Book Chapter
Recovering: Decolonial Intersex Interventions
-
Published:February 2023
Defying Medical Violence and Social Death: Sally Gross and the Inception of South African Intersex Activism
References
Aaronson
, I. A.
1985
. “True Hermaphroditism: A Review of 41 Cases with Observations on Testicular Histology and Function
”. British Journal of Urology
57
: 775
–79
.Abrahams
, Yvette
. 2000
. “Colonialism, Dysfunction and Dysjuncture: The Historiography of Sara Bartmann
”. PhD diss.
, University of Cape Town
, South Africa
.Abrahams
, Yvette
. 2021
. “Bringing Water to Krotoa’s Gardens: Decolonisation as Direct Action
”. In Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa
, edited by Lewis
Desiree
and Baderoon
Gabeba
, 274
–83
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Acutt
, Robin
dir., 2016
.Through the Wormhole
. Season 7, episode 3
, “Are There More Than Two Sexes?
” Aired
September
13
, 2016
, on the Science Channel. https://www.sciencechannel.com/video/through-the-wormhole-with-morgan-freeman-science-atve-us/are-there-more-than-two-sexes
.AIM (African Intersex Movement)
. 2017
. “Public Statement by the African Intersex Movement
”. December
14
. .AIM (African Intersex Movement)
. 2019
. “African Intersex Movement—Africa’s Regional Intersex Network—Established
”. July
3
. .AIM (African Intersex Movement)
. 2020
. “African Intersex Movement (AIM) Intersex Awareness Day Statement
.” October
26
. Author’s collection
.Aizura
, Aren
. 2017
. “Introduction
”. South Atlantic Quarterly
116
(3
): 606
–11
.Aizura
, Aren
. 2018
. Mobile Subjects: Transnational Imaginaries of Gender Reassignment
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Akoob
, Rumana
. 2018
. “Laws Need to Be Put in Place to Protect Rights of Intersex People
”. Daily Vox (Johannesburg)
, February
2
. .Ally
, F. E.
, and Grace
H. J.
. 1979
. “Chromosome Abnormalities in South African Mental Retardates
”. South African Medical Journal
55
(18
): 710
–12
.Altick
, R. D.
1978
. The Shows of London
. Cambridge, MA
: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
.Amadiume
, Ifi
. 1987
. Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in African Society
. London
: Zed
.Anumo
, Felogene
, and Bah
Valérie
. 2017
. “ ‘The Revolution Will Not Be NGO-ised’: Four Lessons from African Feminist Organising
”. OpenDemocracy
, July
31
. .Appiah
, Kwame Anthony
. 2020
. “The Case for Capitalizing the B in Black
”. Atlantic
, June
18
. .Arondekar
, Anjali R.
2009
. For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Asher
, Kiran
, and Ramamurthy
Priti
. 2020
. “Rethinking Decolonial and Postcolonial Knowledges beyond Regions to Imagine Transnational Solidarity
”. Hypatia
35
: 542
–47
.Athletics Weekly
. 2019
. “Caster Semenya Case among ‘Most Pivotal’ Ever Heard, Says Court
”. February
22
. .Austin
, Naomi
, and Johnson
Martin
, dirs. 2015
. Countdown to Life: The Extraordinary Making of You
. Aired September 14, 21, and 28, 2015, on BBC
. .Bailey
, Moya
. 2016
. “Misogynoir in Medical Media: On Caster Semenya and R. Kelly
”. Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, and Technoscience
2
(2
): 1
–31
.Barnhoorn
, I. E. J.
, Bornman
M. S.
, van Rensburg
C. Jansen
, Bouwman
H.
. 2009
. “DDT Residues in Water, Sediment, Domestic and Indigenous Biota from a Currently DDT-Sprayed Area
”. Chemosphere
77
(9
): 1236
–41
.Bauer
, Markus
, and Truffer
Daniela
. 2016
. Intersex Genital Mutilations: Human Rights Violations of Children with Variations of Sex Anatomy
. StopIGM.org/Zwischengeschlecht.org, August 15. .Bavington
, L. Dawn
. 2019
. “Sex Control in Women’s Sport: A History of the Present Regulations on Hyperandrogenism in Female Athletes
”. In Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Sport: Queer Inquiries
, edited by Krane
Vikki
, 181
–201
. New York
: Routledge
.Trending
BBC.
2016
. “Rio 2016: ‘Hands Off Caster’ Trends in South Africa
”. BBC News
, August
16
. .Bearak
, Barry
. 2009
. “Inquiry about Sprinter’s Sex Angers South Africans
”. New York Times
, August
25
. .Beauchamp
, Toby
. 2019
. Going Stealth: Transgender Politics and US Surveillance Practices
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Beaver
, Trish
. 2012
. “The In-Betweeners
”. Witness (Pietermaritzburg)
, February
11
. .Bermon
, Stéphane
, and Garnier
Pierre-Yves
. 2021
. “Correction: Serum Androgen Levels and the Relation to Performance in Track and Field: Mass Spectrometry Results from 2127 Observations in Male and Female Elite Athletes
”. British Journal of Sports Medicine
55
(17
): e7
.Blankenberg
, Ngaire
. 2000
. “That Rare and Random Tribe: Albino Identity in South Africa
”. Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies
14
(2
): 6
–48
.Boellstorff
, Tom
, Cabral
Mauro
, Cárdenas
Micha
, Cotten
Trystan
, Stanley
Eric A.
, Young
Kalaniopua
, and Aizura
Aren Z.
. 2014
. “Decolonizing Transgender: A Round-table Discussion
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
1
(3
): 419
–39
.Bornman
, M. S.
, Barnhoorn
I. E. J.
, and Genthe
B.
. 2010
. DDT for Malaria Control: Effects in Indicators and Health Risk
. Report to the Water Research Commission, WRC Report no. 1674/1/09
, February
.Bornman
, M. S. (Riana)
, and Bouwman
Hindrik
. 2012
. “Environmental Pollutants and Diseases of Sexual Development in Humans and Wildlife in South Africa: Harbingers of Impact on Overall Health
”. Reproduction in Domestic Animals
47
: 327
–32
.Bornman
, Riana
, Jager
Christiaan de
, Worku
Zeleke
, Farias
Paulina
, and Rief
Simon
. 2009
. “DDT and Urogenital Malformations in Newborn Boys in a Malarial Area
”. BJU International
108
: 405
–11
.Botha
, Kellyn
. 2016
. “ISSA Reborn: Hopeful Future for Intersex South Africa
”. Iranti
, September
6
. http://www.iranti.org.za/. No longer available
.Botha
, Kellyn
. 2021
. “Adding a ‘Third Gender Option’ on IDS: A Small Step in the Right Direction
”. Mamba Online
, March
14
. .Bouwman
, Hindrik
, Kylin
Henrik
, Sereda
Barbara
, and Bornman
Riana
. 2012
. “High Levels of DDT in Breast Milk: Intake, Risk, Lactation Duration, and Involvement of Gender
”. Environmental Pollution
170
: 63
–70
.Boykoff
, Jules
. 2019
. “#HandsOffCaster: Why the Policing of Female Athletes’ Testosterone Levels Needs to Stop
”. Bitch Media
, February
20
. .Brain
, P.
, and Grace
H. J.
. 1968
. “On the Haemagglutinin of the Snail Achatina Granulata
”. Vox Sanguinis
15
: 297
–99
.Braun
, Lundy
, Fausto-Sterling
Anne
, Fullwiley
Duana
, Hammonds
Evelynn M.
, Nelson
Alondra
, Quivers
William
, Reverby
Susan M.
, and Shields
Alexandra E.
. 2007
. “Racial Categories in Medical Practice: How Useful Are They
”. PLoS Medicine
4
(9
): 1423
–28
.Braun
, Lundy
, and Hammonds
Evelynn
. 2014
. “The Dilemma of Classification: The Past in the Present
”. In Ge ne tics in the Unsettled Past: The Collision of DNA, Race, and History
, edited by Wailoo
Keith
, Nelson
Alondra
, and Lee
Catherine
, 67
–80
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Brenner
, Steve
. 2021
. “Caster Semenya: ‘ They’re Killing Sport. People want Extraordinary Performances’
”. Guardian
(London
), April
23
. .Bright
, Jennifer Burns
, and Crowley
Ronan
. 2014
. “ ‘A Quantity of Offensive Matter’: Private Cases in Public Places
”. In Porn Archives
, edited by Dean
Tim
, Roszczycky
Steven
, and Squires
David
, 103
–26
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Brömdal
, Annette
. 2008
. Intersex: A Challenge for Human Rights and Citizenship Rights
. Saarbrücken, Germany
: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
.Bryson
, Donna
. 2009
. “SA Rallies behind Runner in Gender Storm
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, August
22
. .Burns
, Catherine Eileen
. 1995
. “Reproductive Labors: The Politics of Women’s Health in South Africa, 1900–1960
”. PhD diss.
, Northwestern University
.Butler
, Judith
. 1993
. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex
. New York
: Routledge
, 1993
.Butler
, Judith
. 2009
. “Wise Distinctions
”. London Review of Books (blog)
, November
20
. .Cacho
, Lisa Marie
. 2012
. Social Death: Racialized Rightlessness and the Criminalization of the Unprotected
. New York
: New York University Press
.Cadden
, Joan
. 1993
. Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Cahn
, Susan K.
2015
. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Women’s Sport
. Reprint, Urbana
: University of Illinois Press
.Cai
, Li-Qun
, Fratianni
Carmel M.
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and McGinley
Julianne Imperato
. 1994
. “Dihydrotestosterone Regulation of Semen in Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
79
(2
): 409
–14
.Cai
, Li-Qun
, Zhu
Yuan-Shan
, Katz
Melissa D.
, Herrera
Cecilia
, Baéz
José
, DeFilo-Ricart
Mariano
, Shackleton
Cedric H. L.
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1996
. “5α-Reductase-2 Gene Mutations in the Dominican Republic
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
81
(5
): 1730
–35
.Califia
, Pat
. 1997
. Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism
. San Francisco
: Cleis Press
.Camminga
, B.
2019
. Transgender Refugees and the Imagined South Africa: Bodies over Borders and Borders over Bodies
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Canovatchel
, William J.
, Volquez
David
, Huang
Sophie
, Wood
Elizabeth
, Lesser
Martin L.
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1994
. “Luteinizing Hormone Pulsatility in Subjects with 5α-Reductase Deficiency and Decreased Dihydrotestosterone Production
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
78
(4
): 916
–21
.Canto
, Patricia
, Vilchis
Felipe
, Chávez
Bertha
, Mutchinick
Osvaldo
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Pérez-Palacios
Gregorio
, Ulloa-Aguirre
Alfredo
, and Méndez
Juan Pablo
. 1997
. “Mutations of the 5α-Reductase Type 2 Gene in Eight Mexican Patients from Six Different Pedigrees with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Clinical Endocrinology
46
: 155
–60
.Carpenter
, Thomas O.
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Boulware
Susan D.
, Weiss
Robert M.
, Shackleton
Cedric
, Griffin
James E.
, and Wilson
Jean D.
. 1990
. “Variable Expression of a 5α-Reductase Deficiency: Presentation with Male Phenotype in a Child of Greek Origin
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
71
(2
): 318
–22
.Chantiluke
, Roseanne
, Kwoba
Brian
, and Nkopo
Athinangamso
, eds. 2018
. Rhodes Must Fall: The Struggle to Decolonise the Racist Heart of Empire
. London
: Zed
.Charlewood
, G. P.
1956
. Bantu Gynaecology
. Johannesburg
: Photo Publishing and Witwatersrand University Press
.Charlewood
, G. P.
, ed. 1972
. Gynaecology in Southern Africa
. Johannesburg
: Witwatersrand University Press
.Chase
, Cheryl
dir., 1997
. Hermaphrodites Speak!
Rohnert Park, CA
: Intersex Society of North America
.Chase
, Cheryl
. 1998
. “Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
4
(2
): 189
–211
.Chase
, Cheryl
. 2002
. “ ‘Cultural Practice’ or ‘Reconstructive Surgery’?: U.S. Genital Cutting, the Intersex Movement, and Medical Double Standards
”. In Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disrupting U.S. Polemics
, edited by James
Stanlie M.
