reichardt
, Markus
. “The Wasted Years: A History of Mine Waste Rehabilitation Methodology in the South African Mining Industry from Its Origins to 1991.
” PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand
, 2013
.Reid
, Jasmine
. “Dwelling in Displacement: Land Rights and Heritage Activism in Post-apartheid Johannesburg.
” PhD diss., Stanford University
, 2022
.
Reno
, Joshua A.
, and Britt
Halvorson
. “Waste and Whiteness.
” In The Routledge Handbook of Waste Studies
, edited by Zsuzsa
Gille
and Josh
Lepawsky
, 41
–54
. London
: Routledge
, 2022
.
Reynard
, Jerome
, Justin
Bradfield
, Marlize
Lombard
, and Sarah
Wurz
. “What a Bone Arrowhead from South Africa Reveals about Ancient Human Cognition.
” The Conversation
, May 17, 2020
. http://theconversation.com/what-a-bone-arrowhead-from-south-africa-reveals-about-ancient-human-cognition-137651.Rittel
, Horst W. J.
, and Melvin M.
Webber
. “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning.
” Policy Sciences
4
, no. 2
(June 1, 1973
): 155
–69
.Samson
, Melanie
. “Accumulation by Dispossession and the Informal Economy—Struggles over Knowledge, Being and Waste at a Soweto Garbage Dump.
” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
33
, no. 5
(October 1, 2015
): 813
–30
.Schrader
, Aljoscha
, and Frank
Winde
. “Unearthing a Hidden Treasure: 60 Years of Karst Research in the Far West Rand, South Africa.
” South African Journal of Science
111
, nos. 5–6
(May
28
, 2015
). https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2015/20140144.Scott
, Allen J.
, ed. Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
, 2001
.
Sello
, Kefiloe
. “Rivers That Become Reservoirs: An Ethnography of Water Commodification in Lesotho.
” PhD diss., University of Cape Town
, 2022
.
Sherman
, Richard
. “Forgotten People, Episode 1: Mogale City.
” 2012
. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paLB2teh6j0&t=2s.Shivamba
, Amanda
. “Mining for Sustainable Development Research Report.
” Corruption Watch
, 2017
.Smil
, Vaclav
. Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
, 2020
.
Smith
, Tymon
. “The Mystery of Ernest Cole's Archive.
” Parts 1 and 2, New Frame
, February 20, 2020
. https://www.newframe.com/part-one-the-mystery-of-ernest-coles-archive/.South African Human Rights Commission
. “National Hearing on the Underlying Socio-economic Challenges of Mining-Affected Communities in South Africa.
” Johannesburg
: South African Human Rights Commission
, 2016
.
Sparks
, Stephen
. “Between ‘Artificial Economics’ and the ‘Discipline of the Market’: Sasol from Parastatal to Privatisation.
” Journal of Southern African Studies
42
, no. 4
(2016
): 711
–24
.Sparks
, Stephen
. “Crude Politics: The African National Congress, the Shipping Research Bureau and the Anti-apartheid Oil Boycott, c1960–1979.
” South African Historical Journal
69
, no. 2
(2017
): 251
–64
.Stasik
, Michael
, Valerie
Hänsch
, and Daniel
Mains
. “Temporalities of Waiting in Africa.
” Critical African Studies
12
, no. 1
(January 2, 2020
): 1
–9
.Stoch
, L. E. J.
“Krugersdorp Game Reserve: Animal Mortality.
” Unpublished memorandum on behalf of the Council for Geosciences, 2005
.Stoch
, L. E. J.
“Some Controversial Health Related Issues in a Karst Environment.
” Unpublished manuscript, August
1
, 2006
.
Stoch
, L. E. J.
, F.
Winde
, and Ewald
Erasmus
. “Karst, Mining and Conflict: A Historical Perspective of the Consequences of Mining on the Far West Rand.
” Unpublished manuscript, n.d.Strathern
, Marilyn
, ed. Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy
. London
: Routledge
, 2000
.
Tang
, Dorothy
, and Andrew
Watkins
. “Ecologies of Gold.
” Places Journal
, February
24
, 2011
.Taylor
, Dorceta E.
The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s–1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2009
.
Taylor
, Dorceta E.
The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2016
.
Thain
, G. M.