, 126
–51
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Cherry
, Gene
. 2019
. “Semenya Vows No World Championships if She Can’t Run 800 Meters
”. Reuters
, June
30
. .Citizen
. 2018
. “Caster Responds to IAAF Policy against Her with Awesome Tweets
”. Citizen (Johannesburg)
, April
28
. .Clare
, Eli
. 2017
. Brilliant Imperfection: Grappling with Cure
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Clarey
, Christopher
, and Kolata
Gina
. 2009
. “Gold Awarded amid Dispute over Runner’s Sex
”. New York Times
, August
20
. .Colapinto
, John
. 2000
. As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl
. New York
: HarperCollins
.Cole
, Sonia
. 1965
. Races of Man
. Reprint, London
: Trustees of the British Museum, Natural History
.Collison
, Carl
. 2018
. “Intersex Babies Killed at Birth Because ‘ They’re Bad Omens’
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, January
24
. .Collison
, Carl
. 2021
. “Proposed Identity Law Changes ‘Send a Strong Message’
”. New Frame
, January
21
. .Collison
, Carl
. 2022
. “A Sangoma Campaigns to Protect Intersex Newborns’
”. New Frame
, April
29
. .Cook
, James
. 1797
. The Three Voyages of Captain James Cook around the World to the Pacific Ocean
. Boston
: Manning and Loring for Thomas and Andrews and D. West
.Coovadia
, Hoosen
, Jewkes
Rachel
, Barron
Peter
, Sanders
David
, and McIntyre
Diane
. 2009
. “The Health and Health System of South Africa: Historical Roots of Current Public Health Challenges
”. Lancet
374
: 817
–34
.Cornwall
, Susannah
, ed. 2015
. Intersex, Theology, and the Bible: Troubling Bodies in Church, Text, and Society
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillian
.Costello
, Cary Gabriel
. 2010
. “Interphobia—Not Cured by Hiding Us Away
”. Intersex Roadshow (blog)
, September
12
. .Costello
, Cary Gabriel
. 2016
. “Intersex and Trans Communities: Commonalities in Tensions
”. In Transgender and Intersex: Theoretical, Practical, and Artistic Perspectives
, edited by Horlacher
Stefan
, 83
–113
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Crais
, Clifton
, and Scully
Pamela
. 2009
. Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A Ghost Story and a Biography
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Craven
, Emily
, and Group
the Joint Working
. 2009
. “Joint Working Group Statement on Caster Semenya
”. August
23
.Creighton
, S.
, Alderson
J.
, Brown
S.
, and Minto
C. L.
. 2002
. “Medical Photography: Ethics, Consent and the Intersex Patient
”. BJU International
89
: 67
–72
.Curran
, Andrew S.
2011
. The Anatomy of Blackness: Science and Slavery in an Age of Enlightenment
. Baltimore, MD
: Johns Hopkins University Press
.Currier
, Ashley
, and Moreau
Julie
. 2016
. “Digital Strategies and African LGBTI Organizing
”. In Digital Activism in the Social Media Era: Critical Reflections on Emerging Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa
, edited by Mutsvairo
Bruce
, 231
–47
. Cham, Switzerland
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Curtis
. 2007
. “Why We Do Not Use ‘Disorder of Sex Development’
”. 2007
. Organisation Internationale des Intersexués—Organization Intersex International
, October
12
. .Cuvier
, Georges
. (1817) 1969
. Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe; et sur les changements qu’elles ont produits dans le règne animal
. Brussels
: Culture et Civilisation
.Daniels
, Glenda
. 2016
. “Scrutinizing Hashtag Activism in the #MustFall Protests in South Africa in 2015
”. In Digital Activism in the Social Media Era: Critical Reflections on Emerging Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa
, edited by Mutsvairo
Bruce
, 175
–93
. Cham, Switzerland
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Dariawo
, Ben
, Pameko
Titus
, Meian
Daniel
, Nawokre
Mark
, Simbaisipta
Joseph
, Amburi
Joel
, Meyande
Wevin
, Kambarumo
Kevin
, and Aguleko
Nason
. 1999
. “Breach of Contract
”. Anthropology News
40
(7
): 4
.Dart
, Raymond A.
1937
. “The Physical Characters of the /?Auni-≠Khomni Bushmen
”. Bantu Studies
11
(1
): 175
–246
.Datson
, Lorraine
, and Park
Katherine
. 1995
. “The Hermaphrodite and the Orders of Nature: Sexual Ambiguity in Modern France
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
1
: 419
–38
.Davison
, Patricia
. 1993
. “Human Subjects as Museum Objects: A Project to Make Life-Casts of ‘Bushmen’ and ‘Hottentots’, 1907–1924
”. Annals of the South African Museum
102
(5
): 165
–83
.Davison
, Patricia
. 2018
. “The Politics and Poetics of the Bushman Diorama at the South African Museum
”. International Council of Museums
46
: 81
–97
.de la Chapelle
, Albert
. 1986
. “Invited Editorial: The Use and Misuse of Sex Chromatin Screening for ‘Gender Identification’ in Athletes
”. Journal of the American Medical Association
256
(14
): 1920
–23
.Derrida
, Jacques
. 1994
. Specters of Marx: The State of Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International
. Translated by Kamuf
Peggy
. New York
: Routledge
.de Souza
, J. J. L.
, Barnett
P.
, Kisner
C. D.
, and Murray
J. P.
. 1984
. “True Hermaphroditism: A Case Report with Observations on Its Bizarre Presentation
”. South African Medical Journal
66
(22
): 855
–58
.DeVun
, Leah
. 2014
. “Animal Appetites
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
20
(4
): 461
–90
.DeVun
, Leah
. 2021
. The Shape of Sex: Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Diabate
, Naminata
. 2020
. Naked Agency: Genital Cursing and Biopolitics in Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.DiPietro
, Pedro J.
, McWeeny
Jennifer
, and Roshanrava
Shireen
. 2019
. “Like an Earthquake to the Soul: Experiencing the Visionary Philosophy of María Lugones
”. In Speaking Face to Face: The Visionary Philosophy of María Lugones
, edited by DiPietro
Pedro J.
, McWeeny
Jennifer
, and Roshanrava
Shireen
, 1
–30
. Albany, NY
: SUNY Press
.Dixon
, Robyn
. 2009
. “Gender Issue Has Always Chased Her
”. Los Angeles Times
, August
21
. .Dlamini
, Jacob
. 2020a
. African Studies in Conversation: Jacob Dlamini, “The Terrorist Album”
. With Swarr
Amanda
, Krabill
Ron
, and Hoffman
Danny
, University of Washington, UWJSIS, video
, 59
:36
, November
19
. .Dlamini
, Jacob
. 2020b
. The Terrorist Album: Apartheid’s Insurgents, Collaborators, and the Security Police
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Downing
, Lisa
, Morland
Iain
, and Sullivan
Nikki
, eds. 2015
. Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Money’s Diagnostic Concepts
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Dreger
, Alice Domurat
. 1998
. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Dreger
, Alice Domurat
, ed. 1999
. Intersex in the Age of Ethics
. Hagerstown, MD
: University Publishing Group
.Dreger
, Alice Domurat
. 2000
. “Jarring Bodies: Thoughts on the Display of Unusual Anatomies
”. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
43
(2
): 161
–72
.Driskill
, Qwo-Li
. 2016
. Asegi Stories: Cherokee Queer and Two-Spirit Memory
. Tucson
: University of Arizona Press
.Drury
, James
, and Drennan
Matthew
. 1926
. “The Pudendal Parts of the South African Bush Race
”. Medical Journal of South Africa
22
: 113
–17
.Dubow
, Saul
. 1995
. Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Dubow
, Saul
. 1996
. “ Human Origins, Race Typology, and the Other Raymond Dart
”. African Studies
55
(1
): 1
–30
.Dubow
, Saul
. 2006
. A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Science, Sensibility, and White South Africa
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.Dubow
, Saul
. 2015
. “Racial Irrendentism, Ethnogenesis, and White Supremacy in High-Apartheid South Africa
”. Kronos
41
: 236
–64
.Du Plessis
, Rory
. 2014
. “Photographs from the Grahamstown Lunatic Asylum, South Africa, 1890–1907
”. Social Dynamics
40
(1
): 12
–42
.Dworkin
, Shari L.
, Swarr
Amanda Lock
, and Cooky
Cheryl
. 2013
. “(In)Justice in Sport: The Treatment of South African Track Star Caster Semenya
”. Feminist Studies
39
(1
): 40
–69
.Eckert
, Lena
. 2017
. Intersexualization: The Clinic and the Colony
. New York
: Routledge
.Ellison
, G. T. H.
, and Wet
T. de
. 1997
. “The Use of ‘Racial’ Categories in Contemporary South African Health Research: A Survey of Articles Published in the South African Medical Journal between 1992 and 1996
”. South African Medical Journal
87
(12
): 1671
–79
.Epstein
, David
. 2012
. “Caster Semenya Will Face Judgement Whether She Runs Fast or Slow
”. Sports Illustrated
, August
9
. .Epstein
, Randi Hutter
. 2010
. “Pioneer Reflects on Future of Reproductive Medicine
”. New York Times
, March
23
.Fanon
, Frantz
. (1952) 2008
. Black Skin, White Masks
. Translated by Markmann
Charles Lam
. Reprint, New York
: Grove
.Fausto-Sterling
, Anne
. 1995
. “Gender, Race, and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of ‘Hottentot’ Women in Eu rope, 1815–1817
”. In Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture
, edited by Terry
Jennifer
and Urla
Jacqueline
, 19
–47
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
.Fausto-Sterling
, Anne
. 2000
. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality
. New York
: Basic
.Feltham
, Luke
. 2018
. “Bad Science Won’t Undo Semenya
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, May
4
. .Fénichel
, Patrick
, Paris
Françoise
, Philibert
Pascal
, Hiéronimus
Sylvie
, Gaspari
Laura
, Kurzenne
Jean-Yves
, Chevallier
Patrick
, Bermon
Stéphane
, Chevalier
Nicolas
, and Sultan
Charles
. 2013
. “Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
98
(6
): e1055
–e1059
.fester-wicomb
, gertrude
. 2021
. “Querying the Queer
”. In Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa
, edited by Lewis
Desiree
and Baderoon
Gabeba
, 73
–89
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Fischer
, Mia
. 2019
. Terrorizing Gender: Transgender Visibility and the Surveillance Practices of the U.S. Security State
. Lincoln
: University of Nebraska Press
.Flanagan
, Jane
. 2016
. “‘Haters, Be Patient…I Have so Much More for You’: Gender Row Runner Caster Semenya’s Fans Launch #HandsOffCaster Twitter Campaign at Haters Who Say She Shouldn’t Run in Rio as a Woman
”. Daily Mail
(London
), August
16
. .Forbes
, J. I.
, and Hammar
B.
. 1966
. “Intersex among Africans in Rhodesia
”. Archive of Diseases of Childhood
41
: 102
–7
.Foucault
, Michel
. (1963) 1994
. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception
. Translated by Sheridan
Alan
. Reprint, New York
: Vintage
.Freedberg
, David
. 1989
. The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Ganie
, Yasmeen
, Aldous
Colleen
, Balakrishna
Yusentha
, and Wiersma
Rinus
. 2017
. “The Spectrum of Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development in South Africa: A Single Centre Experience
”. Hormone Research in Paediatrics
87
: 307
–14
.Garrigues
, Henry Jacques
. 1894
. A Textbook of the Diseases of Women
. Philadelphia
: W. B. Saunders
.Geddes
, Patrick
, and Thomas
J. Arthur
. 1890
. The Evolution of Sex
. New York
: Scribner and Welford
.Gill-Peterson
, Jules
. 2017
. “Implanting Plasticity into Sex and Trans/Gender: Animal and Child Meta phors in the History of Endocrinology
”. Angelaki
22
(2
): 47
–60
.Gill-Peterson
, Jules
. 2018a
. Histories of the Transgender Child
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Gill-Peterson
, Jules
. 2018b
. “Trans of Color Critique before Transsexuality
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
5
(4
): 606
–20
.Gilman
, Sander L.
1985
. Difference and Pathology: Ste reo types of Sexuality, Race, and Madness
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Gilroy
, Paul
. 2004
. Between Camps: Nations, Culture, and the Allure of Race
. New York
: Taylor and Francis
.Ginnane
, Maxx
dir., 2011
. Too Fast to Be a Woman? The Story of Caster Semenya
. Kuchu Times, video, 49
:14
, August
27
, 2015
. .Gladwell
, Malcolm
. 2010
. “Small Change: Why the Revolution Won’t Be Tweeted
”. New Yorker
, September
27
. .Gladwell
, Malcolm
, and Thompson
Nicholas
. 2016
. “Caster Semenya and the Logic of Olympic Competition
”. New Yorker
, April
12
. .Godden
, Maryse
. 2017
. “Inside the Baffling Ca rib bean Village where Little Girls Turn into Boys at the Age of 12…and Even Suddenly Grow Penises
”. The Sun
, August
7
. .Goldhagen
, Daniel Jonah
. 1996
. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
. New York
: Knopf
.Goldie
, Terry
. 2014
. The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money
. Vancouver
: University of British Columbia Press
.Goldschmidt
, Richard
. 1917
. “Intersexuality and the Endocrine Aspect of Sex
”. Endocrinology
1
(4
): 433
–56
.Gordon
, Avery
. 2008
. Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Gordon
, Robert J.
1992
. “The Venal Hottentot and the Great Chain of Being
”. African Studies
51
(2
): 185
–201
.Gqola
, Pumla Dineo
. 2009
. “Semenya as the 21st Century Bartmann?
” Loudrastress: Afrikan Feminist Musings and Reflections (blog)
, August
24
. .Gqola
, Pumla Dineo
. 2015
. Rape: A South African Nightmare
. Auckland Park, SA
: MF Books
.Grace
, H. J.
1970
. “Intersex in Four South African Racial Groups in Durban
”. Master’s thesis
, University of Natal
, South Africa
.Grace
, H. J.
1974
. “Palmar Dermatoglyphics of South African Negroes and Coloureds
”. Human Heredity
24
: 167
–77
.Grace
, H. J.
1975a
. “Digital and Palmar Dermatoglyphics of South African Whites
”. Human Heredity
25
: 234
–47
.Grace
, H. J.
1975b
. “Distribution of Hypothenar Radial Arches
”. Humangenetik
28
: 325
–28
.Grace
, H. J.
1976
. “Concentration of Similar Fin ger Print Patterns in Four Race Groups
”. Human Heredity
26
: 306
–9
.Grace
, H. J.
1977
. “Studies of Intersexuality in South Africa
”. PhD diss.
, University of Natal
, South Africa
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Ally
F. E.
. 1972
. “Dermatoglyphic Features of South African Coloureds
”. Human Heredity
22
: 351
–55
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Ally
F. E.
. 1973
. “Dermatoglyphs of the South African Negro
”. Human Heredity
23
: 53
–58
.Grace
, H. J.
, Ally
F. E.
, Nelemans
A. P.
, and Kint
Bernadette
. 1979
. “Cytogenetic Study of a Mentally Retarded Population in South Africa
”. South African Medical Journal
55
(18
): 707
–9
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Edge
W. E. B.
. 1973
. “A White Hermaphrodite in South Africa
”. South African Medical Journal
47
(34
): 1553
–54
.Grace
, H. J.
, Quantock
O. P.
, and Vinik
A.
. 1970
. “An Unusual Cause of ‘Haematuria’ in an XX/XY Hermpahrodite
”. South African Medical Journal
44
(2
): 40
–43
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Schonland
Mary
. 1970
. “Penile Urethra in a Bantu Female Intersex
”. South African Medical Journal
44
(39
): 1112
–15
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Uhlenbruck
G.
. 1969
. “The Agglutination of Abantu and Other Human Erythrocytes by Reagents from Snails
”. Journal of Forensic Medicine
16
(4
): 139
–42
.Graham
, Stuart
. 2016
. “Mosquito Pesticide Linked to Births of Intersex Children
”. Lon-don Times
, August
19
.Green
, Amy
. 2018
. “Government Urged to Ban Intersex Genital Mutilation
”. Health-E News
, January
15
. .Grillo
, Laura
. 2018
. An Intimate Rebuke: Female Genital Power in Ritual and Politics in West Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Groenewald
, Yolandi
. 2009
. “Lesser of Two Evils
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, November
20
. .Gross
, Sally
. 2000
. Interview by Amanda Swarr and Sam Bullington
. March
16
. Transcript
.Gross
, Sally
. 2009a
. “Intersex and the Law
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, September
19
. .Gross
, Sally
. 2009b
. “Life in the Shadow of Gender
”. Witness (Pietermaritzburg)
, August
29
.Gross
, Sally
. 2009c
. “Response on the Mistreatment of Caster Semenya
”. Intersex Initiative
. Accessed June 26, 2018. .Gross
, Sally
. 2009d
. “Updated Feature Article” [Re: Stephen Coan’s “The Journey from Selwyn to Sally”, published in 2000]
. Witness (Pietermaritzburg)
. Sally Gross Collection, gala at the University of the Witwatersrand
, Johannesburg
.Gross
, Sally
. 2011
. “The Chronicle of an Intersexed Activist’s Journey
”. In African Sexualities: A Reader
, edited by Tamale
Sylvia
, 235
–37
. Cape Town
: Pambazuka Press
.Gross
, Sally
. 2013
. “Not in God’s Image: Intersex, Social Death, and Infanticide
”. Paper presented via Skype at the Intersex, Theology and the Bible conference
, University of Manchester
, March 12
.[
Gross
, Sally
, and Nicodemus
Aaron
]. 1999
. “Lifting the Veil on Intersexuality
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, August
13
. .Haraway
, Donna J.
1989
. Primitive Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science
. New York
: Routledge
.Haraway
, Donna J.
1991
. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature
. New York
: Routledge
.Haraway
, Donna J.
1997
. Modest_Witness@Second_Millenium. FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience
. New York
: Routledge
.Hausman
, Bernice L.
1995
. Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Hayes
, Patricia
. 1996
. “‘Cocky’ Hahn and the ‘Black Venus’: The Making of a Native Commissioner in South West Africa, 1915–46
”. Gender and History
8
(3
): 364
–92
.Heggie
, Vanessa
. 2010
. “Testing Sex and Gender in Sports: Reinventing, Reimagining and Reconstructing Histories
”. Endeavour
34
(4
): 157
–63
.Herdt
, Gilbert
. 1981
. Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity
. New York
: McGraw-Hill
.Herdt
, Gilbert
. 1987
. The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea
. New York
: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
.Herdt
, Gilbert
. 1999
. “Response to Dariawo
”. Anthropology News
40
(7
): 4
.Herdt
, Gilbert H.
, and Davidson
Julian
. 1988
. “The Sambia ‘Turnim-Man’: Sociocultural and Clinical Aspects of Gender Formation in Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency in Papua New Guinea
”. Archives of Sexual Behavior
17
(1
): 33
–56
.Herdt
, Gilbert H.
, and Stoller
Robert J.
1985
. “Sakulambei—A Hermaphrodite’s Secret: An Example of Clinical Ethnography
”. Psychoanalytic Study of Society
11
: 115
–56
.Heyns
, O. S.
1956
. “Some Ethnic Relations of the Bantu in South Africa
”. In Bantu Gynaecology
, by Charlewood
G. P.
, 1
–11
. Johannesburg
: Photo Publishing and Witwatersrand University Press
.Higgins
, Laine
. 2021
. “The Study That Blocked Caster Semenya from the Tokyo Olympics Has Been Corrected by Its Publishers
”. Wall Street Journal
, August
19
. .Hoad
, Neville
. 2010
. “‘Run, Caster Semenya, Run!’ Nativism and the Translations of Gender Variance
”. Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies
11
(4
): 397
–405
.Hodes
, Rebecca
. 2017
. “The ‘Hottentot Apron’: Genital Aberration in the History of Sexual Science
”. In A Global History of Sexual Science, 1880–1960
, edited by Fuechter
Veronika
, Haynes
Douglas E.
, and Jones
Ryan M.
, 118
–38
. Oakland
: University of California Press
.Holmes
, M. Morgan
. 2008
. “Mind the Gaps: Intersex and (Re-productive) Spaces in Disability Studies and Bioethics
”. Bioethical Inquiry
5
(2–3
): 169
–81
.Horak
, Ilzé
, Horn
Suranie
, and Peters
Rialet
. 2021
. “Agrochemicals in Freshwater Systems and Their Potential Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A South African Context
”. Environmental Pollution
268
: 1
–13
.Houk
, Christopher P.
, Damiani
D.
, and Lee
Peter A.
. 2005
. “Choice of Gender in 5α-Reductase Deficiency: A Moving Target
”. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
18
: 339
–45
.Hounshell
, Blake
. 2011
. “The Revolution Will Be Tweeted: Life in the Vanguard of the New Twitter Proletariat
”. Foreign Policy
, June
20
.HRW ( Human Rights Watch)
. 2020
. “‘ They’re Chasing Us Away from Sport’: Human Rights Violations in Sex Testing of Elite Women Athletes
”. Human Rights Watch
, December
4
. .Huet
, Marie-Hélène
. 1993
. Monstrous Imagination
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Husakouskaya
, Nadzeya
. 2013
. “Rethinking Gender and Human Rights through Trans-gender and Intersex Experiences in South Africa
”. Agenda
27
(4
): 10
–24
.Hussen
, Tigist Shewarega
. 2018
. “Social Media and Feminist Activism: #RapeMustFall, #NakedProtest, and #RUReferenceList Movements in South Africa
”. In Engaging Youth in Activism, Research, and Pedagogical Praxis: Transnational and Intersectional Perspectives on Gender, Sex, and Race
, edited by Shefer
Tamara
, Hearn
Jeff
, Ratele
Kopano
, and Boonzaier
Floretta
, 199
–214
. New York
: Routledge
.Igual
, Roberto
. 2021
. “Give Your Feedback on Proposed Gender id Changes
”. Mamba Online
, February
2
. .Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
. 1997
. “5 Alpha-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism
6
: 384
–87
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Gautier
Teofilo
, Pichardo
Marino
, and Shackleton
Cedric
. 1986
. “The Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in Infancy
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
63
(6
): 1313
–18
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Guerrero
Luis
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and Peterson
Ralph E.
. 1974
. “Steroid 5α-Reductase Deficiency in Man: An Inherited Form of Male Pseudohermaphroditism
”. Science
186
(4170
): 1213
–15
.Imperato-McGinley
, J.
, Miller
M.
, Wilson
J. D.
, Peterson
H. E.
, Shackleton
C.
, and Gajdusek
D. C.
. 1991
. “A Cluster of Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-Reductase Deficiency in Papua New Guinea
”. Clinical Endocrinology
34
: 293
–98
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Peterson
Ralph E.
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and Sturla
Erasmo
. 1979
. “Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with a 5α-Reductase Deficiency
”. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey
34
(10
): 769
–71
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Peterson
Ralph E.
, Leshin
Mark
, Griffin
James E.
, Cooper
George
, Draghi
Suzanne
, Berenyi
Magdalena
, and Wilson
Jean D.
. 1980
. “Ste roid 5α-Reductase Deficiency in a 65-Year-old Male Pseudohermaphrodite: The Natural History, Ultrastructure of the Testes, and Evidence for Inherited Enzyme Heterogeneity
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
50
(1
): 15
–22
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, and Zhu
Yuan-Shan
. 2002
. “Androgens and Male Physiology the Syndrome of 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
198
: 51
–59
.Iranti
. 2017
. Intersex Day of Solidarity with ISSA
. Iranti Media, video
, 5
:46
, November
8
. .Iranti
. 2018
. National Intersex Meeting 2017
. Iranti Media, video
, 5
:56
, March
8
. .Iranti
. 2020a
. “African Intersex Movement (aim) Intersex Awareness Day Statement
”. Iranti, press release
, October
26
. .Iranti
. 2020b
. The Iranti COVID-19 Newsletter
. Editions 1 and 2
, August
. https://www.iranti.org.za/. No longer available
.Iranti
. 2021a
. “ Human Rights Day Should Also Be for Intersex Children
”. Iranti, press release
, March
21
. .Iranti
. 2021b
. “Iranti Hosts Media Briefing on Home Affairs’s id Gender Policy
”. Iranti, press release
, March
12
. .Iranti and Intersex South Africa
. 2020
. “Swiss Court Upholds Discriminatory Practices against Caster Semenya
”. Joint statement and press release
, September
9
. .James
, Stanlie M.
2002
. “Listening to Other(ed) Voices: Reflections around Female Genital Cutting
”. In Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disrupting U.S. Polemics
, edited by James
Stanlie M.
, 87
–113
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Jansen
, Jonathan D.
2009
. Knowledge in the Blood: Confronting Race and the Apartheid Past
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Jeeves
, Alan
. 2003
. “The State, the Cinema, and Health Propaganda for Africans in Pre-Apartheid South Africa, 1932–48
”. South African Historical Journal
48
(1
): 109
–29
.Jenkins
, Elizabeth
, Andersson
Stefan
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Wilson
Jean D.
, and Russell
David W.
. 1992
. “Genetic and Pharmacological Evidence for More Than One Human Ste roid 5α-Reductase
”. Journal of Clinical Investigation
89
(1
): 293
–300
.John
, Victoria
. 2012
. “Gentle Man’s Brutal Murder Turns Spotlight on Intolerance
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, June
28
. .Johnson
, R. H.
1972
. “The Journal of the Medical and Dental Association of Botswana
”. Botswana Notes and Records
4
: 286
–87
.Johnson
, R. H.
1974
. “A Case of True Hermaphroditism Presenting as an Undescended Testicle
”. South African Medical Journal
48
(36
): 1540
.Johnson
, R. H.
1975a
. “Bowel Obstruction in a Botswana Hospital
”. East African Medical Journal
52
(6
): 319
–25
.Johnson
, R. H.
1975b
. “The Cases of Cancer Seen at a Botswana Hospital, 1968–1972
”. Central African Journal of Medicine
21
(12
): 260
–64
.Jones
, Ann Rosalind
, and Stallybrass
Peter
. 1991
. “Fetishizing Gender: Creating the Hermaphrodite in Renaissance Europe
”. In Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity
, edited by Epstein
Julia
and Straub
Kristina
, 80
–111
. New York
: Routledge
.Jones
, Howard W.
Jr., 1976
. “Discussion of ‘True Hermaphroditism’: An Analytic Review with a Report of 3 New Cases’ by Van Niekerk, W. A
”. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
26
(7
): 905
.Jordan-Young
, Rebecca M.
, and Karkazis
Katrina
. 2019
. “4 Myths about Testosterone
”. Scientific American
, June
18
. .Jordan-Young
, Rebecca M.
, Sönksen
Peter
, and Karkazis
Katrina
. 2014
. “Sex, Health, and Athletes
”. BMJ
348
: 20
–21
.Kaba
, Mariame
, Smith
Andrea
, Adelman
Lori
, and Gay
Roxane
. 2014
. “Where Twitter and Feminism Meet
”. Nation
, April
17
. .Kaggwa
, Julius
. 1997
. From Juliet to Julius: In Search of My True Gender Identity
. Kampala
: Fountain
.Kaggwa
, Julius
. 2011
. “Intersex: The Forgotten Constituency
”. In African Sexualities: A Reader
, edited by Tamale
Sylvia
, 231
–34
. Cape Town
: Pambazuka Press
.Karkazis
, Katrina
. 2000
. Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Karkazis
, Katrina
. 2008
. “The Art of Medicine—Naming the Problem: Disorders and Their Meanings
”. Lancet
372
: 2016
–17
.Karkazis
, Katrina
, and Carpenter
Morgan
. 2018
. “Impossible ‘Choices’: The Inherent Harms of Regulating Women’s Testosterone in Sport
”. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
15
(4
): 579
–87
.Karkazis
, Katrina
, and Jordan-Young
Rebecca
. 2018
. “The Powers of Testosterone: Observing Race and Regional Bias in the Regulation of Women Athletes
”. Feminist Foundations
30
(2
): 1
–39
.Katz
, Melissa D.