“Ancient Gold-Mining Sites in the Transvaal.
” Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
, January
1974
, 243
–44
.Thomas
, Julia Adeney
. “Why the Anthropocene Is Not ‘Climate Change’—and Why That Matters.
” Climate and Capitalism
, January
31
, 2019
.Thornton
, Robert
. “Zamazama, ‘Illegal’ Artisanal Miners, Misrepresented by the South African Press and Government.
” Extractive Industries and Society
1
, no. 2
(November 2014
): 127
–29
.Toens
, P. D.
, W.
Stadler
, and N. J.
Wullschlege
. “The Association of Groundwater Chemistry and Geology with Atypical Lymphocytes (as Biological Indicator) in the Pofadder Area, North Western Cape, South Africa.
” wrc report 839/1/98. 1998
.Toffah
, T.
“Mines of Gold, Mounds of Dust: Resurrecting the Witwatersrand.
” Master's thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
, 2012
.Tousignant
, Noémi
. Edges of Exposure: Toxicology and the Problem of Capacity in Postcolonial Senegal
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
, 2018
.
Trangos
, Guy
, and Kerry
Bobbins
. “Gold Mining Exploits and the Legacies of Johannesburg's Mining Landscapes.
” Scenario Journal
(blog), October 8, 2015
. http://scenariojournal.com/article/gold-mining-exploits/.Tsing
, Anna L.
, Jennifer
Deger
, Alder Keleman
Saxena
, and Feifei
Zhou
, eds. Feral Atlas: The More-Than-Human Anthropocene
, Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
, 2020
. http://doi.org/10.21627/2020fa.Turton
, Anthony
, Craig
Schultz
, Hannes
Buckle
, Mapule
Kgomongoe
, Tinyiko
Malungani
, and Mikael
Drackner
. “Gold, Scorched Earth and Water: The Hydropolitics of Johannesburg.
” International Journal of Water Resources Development
22
, no. 2
(June 2006
): 313
–35
.United Nations Environment Programme
. “Abandoned Mines: Problems, Issues and Policy Challenges for Decision Makers
. Santiago, Chile, 18 June 2001
: Summary Report.” Santiago
: Chilean Copper Commission and United Nations Environment Programme
, 2001.Valentin
, J.
, ed. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
. Annals of the ICRP, Publication 103
. Amsterdam
: Elsevier
, 2007
.Verwoerd
, Hendrik Frensch
. “Policy of the Minister of Native Affairs, May 30, 1952.
” In Verwoerd Speaks; Speeches 1948–1966
, edited by A. N.
Pelzer
. Johannesburg
: APD,
1966
.Vladislavić
, Ivan
. Portrait with Keys: The City of Johannesburg Unlocked.
London
: Portobello
, 2006
.
von
Schnitzler
, Antina. Democracy's Infrastructure: Techno-Politics and Protest after Apartheid
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, 2016
.
Voyles
, Traci Brynne
. Wastelanding: Legacies of Uranium Mining in Navajo Country
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2015
.
Wade
, P. W.
, S.
Woodborne
, W. M.
Morris
, P.
Vos
, and N. W.
Jarvis
. “Tier 1 Risk Assessment of Selected Radionuclides in Sediments of the Mooi River Catchment.
” Water Research Commission
, 2002
.
Waggitt
, Peter
. “Changing Standards and Continuous Improvement: A History of Uranium Mine Rehabilitation in Northern Australia.
” In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment
, edited by Broder J.
Merkel
, Britta
Planer-Friedrich
, and Christian
Wolkersdorfer
, 645
–52
. Berlin
: Springer
, 2002
.
Wambecq
, W.
, T.
Toffah
, B. De
Meulder
, and H. le
Roux
. “From Mine to Life Cycle Closure: Towards a Vision for the West Rand, Johannesburg.
” In Mine Closure 2014
. Johannesburg
: University of the Witwatersrand
, 2014
.
Watson
, I.
, and M.
Olalde
. “The State of Mine Closure in South Africa—What the Numbers Say.
” Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
119
, no. 7
(2019
): 639
–45
.Wendel
, G.
“Radioactivity in Mines and Mine Water—Sources and Mechanisms.
” Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
(March/April
1998
): 87
–92
.WHO (World Health Organization
). “Uranium in Drinking Water: Summary Statement.