, Cai
Li-Qun
, Zhu
, Yuan-Shan
Herrera
Cecilia
, DeFillo-Ricart
Mariano
, Shackleton
Cedric H. L.
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1995
. “The Biochemical and Phenotypical Characterization of Females Homozygous for 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
80
(1
): 3160
–67
.Katz
, Melissa D.
, Kligman
Isaac
, Cai
Li-Qun
, Zhu
Yuan-Shan
, Fratianni
Carmel M.
, Zervoudakis
Ioannis
, Rosenwaks
Zev
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1997
. “Paternity by Intrauterine Insemination with the Sperm from a Man with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. New England Journal of Medicine
336
(14
): 994
–97
.Keeping Track
. 1994
. “Give-and-Take on Gender Verification
”. 1994
. Keeping Track: International Track and Field Newsletter
, no. 6
(May
): 2
–3
.Kessler
, Suzanne
. 1990
. “The Medical Construction of Gender
”. Signs: Journal of Women and Culture
16
(1
): 3
–26
.Kessler
, Suzanne
. 1998
. Lessons from the Intersexed
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Kier
, Bailey
. 2010
. “Interdependent Ecological Transsex: Notes on Re/production, ‘Transgender’ Fish, and the Management of Populations, Species, and Resources
”. Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory
20
(3
): 299
–319
.Kim
, Linda
. 2018
. Race Experts: Sculpture, Anthropology, and the American Public in Malvina Hoffman’s “Races of Mankind”
. Lincoln
: University of Nebraska Press
.Kirby
, Percival R.
1940
. “Robert Knox and His South African Research
”. South African Medical Journal
14
(13
): 254
–61
.Kirby
, Percival R.
1954
. “The Hottentot Venus of the Musee de L’Homme, Paris
”. South African Journal of Science
50
(12
): 319
–22
.Klausen
, Susanne M.
2001
. “‘Poor Whiteism’, White Maternal Mortality, and the Promotion of Public Health in South Africa: The Department of Public Health’s Endorsement of Contraceptive Ser vices, 1930–1938
”. South African Historical Journal
45
: 53
–78
.Klausen
, Susanne M.
2017
. “Eugenics and the Maintenance of White Supremacy in Modern South Africa
”. In Eugenics at the Edges of Empire: New Zealand, Australia, Canada and South Africa
, edited by Paul
Diane B.
, Stenhouse
John
, and Spencer
Hamish G.
, 289
–309
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Klein
, Thamar
. 2009
. “Intersex and Transgender Activism in South Africa
”. Liminalis
3
: 15
–24
.Klempman
, Sarah
. 1964
. “The Investigation of Developmental Sexual Abnormalities
”. South African Medical Journal
38
(12
): 234
–36
.Knox
, Robert
. 1850
. The Races of Men: A Fragment
. Philadelphia
: Lea and Blanchard
.Knox
, Robert
. 1855
. “Some Remarks on the Aztecque and Bosjieman Children, Now Being Exhibited in London, and on the Races to Which They Are Presumed to Belong
”. Lancet
65
(65
): 357
–60
.Korn
, Jenny Ungbha
, and Kneese
Tamara
. 2015
. “Feminist Approaches to Social Media Research: History, Activism, Values
”. Feminist Media Studies
15
(4
): 707
–10
.Kotolo
, McKeed
. 2000
. “Three Held in ‘Muti’ Murder
”. Sowetan (Johannesburg)
, August
14
.Landau
, Paul
. 2002
. “Empires of the Visual: Photography and Colonial Administration in Africa
”. In Images and Empires: Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa
, edited by Landau
Paul
and Griffin
Susan
, 141
–71
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Langston
, Nancy
. 2008
. “The Retreat from Precaution: Regulating Diethylstilbestrol (DES), Endocrine Disruptors, and Environmental Health
”. Environmental History
13
(1
): 41
–65
.Layden
, Tim
. 2016
. “Is It Fair for Caster Semenya to Compete against Women at the Rio Olympics?
” Sports Illustrated
, August
11
. .Lepule
, Tshego
. 2021
. “Department of Home Affairs Seeks to Amend Identity Laws to Include a Third Gender
”. Weekend Argus (Cape Town)
, January
10
. .Le Roux
, Gabrielle
, and Mokoena
Nthabiseng
. 2016
. Reclaiming Intersex while Black Genderqueer + Feminist in South Africa
. Video
, 27
:50
, April
19
, 2017
. .Levy
, Ariel
. 2009
. “Either/Or: Sports, Sex, and the Case of Caster Semenya
”. New Yorker
85
(39
): 46
–59
.Lewis
, Desiree
, and Baderoon
Gabeba
. 2021
. “Being Black and Feminist
”. In Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa
, edited by Lewis
Desiree
and Baderoon
Gabeba
, 1
–14
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Lindfors
, Bernth
. 1983a
. “Circus Africans
”. Journal of American Culture
6
(2
): 9
–14
.Lindfors
, Bernth
. 1983b
. “ ‘The Hottentot Venus’ and other African Attractions in Nineteenth-Century England
”. Australasian Drama Studies
1
(2
): 82
–104
.Longman
, Jeré
. 2018
. “Caster Semenya Will Challenge Testosterone Rule in Court
”. New York Times
, June
18
. .Lugones
, María
. 2007
. “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System
”. Hypatia
22
(1
): 186
–209
.Lugones
, María
. 2010
. “ Toward a Decolonial Feminism
”. Hypatia
25
(4
): 742
–59
.Macharia
, Keguro
. 2009
. “On Caster Semenya
”. Gukira (blog)
, September
20
. .Macharia
, Keguro
. 2015
. “Archive and Method in Africa Studies
”. Agenda
29
(1
): 140
–46
.Macharia
, Keguro
. 2016
. “On Being Area-Studied: A Litany of Complaint
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
22
(2
): 183
–89
.Macharia
, Keguro
. 2019
. Frottage: Frictions of Intimacy across the Black Diaspora
. New York
: New York University Press
.Magadla
, Siphokazi
, Magoqwana
Babalwa
, and Motsemme
Nthabiseng
. 2021
. “Thirty Years of Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Revisiting Ifi Amadiume’s Questions on Gender, Sex and Political Economy
”. Journal of Contemporary African Studies
39
(4
): 517
–33
.Magubane
, Zine
. 2001
. “Which Bodies Matter?: Feminism, Poststructuralism, Race, and the Curious Theoretical Odyssey of the ‘Hottentot Venus’
”. Gender and Society
15
(6
): 816
–34
.Magubane
, Zine
. 2014
. “Spectacles and Scholarship: Caster Semenya, Intersex Studies, and the Problem of Race in Feminist Theory
”. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
39
(3
): 761
–85
.Maguire
, Bernadette
. 2019
. “Caught in Intersex No-Person’s Land
”. Daily Maverick (Johannesburg)
, May
22
. .Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
. 2009
. “Politicians Weigh in on Semenya Debate
”. August
26
. .Maimoun
, Laurent
, Philibert
Pascal
, Cammas
Benoit
, Audran
Françoise
, Bouchard
Philippe
, Fenichel
Patrick
, Cartigny
Maryse
et al2011
. “Phenotypical, Biological and Molecular Heterogeneity of 5α-Reductase Deficiency: An Extensive International Experience of 55 Patients
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
96
(2
): 296
–307
.Malatino
, Hil
. 2009
. “Situating Bio-logic, Refiguring Sex: Intersexuality and Coloniality
”. In Critical Intersex
, edited by Holmes
Morgan
, 73
–94
. New York
: Routledge
.Malatino
, Hil
. 2019
. Queer Embodiment: Monstrosity, Medical Violence, and Intersex Experience
. Lincoln
: University of Nebraska Press
.Maluleke
, Gavaza
, and Moyer
Eileen
. 2020
. “‘We Have to Ask for Permission to Become’: Young Women’s Voices, and Mediated Space in South Africa
”. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture in Society
45
(4
): 871
–900
.Mama
, Amina
. 2001
. “Challenging Subjects: Gender and Power in African Contexts
”. In Identity and Beyond: Rethinking Africanity
, edited by Diagne
Souleymane Bachir
, Mama
Amina
, Melber
Henning
, and Nyamnjoh
Francis B.
, 9
–18
. Uppsala
: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
.Markowitz
, Sally
. 2001
. “Pelvic Politics: Sexual Dimorphism and Racial Difference
”. Signs
26
(2
): 389
–414
.Matebeni
, Zethu
. 2014a
. “How Not to Write about South Africa
”. In Reclaiming Afrikan: Queer Perspectives on Sexual and Gender
, edited by Matebeni
Zethu
, 61
–63
. Athlone, South Africa
: Modjaji Press
.Matebeni
, Zethu
, ed. 2014b
. Reclaiming Afrikan: Queer Perspectives on Sexual and Gender Identities
. Athlone, South Africa
: Modjaji Press
.Matebeni
, Zethu
. 2021
. “Nongayindoda: Moving beyond Gender in a South African Context
”. Journal of Contemporary African Studies
39
(4
): 565
–75
.Matimaire
, Kenneth
. 2021
. “Intersex Community Struggles to Access Covid Vaccines
”. New Zimbabwe
, July
29
. .Mavalwaka
, Jamshed
, ed. 1978
. Dermatoglyphics: An International Perspective
. Chicago
: Mouton
.McClintock
, Anne
. 1995
. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest
. New York
: Routledge
.McRae
, Donald
. 2009
. “Caster Semenya: ‘ People Want to Stare at Me, to Touch Me. I Don’t Think I Like Being Famous So Much’
”. Guardian
(London
), November
14
. .McWhorter
, Ladelle
. 2009
. Racism and Sexual Oppression in Anglo-America
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
.“
Media
”. 1998
. Anthropology Today
14
(4
): 30
.Miller
, Shane Aaron
. 2015
. “‘Just Look at Her!’: Sporting Bodies as Athletic Resistance and the Limits of Sport Norms in the Case of Caster Semenya
”. Men and Masculinities
18
(3
): 293
–317
.Mkhwanazi
, Muzi
. 2000
. “Soweto Sangomas Face Trial for Muti Murder
”. Sowetan (Johannesburg)
, August
14
.Mlambo
, Alois S.
, and Parsons
Neil
. 2019
. A History of Southern Africa
. London
: Red Globe
.Mohamed
, Ashfak
. 2021
. “Caster Semenya Is Racing for Justice after Study Correction
”. IOL (Cape Town)
, August
25
. .Mokoena
, Nthabiseng
. 2015
. “Remembering Sally, and the Intersex Movement in South Africa
”. Iranti
, October
22
. .Money
, John
. 1952
. “Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox
”. PhD diss.
, Harvard University
.Money
, John
, Hampson
J.
, and Hampson
J. L.
. 1955
. “Hermaphroditism: Recommendations concerning Alignment of Sex, Change of Sex and Psychological Management
”. Bulletin Johns Hopkins Hospital
97
: 284
–300
.Money
, John
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, and Peterson
Ralph E.
1976
. “Gender Identity and Hermaphroditism
”. Science
191
(4229
): 872
.Money
, John
, and Ogunro
C.
. 1974
. “Behavioral Sexology: Ten Cases of Ge ne tic Male Intersexuality with Impaired Prenatal and Pubertal Androgenization
”. Archives of Sexual Behavior
3
(3
): 181
–205
.Montañola
, Sandy
, and Olivesi
Aurélie
. 2016
. “Introduction
”. In Gender Testing in Sport: Cases and Controversies
, edited by Montañola
Sandy
and Olivesi
Aurélie
, 1
–12
. New York
: Routledge
.Morgan
, Tom
. 2019
. “Paula Radcliffe Reveals ‘Aggressive’ Abuse Suffered Online since Supporting IAAF Landmark Legal Battle with Caster Semenya
”. Telegraph (London)
, April
18
. .Morland
, Iain
. 2011
. “Intersex Treatment and the Promise of Trauma
”. In Gender and the Science of Difference: Cultural Politics of Contemporary Science and Medicine
, edited by Fisher
Jill
, 147
–63
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Morland
, Iain
. 2014
. “Keywords: Intersex
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
1
(1–2
): 111
–15
.Morland
, Iain
. 2015
. “Gender, Genitals, and the Meaning of Being Human
”. In Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Money’s Diagnostic Concepts
, edited by Downing
Lisa
, Morland
Iain
, and Sullivan
Nikki
, 69
–98
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Moten
, Fred
. 2002
. “Black Mo’nin’
”. In Loss: The Politics of Mourning
, edited by Eng
David L.
and Kazanjian
David
, 59
–76
. Berkeley, CA
: University of California Press
.Mtshawu
, Babalwa
. 2017a
. Intersex Strug gles: I Do Not Love Doctors
. Babalwa Mtshawu, video
, 12
:52
, March
13
. .Mtshawu
, Babalwa
, and Hlope
Thando
. 2019
. “I’m Intersex, I Don’t Get Periods and I’m Going through Menopause
”. BBC News Africa, video
, 3
:35
, April
18
. .Mulot
, Rachel
. 2019
. “Athleticism: ‘If You Want to Compete in the Feminine Category, Then You Must Not Oppose a Treatment’
”. Sciences et Avenir
, June
25
. .Munro
, Brenna
. 2010
. “Caster Semenya: Gods and Monsters
”. Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies
11
(4
): 383
–96
.National Dialogue on the Protection and Promotion of the Human Rights of Intersex People
. 2018
. National Intersex Meeting Report
. .Ngoasheng
, Asanda
. 2021
. “Debunking the Apartheid Spatial Grid: Developing a Socially Just Architecture Curriculum at a University of Technology
”. Journal of Asian and African Studies
56
(1
): 135
–49
.Ngqakamba
, Sesona
. 2018
. “Semenya Ruling—South African Fans Are Furious
”. Huffington Post
, April
26
. .Nortier
, Christi
. 2021
. “Call for Home Affairs to Make a Third ‘Unspecified’ Option for Recording Gender Available to Anyone
”. Daily Maverick (Johannesburg)
, March
9
. .Nyong’o
, Tavia
. 2010
. “The Unforgivable Transgression of Being Caster Semenya
”. Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory
20
(1
): 95
–100
.OII (Organization Intersex International)
. 2014
. “Remembering Sally Gross
”. OII Inter-sex Network
, February
21
. .Ovington
, John
. 1697
. A Voyage to Suratt in the Year 1689 Giving a Large Account of That City and Its Inhabitants and of the English Factory There: Likewise a Description of Madeira, St. Jago, Annobon, Cabenda and Malemba (upon the Coast of Africa), St. Helena, Johanna, Bombay, the City of Muscatt, and Its Inhabitants in Arabia Felix, Mocha, and Other Maritine Towns upon the Red-Sea, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Island Ascention
. London
: Printed for Jacob Tonson, at the Judges Head in Fleet-street, near the Inner-Temple-Gate
.Owens
, Deirdre Cooper
. 2017
. Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of Ameri-can Gynecology
. Athens
: University of Georgia Press
.Oyěwùmí
, Oyèrónk5
. 1997
. The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Oyěwùmí
, Oyèrónk5
. 2003
. “Alice in Motherland: Reading Alice Walker on Africa and Screening the Color ‘Black’
”. In African Women and Feminism: Reflecting on the Politics of Sisterhood
, edited by Oyěwùmí
Oyèrónk5
, 159
–85
. Trenton, NJ
: Africa World Press
.Paré
, Ambroise
. 1634
. Of Monsters and Prodigies
. Translated by Johnson
Thomas
. London
: T. Cotes and R. Young
.Patterson
, Orlando
. 1982
. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Peterson
, Ralph E.
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and Sturla
Erasmo
. 1977
. “Male Pseudohermaphroditism Due to Ste roid 5α-reductase Deficiency
”. American Journal of Medicine
62
: 170
–91
.Petit
, Michael
. 2013
. “Becoming Glandular: Endocrinology, Mass Culture, and Experimental Lives in the Interwar Age
”. American Historical Review
118
(4
): 1052
–76
.Petkar
, Sofia
. 2017
. “The Mysterious Ca rib bean Village Where Young Girls Morph into Boys
”. UK Express (London)
. August
8
. .Pielke
, Roger
Jr., Tucker
Ross
, and Boye
Erik
. 2019
. “Scientific Integrity and the IAAF Testosterone Regulations
”. International Sports Law Journal
19
(1–2
): 18
–26
.Pieper
, Lindsay Parks
. 2016
. Sex Testing: Gender Policing in Women’s Sports
. Urbana
: University of Illinois Press
.Pink News
. 2017
. “There’s a Village in the Ca rib bean Where ‘Girls’ Grow Penises at Age 12
”. Pink News (London)
, August
10
. .Ploss
, Hermann Heinrich
, Bartels
Max
, and Bartels
Paul
. (1885) 1935
. “The Female Genitalia: Racial and Ethnographical Characteristics
”. In Woman: An Historical, Gynecological and Anthropological Compendium
, vol. 1
, edited by Ploss
Hermann Heinrich
, Bartels
Max
, and Bartels
Paul
, 276
–379
. Reprint
, London
: William Heinemann (Medical Books)
.Posel
, Deborah
. 1987
. “The Meaning of Apartheid before 1948: Conflicting Interests and Forces within the Afrikaner Nationalist Alliance
”. Journal of Southern African Studies
14
(1
): 123
–39
.Radcliffe
, Paula
. 2016
. “Radcliffe: Caster Semenya Rio Gold ‘ Won’t Be Sport’
”. BBC Live at 5 Sport
, July
21
. .Ramsay
, Michèle
, stein
Renee Bern
, Zwane
Esther
, Page
David C.
, and Jenkins
Trefor
. 1988
. “XX True Hermaphroditism in Southern African Blacks: An Enigma of Primary Sexual Difference
”. American Journal of Human Ge ne tics
43
: 4
–13
.Ramsay
, M.
, Pfaffenzeller
W.
, Kotze
E.
, Bhengu
L.
, Essop
F.
, and de Ravel
T.
. 2009
. “Chimerism in Black Southern African Patients with True Hermaphroditism 46, xx/44xy+21, and 46, xx/46, xy
”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1151
: 68
–70
.Rao
, Rahul
. 2020
. Out of Time: The Queer Politics of Postcoloniality
. New York
: Oxford University Press
.Rassool
, Ciraj
. 2015
. “Re-storing the Skeletons of Empire: Return, Reburial and Rehumanisation in Southern Africa
”. Journal of Southern African Studies
41
(3
): 653
–70
.Rassool
, Ciraj
, and Hayes
Patricia
. 2002
. “Science and the Spectacle: /Khanako’s South Africa, 1936–1937
”. In Deep hiStories: Gender and Colonialism in Southern Africa
, edited by Woodward
Wendy
, Hayes
Patricia
, and Minkley
Gary
, 117
–61
. Amsterdam
: Rodopi
.Ray
, Carina
. 2009
. “Caster Semenya: 21st Century ‘Hottentot Venus’
”. New African
, no. 489
, 18
–19
.Republic of South Africa
. 2004
. “Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Bill
”. No. 331
. Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa
, vol. 465
, no. 26148
, March
15
.Rich
, Alisa L.
, Phipps
Laura M.
, Tiwari
Seweta
, Rudaraju
Hemanth
, and Dospesi
Philip O.
. 2016
. “The Increasing Prevalence in Intersex Variation from Toxicological Dysregulation in Fetal Reproductive Tissue Differentiation and Development by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
”. Environmental Health Insights
10
: 163
–71
.Roberts
, Jack
dir., 2004
. The Third Sex
. Princeton, NJ
: Films for the Humanities and Sciences
.Rubin
, David A.
2017
. Intersex Matters: Biomedical Embodiment, Gender Regulation, and Transnational Activism
. Albany, NY
: SUNY Press
.SAHRC (South African Human Rights Commission)
. 2003
. “Submission—Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Bill [37–2003]
”. Portfolio Committee on Home Affairs
, September
9
.Said
, Nick
. 2019
. “Semenya Accuses IAAF of Using Her as a ‘ Human Guinea Pig’
”. Reuters
, June
18
. .SALC (South African Law Commission)
. 1995
. Examination of the Legal Consequences of Sexual Realignment and Related Matters
. Project 52. Pretoria
: SALC
.Salo
, Elaine
. 2016
. “ ‘Caster Semenya—The Ancients Would Have Called Her God’: The International Re-imagining and Remaking of Sex and the Art of Silence
”. In Gender Testing in Sport: Cases and Controversies
, edited by Montañola
Sandy
and Olivesi
Aurélie
, 150
–67
. New York
: Routledge
.Samanga
, Rufaro
. 2019
. “Influenced: Meet Babalwa Mtshawu—The YouTuber Un-apologetically Sharing Her Intersex Journey with the World
”. OkayAfrica
, August
1
. .Sawer
, Patrick
, and Berger
Sebastian
. 2009
. “Gender Row over Caster Semenya Makes Athlete into a South African Cause Célèbre
”. Telegraph (London)
, August
23
. .Schiebinger
, Londa
. 2013
. Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science
. Reprint
, New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Schultz
, Jaime
. 2012
. “The Accidental Celebritisation of Caster Semenya
”. Celebrity Studies
3
(3
): 283
–96
.Scott
, David
. 2000
. “The Re-enchantment of Humanism: An Interview with Sylvia Wynter
”. Small Axe
, no. 8
: 119
–207
.Scully
, Pamela
. 2010
. “The Trials of Caster Semenya
”. Defenders Online
, July
16
. . No longer available.Sebeelo
, Tebogo B.
2020
. “Hashtag Activism, Politics and Resistance in Africa: Examining #ThisFlag and #RhodesMustFall Online Movements
”. African Studies
13
(1
): 95
–109
.Semenya
, Caster
. 2010
. “Caster Semenya’s Comeback Statement in Full
”. Guardian (London)
, March
30
. .Seppelt
, Hajo
. 2014
. The Secrets of Doping: How Russia Makes Its Winners
. Lucky Loser Tennis, video, 58:05
, April
27
, 2015
. .Sexton
, Jared
. 2011
. “The Social Life of Social Death: On Afro-Pessimism and Black Optimism
”. InTensions
, no. 5
(Fall–Winter): 1
–47
.Sharpley-Whiting
, T. Denean
. 1999
. Black Venus: Sexualized Savages, Primal Fears, and Primitive Narratives in French
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Silva
, Joseli Maria
, and Ornat
Marcio Jose
. 2016
. “Transfeminism and Decolonial Thought: The Contribution of Brazilian Travestis
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
3
(1–2
): 220
–27
.Sindane
, Lucky
. 2009
. “Semenya’s Saga: Chuene’s Trail of Lies
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, September
18
. .Skotnes
, Pippa
, ed. 1996
. Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen
. Cape Town
: University of Cape Town Press
.Skotnes
, Pippa
. 2002
. “The Politics of Bushman RePresentations
”. In Images and Empires: Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa
, edited by Landau
Paul
and Griffin
Susan
, 253
–74
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Smith
, David
. 2009
. “Caster Semenya Row: ‘Who Are White People to Question the Makeup of an African Girl? It Is Racism’
”. Guardian (London)
, August
22
. .Snorton
, C. Riley
. 2017
. Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Spade
, Dean
. 2011
. Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law
. Cambridge, MA
: South End Press
.Spillers
, Hortense
. 1987
. “Mama’s Baby, Papa’s Maybe: An American Grammar Book
”. Diacritics
17
(2
): 64
–81
.Spurdle
, Amanda D.
, Shankman
Sara
, and Ramsay
Michèle
. 1995
. “XX True Hermaphroditism in Southern African Blacks: Exclusion of SRY Sequences and Uniparental Disomy of the X Chromosome
”. American Journal of Medical Ge ne tics
55
: 53
–56
.Stern
, Curt
. 1967
. “Richard Benedict Goldschmidt, April 12, 1878–April 24, 1958
”. In Biographical Memoirs
, vol. 39
, 141
–92
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Sviridinko
, Olga
, Willison
Edmund
, and Seppelt
Hajo
, dirs. 2019
. Gender Battle: The Abandoned Women of Sport
. The Dark Side of Sport, video, 59
:22
, September
29
. .Swarr
, Amanda Lock
. 2012
. Sex in Transition: Remaking Gender and Race in South Africa
. Albany, NY
: SUNY Press
.Swarr
, Amanda Lock
, with Gross
Sally
and Theron
Liesl
. 2009
. “South African Intersex Activism: Caster Semenya’s Impact and Import
”. Feminist Studies
35
(3
): 657
–62
.Sze
, Julie
. 2006
. “Boundaries and Border Wars: des, Technology, and Environmental Justice
”. American Quarterly
58
(3
): 791
–814
.Tait
, Lawson
. 1876
. “Hermaphroditism
”. Transactions of the American Gynecological Association
1
: 318
–25
.Tambe
, Ashwini
. 2018
. “Reckoning with the Silences of #MeToo
”. Feminist Studies
44
(1
): 197
–202
.Tempelhoff
, Elise
. 2009
. “‘Thousands’ like Caster
”. News24 (Cape Town)
, September
15
. .Thiele
, Susanne
, Hoppe
Ute
, Holterhus
Paul-Martin
, and Hiort
Olaf
. 2005
. “Isoenzyme of Type 1 of 5alpha-Reductase Is Abundantly Transcribed in Normal Human Genital Skin Fibroblasts and May Play an Important Role in Masculinization of 5alpha-Reductase Type 2 Deficient Males
”. European Journal of Endrocrinology
152
(6
): 875
–80
.Thigpen
, Anice
, Davis
Daphne L.
, Milatovich
Athena
, Mendonca
Berenice B.
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Griffin
James E.
, Francke
Uta
, Wilson
Jean D.
, and Russell
David W.
. 1992
. “Molecular Ge ne tics of Ste roid 5α-Reductase 2 Deficiency
”. Journal of Clinical Investigation
90
(3
): 799
–809
.Thomas
, Lynn
. 2007
. “Gendered Reproduction: Placing Schoolgirl Pregnancies in African History
”. In Africa after Gender
, edited by Cole
Catherine
, 48
–62
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
.Thomson
, Rosemarie Garland
, ed. 1996
. Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body
. New York
: New York University Press
.Thoreson
, Ryan
. 2013
. “Beyond Equality: The Post-apartheid Counternarrative of Trans and Intersex Movements in South Africa
”. African Affairs
112
(449
): 646
–65
.Towle
, Evan B.
, and Morgan
Lynn M.