” In WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality
, 3rd ed. who/sde/wsh/03,04/118. Geneva
: WHO
, 2004
.
Wilhelm-Solomon
, Matthew
. “Decoding Dispossession: Eviction and Urban Regeneration in Johannesburg's Dark Buildings.
” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
37
, no. 3
(2016
): 378
–95
.Winde
, Frank
. “Questions Regarding the Scope of Work of the Requested Study on a Methodology for Remediation.
” Presentation to the Radiation Steering Committee, National Nuclear Regulator, Centurion
, August 5, 2011
.Winde
, Frank
. “Uranium Pollution of Water: A Global Perspective on the Situation in South Africa.
” Vanderbijlpark
: North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus
, 2013
.Winde
, Frank
. “Uranium Pollution of Water Resources in Mined-Out and Active Goldfields of South Africa: A Case Study of the Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment on Extent and Sources of U-Contamination and Associated Health Risks.
” In Abstracts of the International Mine Water Conference
. Pretoria
: IMWA
, 2009
.
Winde
, Frank
, and Abraham Barend de
Villiers
. “The Nature and Extent of Uranium Contamination from Tailings Dams in the Witwatersrand Gold Mining Area (South Africa).
” In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment
, edited by Broder J.
Merkel
, Britta
Planer-Friedrich
, and Christian
Wolkersdorfer
, 889
–98
. Berlin
: Springer
, 2002
.
Winde
, Frank
, and Abraham Barend de
Villiers
. “Uranium Contamination of Streams by Tailings Deposits—Case Studies in the Witwatersrand Gold Mining Area (South Africa).
” In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment
, edited by Broder J.
Merkel
, Britta
Planer-Friedrich
, and Christian
Wolkersdorfer
, 803
–12
. Berlin
: Springer
, 2002
.
Winde
, Frank
, Ewald
Erasmus
, and Gerhard
Geipel
. “Uranium Contaminated Drinking Water Linked to Leukaemia—Revisiting a Case Study from South Africa Taking Alternative Exposure Pathways into Account.
” Science of the Total Environment
574
(January
2017
): 400
–421
.Winde
, Frank
, Gerhard
Geipel
, Carolina
Espina
, and Joachim
Schüz
. “Human Exposure to Uranium in South African Gold Mining Areas Using Barber-Based Hair Sampling.
” plos one
14
, no. 6
(June 27, 2019
). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219059.Winde
, F[rank]
, E.
Hoffmann
, C.
Espina
, and J.
Schüz
. “Mapping and Modelling Human Exposure to Uraniferous Mine Waste Using a GIS-Supported Virtual Geographic Environment.
” Journal of Geochemical Exploration
204
(September
1
, 2019
): 167
–80
.Winde
, Frank
, and Izak Jacobus van der
Walt
. “The Significance of Groundwater– Stream Interactions and Fluctuating Stream Chemistry on Waterborne Uranium Contamination of Streams—a Case Study from a Gold Mining Site in South Africa.
” Journal of Hydrology
287
, nos. 1–4
(February
2004
): 178
–96
.Winterer
, Caroline
. How the New World Became Old: The Deep Time Revolution in America
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
, forthcoming.
Witz
, Leslie
. Unsettled History: Making South African Public Pasts
. Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan Press
, 2017
.
Witz
, L[eslie]
, C.
Rassool
, and G.
Minkley
. “Repackaging the Past for South African Tourism.
” Daedalus
130
(2001
): 277
–96
.Woodson
, Carter Godwin
. The Mis-education of the Negro
. Washington, DC
: Associated Publishers
, 1933
.
Wright
, Gwendolyn
. The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
, 1991
.
Yusoff
, Kathryn
. A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
, 2018
.
Zalasiewicz
, Jan
, Colin N.
Waters
, Mark
Williams
, Anthony D.
Barnosky
, Alejandro
Cearreta
, Paul
Crutzen
, Erle
Ellis
, et al. “When Did the Anthropocene Begin? A Mid-Twentieth Century Boundary Level Is Stratigraphically Optimal.
” Quaternary International
383
(October
2015
): 196
–203
.Zimring
, Carl A.
Clean and White: A History of Environmental Racism in the United States
. New York
: NYU Press
, 2017
.