2002
. “Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the ‘Third Gender’ Concept
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
8
(4
): 469
–97
.Tshwaku
, Khanyiso
. 2017
. “Caster Semenya Refuses to Speak Ill of Disgraced Russian Rival Savinova
”. Times Live (Johannesburg)
, March
16
. .Tuck
, Eve
, and Yang
K. Wayne
. 2012
. “Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor
”. Decolonization, Indigeneity, Education, and Society
1
(1
): 1
–40
.Tucker
, William H.
2007
. The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund
. Champaign
: University of Illinois Press
.Urological Sciences Research Foundation
. 2022
. “The ‘Guevedoces’ of the Dominican Republic
”. Accessed April 22, 2022. .Valoria
, Hida Patricia
, and Martínez-Patiño
Maria José
. 2012
. “Reexamining Rationales of ‘Fairness’: An Athlete and Insider’s Perspective on the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes
”. American Journal of Bioethics
12
(7
): 17
–33
.Van der Westhuizen
, Fantie
. 1992
. “Verandering van Geslag is Seuntjie se Enigste Hoop (Sex Change a Boy’s Only Hope)
”. Translated by Achmat
Taghmeda
. Johannesburg Beeld
, July
21
.Van Dongen
, L. G. R.
2003
. “Godfrey Phillips Charlewood: In Memoriam
”. South African Medical Journal
93
(7
): 511
.Van Huyssteen
, Wessel
dir., 2003
. 3rd Sex
. Johannesburg
: Tin Rage Productions for SABC3
.Van Niekerk
, Willem A.
1974
. True Hermaphroditism: Clinical, Morphologic and Cytogenetic Aspects
. Hagerstown, MD
: Harper and Row
.Van Niekerk
, Willem A.
1976
. “True Hermaphroditism: An Analytic Review with a Report of 3 New Cases
”. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gene tics
26
(7
): 890
–907
.Waits
, Mira Rai
. 2016
. “The Indexical Trace: A Visual Interpretation of the History of Fingerprinting in Colonial India
”. Visual Culture in Britain
17
(1
): 18
–46
.Ward
, N. A.
, Ward
T.
, and Johnson
R. H.
. 1973
. “A Case of Appendicitis Simulating Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
”. South African Medical Journal
47
(5
): 191
.Washington
, Harriet A.
2006
. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present
. New York
: Harlem Moon
.Wertelecki
, Wladimir
, and Plato
Chris C.
, eds. 1979
. Dermatoglyphics—Fifty Years Later
. New York
: Alan R. Liss
.Wharton
, David
. 2019
. “In the Case of Star South African Runner Caster Semenya, a Sports Arbitration Court Must Determine the Definition of a Woman
”. Los Angeles Times
, March
16
. .Wicomb
, Zoë
. 2021
. “Representing Sara Baartman in the New Millennium
”. Interview by Lewis
Desiree
. In Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa
, edited by Lewis
Desiree
and Baderoon
Gabeba
, 28
–46
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Wiersma
, Rinus
. 2001
. “Management of the African Child with True Hermaphroditism
”. Journal of Pediatric Surgery
36
(2
): 397
–99
.Wiersma
, Rinus
. 2004
. “True Hermaphroditism in Southern Africa: The Clinical Picture
”. Pediatric Surgery International
20
(5
): 363
–68
.Wiersma
, Rinus
. 2008
. “Overview of Bladder Exstrophy: A Third World Perspective
”. Journal of Pediatric Surgery
43
(8
): 1520
–23
.Wiersma
, Rinus
. 2011
. “OvoTesticular Disorder of Sex Development in Southern Africa
”. PhD diss.
, University of KwaZulu-Natal
.Wiersma
, R.
, and Constantinides
C. G.
. 1993
. “Intersex: An Investigative Problem
”. South African Journal of Paediatric Surgeons
31
(1
): 35
.Wiersma
, Rinus
, and Ramdial
P. K.
. 2009
. “The Gonads of 111 South African Patients with Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Differentiation
”. Journal of Pediatric Surgery International
44
: 556
–60
.Wilson
, Gina
. 2011
. “Eighth Day of Intersex: Sally Gross
”. Intersex Human Rights Australia (formerly OII Australia)
, November
2
. .Wilson
, A. Marius
. 1911
. “The Nymphae (Anthropological)
”. In Transactions of the South African Medical Congress, 12th Meeting
, 228
–33
. Cape Town
: Transactions Committee
.Wilton
, E.
1969
. “A Cytogenetic Study of Patients with Anomalous Sexual Development
”. South African Journal of Surgery
7
(2
): 45
–48
.Wolff
, Michelle
. 2019
. “Sally Gross: Mother of Transnational Intersex Activism Died Alone
”. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the National Women’s Studies Association
, San Francisco
, November 14–17
.Wolff
, Michelle
, Rubin
David
, and Swarr
Amanda Lock
. 2022
. “The Intersex Issue: An Introduction
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
9
(2
): 143
–59
.Wynter
, Sylvia
. 2000
. “Africa, the West and the Analogy of Culture
”. In Symbolic Narratives/African Cinema: Audiences, Theory, and the Moving Image
, edited by Givanni
June
, 25
–76
. London
: British Film Institute
.Yacob-Haliso
, Olajumoke
. 2021
. “Decolonisation and Disputations in African Women’s Studies
”. Paper presented via Zoom, sponsored by the Centre for Social Change
, University of Johannesburg
.Yacob-Haliso
, Olajumoke
, and Falola
Toyin
, eds. 2021
. The Palgrave Handbook of African Women’s Studies
. Cham
: Palgrave Macmillan
. .#HandsOffCaster: Caster Semenya’s Refusals and the Decolonization of Gender Testing
References
Aaronson
, I. A.
1985
. “True Hermaphroditism: A Review of 41 Cases with Observations on Testicular Histology and Function
”. British Journal of Urology
57
: 775
–79
.Abrahams
, Yvette
. 2000
. “Colonialism, Dysfunction and Dysjuncture: The Historiography of Sara Bartmann
”. PhD diss.
, University of Cape Town
, South Africa
.Abrahams
, Yvette
. 2021
. “Bringing Water to Krotoa’s Gardens: Decolonisation as Direct Action
”. In Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa
, edited by Lewis
Desiree
and Baderoon
Gabeba
, 274
–83
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Acutt
, Robin
dir., 2016
.Through the Wormhole
. Season 7, episode 3
, “Are There More Than Two Sexes?
” Aired
September
13
, 2016
, .AIM (African Intersex Movement)
. 2017
. “Public Statement by the African Intersex Movement
”. December
14
. .AIM (African Intersex Movement)
. 2019
. “African Intersex Movement—Africa’s Regional Intersex Network—Established
”. July
3
. .AIM (African Intersex Movement)
. 2020
. “African Intersex Movement (AIM) Intersex Awareness Day Statement
.” October
26
. Author’s collection
.Aizura
, Aren
. 2017
. “Introduction
”. South Atlantic Quarterly
116
(3
): 606
–11
.Aizura
, Aren
. 2018
. Mobile Subjects: Transnational Imaginaries of Gender Reassignment
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Akoob
, Rumana
. 2018
. “Laws Need to Be Put in Place to Protect Rights of Intersex People
”. Daily Vox (Johannesburg)
, February
2
. .Ally
, F. E.
, and Grace
H. J.
. 1979
. “Chromosome Abnormalities in South African Mental Retardates
”. South African Medical Journal
55
(18
): 710
–12
.Altick
, R. D.
1978
. The Shows of London
. Cambridge, MA
: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
.Amadiume
, Ifi
. 1987
. Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in African Society
. London
: Zed
.Anumo
, Felogene
, and Bah
Valérie
. 2017
. “ ‘The Revolution Will Not Be NGO-ised’: Four Lessons from African Feminist Organising
”. OpenDemocracy
, July
31
. .Appiah
, Kwame Anthony
. 2020
. “The Case for Capitalizing the B in Black
”. Atlantic
, June
18
. .Arondekar
, Anjali R.
2009
. For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Asher
, Kiran
, and Ramamurthy
Priti
. 2020
. “Rethinking Decolonial and Postcolonial Knowledges beyond Regions to Imagine Transnational Solidarity
”. Hypatia
35
: 542
–47
.Athletics Weekly
. 2019
. “Caster Semenya Case among ‘Most Pivotal’ Ever Heard, Says Court
”. February
22
. .Austin
, Naomi
, and Johnson
Martin
, dirs. 2015
. Countdown to Life: The Extraordinary Making of You
. Aired September 14, 21, and 28, 2015, on BBC
. .Bailey
, Moya
. 2016
. “Misogynoir in Medical Media: On Caster Semenya and R. Kelly
”. Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, and Technoscience
2
(2
): 1
–31
.Barnhoorn
, I. E. J.
, Bornman
M. S.
, van Rensburg
C. Jansen
, Bouwman
H.
. 2009
. “DDT Residues in Water, Sediment, Domestic and Indigenous Biota from a Currently DDT-Sprayed Area
”. Chemosphere
77
(9
): 1236
–41
.Bauer
, Markus
, and Truffer
Daniela
. 2016
. Intersex Genital Mutilations: Human Rights Violations of Children with Variations of Sex Anatomy
. StopIGM.org/Zwischengeschlecht.org, August 15. .Bavington
, L. Dawn
. 2019
. “Sex Control in Women’s Sport: A History of the Present Regulations on Hyperandrogenism in Female Athletes
”. In Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Sport: Queer Inquiries
, edited by Krane
Vikki
, 181
–201
. New York
: Routledge
.Trending
BBC.
2016
. “Rio 2016: ‘Hands Off Caster’ Trends in South Africa
”. BBC News
, August
16
. .Bearak
, Barry
. 2009
. “Inquiry about Sprinter’s Sex Angers South Africans
”. New York Times
, August
25
. .Beauchamp
, Toby
. 2019
. Going Stealth: Transgender Politics and US Surveillance Practices
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Beaver
, Trish
. 2012
. “The In-Betweeners
”. Witness (Pietermaritzburg)
, February
11
. .Bermon
, Stéphane
, and Garnier
Pierre-Yves
. 2021
. “Correction: Serum Androgen Levels and the Relation to Performance in Track and Field: Mass Spectrometry Results from 2127 Observations in Male and Female Elite Athletes
”. British Journal of Sports Medicine
55
(17
): e7
.Blankenberg
, Ngaire
. 2000
. “That Rare and Random Tribe: Albino Identity in South Africa
”. Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies
14
(2
): 6
–48
.Boellstorff
, Tom
, Cabral
Mauro
, Cárdenas
Micha
, Cotten
Trystan
, Stanley
Eric A.
, Young
Kalaniopua
, and Aizura
Aren Z.
. 2014
. “Decolonizing Transgender: A Round-table Discussion
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
1
(3
): 419
–39
.Bornman
, M. S.
, Barnhoorn
I. E. J.
, and Genthe
B.
. 2010
. DDT for Malaria Control: Effects in Indicators and Health Risk
. Report to the Water Research Commission, WRC Report no. 1674/1/09
, February
.Bornman
, M. S. (Riana)
, and Bouwman
Hindrik
. 2012
. “Environmental Pollutants and Diseases of Sexual Development in Humans and Wildlife in South Africa: Harbingers of Impact on Overall Health
”. Reproduction in Domestic Animals
47
: 327
–32
.Bornman
, Riana
, Jager
Christiaan de
, Worku
Zeleke
, Farias
Paulina
, and Rief
Simon
. 2009
. “DDT and Urogenital Malformations in Newborn Boys in a Malarial Area
”. BJU International
108
: 405
–11
.Botha
, Kellyn
. 2016
. “ISSA Reborn: Hopeful Future for Intersex South Africa
”. Iranti
, September
6
. http://www.iranti.org.za/. No longer available
.Botha
, Kellyn
. 2021
. “Adding a ‘Third Gender Option’ on IDS: A Small Step in the Right Direction
”. Mamba Online
, March
14
. .Bouwman
, Hindrik
, Kylin
Henrik
, Sereda
Barbara
, and Bornman
Riana
. 2012
. “High Levels of DDT in Breast Milk: Intake, Risk, Lactation Duration, and Involvement of Gender
”. Environmental Pollution
170
: 63
–70
.Boykoff
, Jules
. 2019
. “#HandsOffCaster: Why the Policing of Female Athletes’ Testosterone Levels Needs to Stop
”. Bitch Media
, February
20
. .Brain
, P.
, and Grace
H. J.
. 1968
. “On the Haemagglutinin of the Snail Achatina Granulata
”. Vox Sanguinis
15
: 297
–99
.Braun
, Lundy
, Fausto-Sterling
Anne
, Fullwiley
Duana
, Hammonds
Evelynn M.
, Nelson
Alondra
, Quivers
William
, Reverby
Susan M.
, and Shields
Alexandra E.
. 2007
. “Racial Categories in Medical Practice: How Useful Are They
”. PLoS Medicine
4
(9
): 1423
–28
.Braun
, Lundy
, and Hammonds
Evelynn
. 2014
. “The Dilemma of Classification: The Past in the Present
”. In Ge ne tics in the Unsettled Past: The Collision of DNA, Race, and History
, edited by Wailoo
Keith
, Nelson
Alondra
, and Lee
Catherine
, 67
–80
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Brenner
, Steve
. 2021
. “Caster Semenya: ‘ They’re Killing Sport. People want Extraordinary Performances’
”. Guardian
(London
), April
23
. .Bright
, Jennifer Burns
, and Crowley
Ronan
. 2014
. “ ‘A Quantity of Offensive Matter’: Private Cases in Public Places
”. In Porn Archives
, edited by Dean
Tim
, Roszczycky
Steven
, and Squires
David
, 103
–26
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Brömdal
, Annette
. 2008
. Intersex: A Challenge for Human Rights and Citizenship Rights
. Saarbrücken, Germany
: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
.Bryson
, Donna
. 2009
. “SA Rallies behind Runner in Gender Storm
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, August
22
. .Burns
, Catherine Eileen
. 1995
. “Reproductive Labors: The Politics of Women’s Health in South Africa, 1900–1960
”. PhD diss.
, Northwestern University
.Butler
, Judith
. 1993
. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex
. New York
: Routledge
, 1993
.Butler
, Judith
. 2009
. “Wise Distinctions
”. London Review of Books (blog)
, November
20
. .Cacho
, Lisa Marie
. 2012
. Social Death: Racialized Rightlessness and the Criminalization of the Unprotected
. New York
: New York University Press
.Cadden
, Joan
. 1993
. Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Cahn
, Susan K.
2015
. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Women’s Sport
. Reprint, Urbana
: University of Illinois Press
.Cai
, Li-Qun
, Fratianni
Carmel M.
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and McGinley
Julianne Imperato
. 1994
. “Dihydrotestosterone Regulation of Semen in Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
79
(2
): 409
–14
.Cai
, Li-Qun
, Zhu
Yuan-Shan
, Katz
Melissa D.
, Herrera
Cecilia
, Baéz
José
, DeFilo-Ricart
Mariano
, Shackleton
Cedric H. L.
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1996
. “5α-Reductase-2 Gene Mutations in the Dominican Republic
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
81
(5
): 1730
–35
.Califia
, Pat
. 1997
. Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism
. San Francisco
: Cleis Press
.Camminga
, B.
2019
. Transgender Refugees and the Imagined South Africa: Bodies over Borders and Borders over Bodies
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Canovatchel
, William J.
, Volquez
David
, Huang
Sophie
, Wood
Elizabeth
, Lesser
Martin L.
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1994
. “Luteinizing Hormone Pulsatility in Subjects with 5α-Reductase Deficiency and Decreased Dihydrotestosterone Production
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
78
(4
): 916
–21
.Canto
, Patricia
, Vilchis
Felipe
, Chávez
Bertha
, Mutchinick
Osvaldo
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Pérez-Palacios
Gregorio
, Ulloa-Aguirre
Alfredo
, and Méndez
Juan Pablo
. 1997
. “Mutations of the 5α-Reductase Type 2 Gene in Eight Mexican Patients from Six Different Pedigrees with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Clinical Endocrinology
46
: 155
–60
.Carpenter
, Thomas O.
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Boulware
Susan D.
, Weiss
Robert M.
, Shackleton
Cedric
, Griffin
James E.
, and Wilson
Jean D.
. 1990
. “Variable Expression of a 5α-Reductase Deficiency: Presentation with Male Phenotype in a Child of Greek Origin
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
71
(2
): 318
–22
.Chantiluke
, Roseanne
, Kwoba
Brian
, and Nkopo
Athinangamso
, eds. 2018
. Rhodes Must Fall: The Struggle to Decolonise the Racist Heart of Empire
. London
: Zed
.Charlewood
, G. P.
1956
. Bantu Gynaecology
. Johannesburg
: Photo Publishing and Witwatersrand University Press
.Charlewood
, G. P.
, ed. 1972
. Gynaecology in Southern Africa
. Johannesburg
: Witwatersrand University Press
.Chase
, Cheryl
dir., 1997
. Hermaphrodites Speak!
Rohnert Park, CA
: Intersex Society of North America
.Chase
, Cheryl
. 1998
. “Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
4
(2
): 189
–211
.Chase
, Cheryl
. 2002
. “ ‘Cultural Practice’ or ‘Reconstructive Surgery’?: U.S. Genital Cutting, the Intersex Movement, and Medical Double Standards
”. In Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disrupting U.S. Polemics
, edited by James
Stanlie M.
, 126
–51
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Cherry
, Gene
. 2019
. “Semenya Vows No World Championships if She Can’t Run 800 Meters
”. Reuters
, June
30
. .Citizen
. 2018
. “Caster Responds to IAAF Policy against Her with Awesome Tweets
”. Citizen (Johannesburg)
, April
28
. .Clare
, Eli
. 2017
. Brilliant Imperfection: Grappling with Cure
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Clarey
, Christopher
, and Kolata
Gina
. 2009
. “Gold Awarded amid Dispute over Runner’s Sex
”. New York Times
, August
20
. .Colapinto
, John
. 2000
. As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl
. New York
: HarperCollins
.Cole
, Sonia
. 1965
. Races of Man
. Reprint, London
: Trustees of the British Museum, Natural History
.Collison
, Carl
. 2018
. “Intersex Babies Killed at Birth Because ‘ They’re Bad Omens’
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, January
24
. .Collison
, Carl
. 2021
. “Proposed Identity Law Changes ‘Send a Strong Message’
”. New Frame
, January
21
. .Collison
, Carl
. 2022
. “A Sangoma Campaigns to Protect Intersex Newborns’
”. New Frame
, April
29
. .Cook
, James
. 1797
. The Three Voyages of Captain James Cook around the World to the Pacific Ocean
. Boston
: Manning and Loring for Thomas and Andrews and D. West
.Coovadia
, Hoosen
, Jewkes
Rachel
, Barron
Peter
, Sanders
David
, and McIntyre
Diane
. 2009
. “The Health and Health System of South Africa: Historical Roots of Current Public Health Challenges
”. Lancet
374
: 817
–34
.Cornwall
, Susannah
, ed. 2015
. Intersex, Theology, and the Bible: Troubling Bodies in Church, Text, and Society
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillian
.Costello
, Cary Gabriel
. 2010
. “Interphobia—Not Cured by Hiding Us Away
”. Intersex Roadshow (blog)
, September
12
. .Costello
, Cary Gabriel
. 2016
. “Intersex and Trans Communities: Commonalities in Tensions
”. In Transgender and Intersex: Theoretical, Practical, and Artistic Perspectives
, edited by Horlacher
Stefan
, 83
–113
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Crais
, Clifton
, and Scully
Pamela
. 2009
. Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A Ghost Story and a Biography
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Craven
, Emily
, and Group
the Joint Working
. 2009
. “Joint Working Group Statement on Caster Semenya
”. August
23
.Creighton
, S.
, Alderson
J.
, Brown
S.
, and Minto
C. L.
. 2002
. “Medical Photography: Ethics, Consent and the Intersex Patient
”. BJU International
89
: 67
–72
.Curran
, Andrew S.
2011
. The Anatomy of Blackness: Science and Slavery in an Age of Enlightenment
. Baltimore, MD
: Johns Hopkins University Press
.Currier
, Ashley
, and Moreau
Julie
. 2016
. “Digital Strategies and African LGBTI Organizing
”. In Digital Activism in the Social Media Era: Critical Reflections on Emerging Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa
, edited by Mutsvairo
Bruce
, 231
–47
. Cham, Switzerland
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Curtis
. 2007
. “Why We Do Not Use ‘Disorder of Sex Development’
”. 2007
. Organisation Internationale des Intersexués—Organization Intersex International
, October
12
. .Cuvier
, Georges
. (1817) 1969
. Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe; et sur les changements qu’elles ont produits dans le règne animal
. Brussels
: Culture et Civilisation
.Daniels
, Glenda
. 2016
. “Scrutinizing Hashtag Activism in the #MustFall Protests in South Africa in 2015
”. In Digital Activism in the Social Media Era: Critical Reflections on Emerging Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa
, edited by Mutsvairo
Bruce
, 175
–93
. Cham, Switzerland
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Dariawo
, Ben
, Pameko
Titus
, Meian
Daniel
, Nawokre
Mark
, Simbaisipta
Joseph
, Amburi
Joel
, Meyande
Wevin
, Kambarumo
Kevin
, and Aguleko
Nason
. 1999
. “Breach of Contract
”. Anthropology News
40
(7
): 4
.Dart
, Raymond A.
1937
. “The Physical Characters of the /?Auni-≠Khomni Bushmen
”. Bantu Studies
11
(1
): 175
–246
.Datson
, Lorraine
, and Park
Katherine
. 1995
. “The Hermaphrodite and the Orders of Nature: Sexual Ambiguity in Modern France
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
1
: 419
–38
.Davison
, Patricia
. 1993
. “Human Subjects as Museum Objects: A Project to Make Life-Casts of ‘Bushmen’ and ‘Hottentots’, 1907–1924
”. Annals of the South African Museum
102
(5
): 165
–83
.Davison
, Patricia
. 2018
. “The Politics and Poetics of the Bushman Diorama at the South African Museum
”. International Council of Museums
46
: 81
–97
.de la Chapelle
, Albert
. 1986
. “Invited Editorial: The Use and Misuse of Sex Chromatin Screening for ‘Gender Identification’ in Athletes
”. Journal of the American Medical Association
256
(14
): 1920
–23
.Derrida
, Jacques
. 1994
. Specters of Marx: The State of Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International
. Translated by Kamuf
Peggy
. New York
: Routledge
.de Souza
, J. J. L.
, Barnett
P.
, Kisner
C. D.
, and Murray
J. P.
. 1984
. “True Hermaphroditism: A Case Report with Observations on Its Bizarre Presentation
”. South African Medical Journal
66
(22
): 855
–58
.DeVun
, Leah
. 2014
. “Animal Appetites
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
20
(4
): 461
–90
.DeVun
, Leah
. 2021
. The Shape of Sex: Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Diabate
, Naminata
. 2020
. Naked Agency: Genital Cursing and Biopolitics in Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.DiPietro
, Pedro J.
, McWeeny
Jennifer
, and Roshanrava
Shireen
. 2019
. “Like an Earthquake to the Soul: Experiencing the Visionary Philosophy of María Lugones
”. In Speaking Face to Face: The Visionary Philosophy of María Lugones
, edited by DiPietro
Pedro J.
, McWeeny
Jennifer
, and Roshanrava
Shireen
, 1
–30
. Albany, NY
: SUNY Press
.Dixon
, Robyn
. 2009
. “Gender Issue Has Always Chased Her
”. Los Angeles Times
, August
21
. .Dlamini
, Jacob
. 2020a
. African Studies in Conversation: Jacob Dlamini, “The Terrorist Album”
. With Swarr
Amanda
, Krabill
Ron
, and Hoffman
Danny
, University of Washington, UWJSIS, video
, 59
:36
, November
19
. .Dlamini
, Jacob
. 2020b
. The Terrorist Album: Apartheid’s Insurgents, Collaborators, and the Security Police
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Downing
, Lisa
, Morland
Iain
, and Sullivan
Nikki
, eds. 2015
. Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Money’s Diagnostic Concepts
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Dreger
, Alice Domurat
. 1998
. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Dreger
, Alice Domurat
, ed. 1999
. Intersex in the Age of Ethics
. Hagerstown, MD
: University Publishing Group
.Dreger
, Alice Domurat
. 2000
. “Jarring Bodies: Thoughts on the Display of Unusual Anatomies
”. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
43
(2
): 161
–72
.Driskill
, Qwo-Li
. 2016
. Asegi Stories: Cherokee Queer and Two-Spirit Memory
. Tucson
: University of Arizona Press
.Drury
, James
, and Drennan
Matthew
. 1926
. “The Pudendal Parts of the South African Bush Race
”. Medical Journal of South Africa
22
: 113
–17
.Dubow
, Saul
. 1995
. Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Dubow
, Saul
. 1996
. “ Human Origins, Race Typology, and the Other Raymond Dart
”. African Studies
55
(1
): 1
–30
.Dubow
, Saul
. 2006
. A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Science, Sensibility, and White South Africa
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.Dubow
, Saul
. 2015
. “Racial Irrendentism, Ethnogenesis, and White Supremacy in High-Apartheid South Africa
”. Kronos
41
: 236
–64
.Du Plessis
, Rory
. 2014
. “Photographs from the Grahamstown Lunatic Asylum, South Africa, 1890–1907
”. Social Dynamics
40
(1
): 12
–42
.Dworkin
, Shari L.
, Swarr
Amanda Lock
, and Cooky
Cheryl
. 2013
. “(In)Justice in Sport: The Treatment of South African Track Star Caster Semenya
”. Feminist Studies
39
(1
): 40
–69
.Eckert
, Lena
. 2017
. Intersexualization: The Clinic and the Colony
. New York
: Routledge
.Ellison
, G. T. H.
, and Wet
T. de
. 1997
. “The Use of ‘Racial’ Categories in Contemporary South African Health Research: A Survey of Articles Published in the South African Medical Journal between 1992 and 1996
”. South African Medical Journal
87
(12
): 1671
–79
.Epstein
, David
. 2012
. “Caster Semenya Will Face Judgement Whether She Runs Fast or Slow
”. Sports Illustrated
, August
9
. .Epstein
, Randi Hutter
. 2010
. “Pioneer Reflects on Future of Reproductive Medicine
”. New York Times
, March
23
.Fanon
, Frantz
. (1952) 2008
. Black Skin, White Masks
. Translated by Markmann
Charles Lam
. Reprint, New York
: Grove
.Fausto-Sterling
, Anne
. 1995
. “Gender, Race, and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of ‘Hottentot’ Women in Eu rope, 1815–1817
”. In Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture
, edited by Terry
Jennifer
and Urla
Jacqueline
, 19
–47
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
.Fausto-Sterling
, Anne
. 2000
. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality
. New York
: Basic
.Feltham
, Luke
. 2018
. “Bad Science Won’t Undo Semenya
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, May
4
. .Fénichel
, Patrick
, Paris
Françoise
, Philibert
Pascal
, Hiéronimus
Sylvie
, Gaspari
Laura
, Kurzenne
Jean-Yves
, Chevallier
Patrick
, Bermon
Stéphane
, Chevalier
Nicolas
, and Sultan
Charles
. 2013
. “Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
98
(6
): e1055
–e1059
.fester-wicomb
, gertrude
. 2021
. “Querying the Queer
”. In Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa
, edited by Lewis
Desiree
and Baderoon
Gabeba
, 73
–89
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Fischer
, Mia
. 2019
. Terrorizing Gender: Transgender Visibility and the Surveillance Practices of the U.S. Security State
. Lincoln
: University of Nebraska Press
.Flanagan
, Jane
. 2016
. “‘Haters, Be Patient…I Have so Much More for You’: Gender Row Runner Caster Semenya’s Fans Launch #HandsOffCaster Twitter Campaign at Haters Who Say She Shouldn’t Run in Rio as a Woman
”. Daily Mail
(London
), August
16
. .Forbes
, J. I.
, and Hammar
B.
. 1966
. “Intersex among Africans in Rhodesia
”. Archive of Diseases of Childhood
41
: 102
–7
.Foucault
, Michel
. (1963) 1994
. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception
. Translated by Sheridan
Alan
. Reprint, New York
: Vintage
.Freedberg
, David
. 1989
. The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Ganie
, Yasmeen
, Aldous
Colleen
, Balakrishna
Yusentha
, and Wiersma
Rinus
. 2017
. “The Spectrum of Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development in South Africa: A Single Centre Experience
”. Hormone Research in Paediatrics
87
: 307
–14
.Garrigues
, Henry Jacques
. 1894
. A Textbook of the Diseases of Women
. Philadelphia
: W. B. Saunders
.Geddes
, Patrick
, and Thomas
J. Arthur
. 1890
. The Evolution of Sex
. New York
: Scribner and Welford
.Gill-Peterson
, Jules
. 2017
. “Implanting Plasticity into Sex and Trans/Gender: Animal and Child Meta phors in the History of Endocrinology
”. Angelaki
22
(2
): 47
–60
.Gill-Peterson
, Jules
. 2018a
. Histories of the Transgender Child
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Gill-Peterson
, Jules
. 2018b
. “Trans of Color Critique before Transsexuality
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
5
(4
): 606
–20
.Gilman
, Sander L.
1985
. Difference and Pathology: Ste reo types of Sexuality, Race, and Madness
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Gilroy
, Paul
. 2004
. Between Camps: Nations, Culture, and the Allure of Race
. New York
: Taylor and Francis
.Ginnane
, Maxx
dir., 2011
. Too Fast to Be a Woman? The Story of Caster Semenya
. Kuchu Times, video, 49
:14
, August
27
, 2015
. .Gladwell
, Malcolm
. 2010
. “Small Change: Why the Revolution Won’t Be Tweeted
”. New Yorker
, September
27
. .Gladwell
, Malcolm
, and Thompson
Nicholas
. 2016
. “Caster Semenya and the Logic of Olympic Competition
”. New Yorker
, April
12
. .Godden
, Maryse
. 2017
. “Inside the Baffling Ca rib bean Village where Little Girls Turn into Boys at the Age of 12…and Even Suddenly Grow Penises
”. The Sun
, August
7
. .Goldhagen
, Daniel Jonah
. 1996
. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
. New York
: Knopf
.Goldie
, Terry
. 2014
. The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money
. Vancouver
: University of British Columbia Press
.Goldschmidt
, Richard
. 1917
. “Intersexuality and the Endocrine Aspect of Sex
”. Endocrinology
1
(4
): 433
–56
.Gordon
, Avery
. 2008
. Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Gordon
, Robert J.
1992
. “The Venal Hottentot and the Great Chain of Being
”. African Studies
51
(2
): 185
–201
.Gqola
, Pumla Dineo
. 2009
. “Semenya as the 21st Century Bartmann?
” Loudrastress: Afrikan Feminist Musings and Reflections (blog)
, August
24
. .Gqola
, Pumla Dineo
. 2015
. Rape: A South African Nightmare
. Auckland Park, SA
: MF Books
.Grace
, H. J.
1970
. “Intersex in Four South African Racial Groups in Durban
”. Master’s thesis
, University of Natal
, South Africa
.Grace
, H. J.
1974
. “Palmar Dermatoglyphics of South African Negroes and Coloureds
”. Human Heredity
24
: 167
–77
.Grace
, H. J.
1975a
. “Digital and Palmar Dermatoglyphics of South African Whites
”. Human Heredity
25
: 234
–47
.Grace
, H. J.
1975b
. “Distribution of Hypothenar Radial Arches
”. Humangenetik
28
: 325
–28
.Grace
, H. J.
1976
. “Concentration of Similar Fin ger Print Patterns in Four Race Groups
”. Human Heredity
26
: 306
–9
.Grace
, H. J.
1977
. “Studies of Intersexuality in South Africa
”. PhD diss.
, University of Natal
, South Africa
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Ally
F. E.
. 1972
. “Dermatoglyphic Features of South African Coloureds
”. Human Heredity
22
: 351
–55
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Ally
F. E.
. 1973
. “Dermatoglyphs of the South African Negro
”. Human Heredity
23
: 53
–58
.Grace
, H. J.
, Ally
F. E.
, Nelemans
A. P.
, and Kint
Bernadette
. 1979
. “Cytogenetic Study of a Mentally Retarded Population in South Africa
”. South African Medical Journal
55
(18
): 707
–9
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Edge
W. E. B.
. 1973
. “A White Hermaphrodite in South Africa
”. South African Medical Journal
47
(34
): 1553
–54
.Grace
, H. J.
, Quantock
O. P.
, and Vinik
A.
. 1970
. “An Unusual Cause of ‘Haematuria’ in an XX/XY Hermpahrodite
”. South African Medical Journal
44
(2
): 40
–43
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Schonland
Mary
. 1970
. “Penile Urethra in a Bantu Female Intersex
”. South African Medical Journal
44
(39
): 1112
–15
.Grace
, H. J.
, and Uhlenbruck
G.
. 1969
. “The Agglutination of Abantu and Other Human Erythrocytes by Reagents from Snails
”. Journal of Forensic Medicine
16
(4
): 139
–42
.Graham
, Stuart
. 2016
. “Mosquito Pesticide Linked to Births of Intersex Children
”. Lon-don Times
, August
19
.Green
, Amy
. 2018
. “Government Urged to Ban Intersex Genital Mutilation
”. Health-E News
, January
15
. .Grillo
, Laura
. 2018
. An Intimate Rebuke: Female Genital Power in Ritual and Politics in West Africa
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Groenewald
, Yolandi
. 2009
. “Lesser of Two Evils
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, November
20
. .Gross
, Sally
. 2000
. Interview by Amanda Swarr and Sam Bullington
. March
16
. Transcript
.Gross
, Sally
. 2009a
. “Intersex and the Law
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, September
19
. .Gross
, Sally
. 2009b
. “Life in the Shadow of Gender
”. Witness (Pietermaritzburg)
, August
29
.Gross
, Sally
. 2009c
. “Response on the Mistreatment of Caster Semenya
”. Intersex Initiative
. Accessed June 26, 2018. .Gross
, Sally
. 2009d
. “Updated Feature Article” [Re: Stephen Coan’s “The Journey from Selwyn to Sally”, published in 2000]
. Witness (Pietermaritzburg)
. Sally Gross Collection, gala at the University of the Witwatersrand
, Johannesburg
.Gross
, Sally
. 2011
. “The Chronicle of an Intersexed Activist’s Journey
”. In African Sexualities: A Reader
, edited by Tamale
Sylvia
, 235
–37
. Cape Town
: Pambazuka Press
.Gross
, Sally
. 2013
. “Not in God’s Image: Intersex, Social Death, and Infanticide
”. Paper presented via Skype at the Intersex, Theology and the Bible conference
, University of Manchester
, March 12
.[
Gross
, Sally
, and Nicodemus
Aaron
]. 1999
. “Lifting the Veil on Intersexuality
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, August
13
. .Haraway
, Donna J.
1989
. Primitive Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science
. New York
: Routledge
.Haraway
, Donna J.
1991
. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature
. New York
: Routledge
.Haraway
, Donna J.
1997
. Modest_Witness@Second_Millenium. FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience
. New York
: Routledge
.Hausman
, Bernice L.
1995
. Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Hayes
, Patricia
. 1996
. “‘Cocky’ Hahn and the ‘Black Venus’: The Making of a Native Commissioner in South West Africa, 1915–46
”. Gender and History
8
(3
): 364
–92
.Heggie
, Vanessa
. 2010
. “Testing Sex and Gender in Sports: Reinventing, Reimagining and Reconstructing Histories
”. Endeavour
34
(4
): 157
–63
.Herdt
, Gilbert
. 1981
. Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity
. New York
: McGraw-Hill
.Herdt
, Gilbert
. 1987
. The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea
. New York
: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
.Herdt
, Gilbert
. 1999
. “Response to Dariawo
”. Anthropology News
40
(7
): 4
.Herdt
, Gilbert H.
, and Davidson
Julian
. 1988
. “The Sambia ‘Turnim-Man’: Sociocultural and Clinical Aspects of Gender Formation in Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency in Papua New Guinea
”. Archives of Sexual Behavior
17
(1
): 33
–56
.Herdt
, Gilbert H.
, and Stoller
Robert J.
1985
. “Sakulambei—A Hermaphrodite’s Secret: An Example of Clinical Ethnography
”. Psychoanalytic Study of Society
11
: 115
–56
.Heyns
, O. S.
1956
. “Some Ethnic Relations of the Bantu in South Africa
”. In Bantu Gynaecology
, by Charlewood
G. P.
, 1
–11
. Johannesburg
: Photo Publishing and Witwatersrand University Press
.Higgins
, Laine
. 2021
. “The Study That Blocked Caster Semenya from the Tokyo Olympics Has Been Corrected by Its Publishers
”. Wall Street Journal
, August
19
. .Hoad
, Neville
. 2010
. “‘Run, Caster Semenya, Run!’ Nativism and the Translations of Gender Variance
”. Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies
11
(4
): 397
–405
.Hodes
, Rebecca
. 2017
. “The ‘Hottentot Apron’: Genital Aberration in the History of Sexual Science
”. In A Global History of Sexual Science, 1880–1960
, edited by Fuechter
Veronika
, Haynes
Douglas E.
, and Jones
Ryan M.
, 118
–38
. Oakland
: University of California Press
.Holmes
, M. Morgan
. 2008
. “Mind the Gaps: Intersex and (Re-productive) Spaces in Disability Studies and Bioethics
”. Bioethical Inquiry
5
(2–3
): 169
–81
.Horak
, Ilzé
, Horn
Suranie
, and Peters
Rialet
. 2021
. “Agrochemicals in Freshwater Systems and Their Potential Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A South African Context
”. Environmental Pollution
268
: 1
–13
.Houk
, Christopher P.
, Damiani
D.
, and Lee
Peter A.
. 2005
. “Choice of Gender in 5α-Reductase Deficiency: A Moving Target
”. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
18
: 339
–45
.Hounshell
, Blake
. 2011
. “The Revolution Will Be Tweeted: Life in the Vanguard of the New Twitter Proletariat
”. Foreign Policy
, June
20
.HRW ( Human Rights Watch)
. 2020
. “‘ They’re Chasing Us Away from Sport’: Human Rights Violations in Sex Testing of Elite Women Athletes
”. Human Rights Watch
, December
4
. .Huet
, Marie-Hélène
. 1993
. Monstrous Imagination
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Husakouskaya
, Nadzeya
. 2013
. “Rethinking Gender and Human Rights through Trans-gender and Intersex Experiences in South Africa
”. Agenda
27
(4
): 10
–24
.Hussen
, Tigist Shewarega
. 2018
. “Social Media and Feminist Activism: #RapeMustFall, #NakedProtest, and #RUReferenceList Movements in South Africa
”. In Engaging Youth in Activism, Research, and Pedagogical Praxis: Transnational and Intersectional Perspectives on Gender, Sex, and Race
, edited by Shefer
Tamara
, Hearn
Jeff
, Ratele
Kopano
, and Boonzaier
Floretta
, 199
–214
. New York
: Routledge
.Igual
, Roberto
. 2021
. “Give Your Feedback on Proposed Gender id Changes
”. Mamba Online
, February
2
. .Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
. 1997
. “5 Alpha-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism
6
: 384
–87
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Gautier
Teofilo
, Pichardo
Marino
, and Shackleton
Cedric
. 1986
. “The Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in Infancy
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
63
(6
): 1313
–18
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Guerrero
Luis
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and Peterson
Ralph E.
. 1974
. “Steroid 5α-Reductase Deficiency in Man: An Inherited Form of Male Pseudohermaphroditism
”. Science
186
(4170
): 1213
–15
.Imperato-McGinley
, J.
, Miller
M.
, Wilson
J. D.
, Peterson
H. E.
, Shackleton
C.
, and Gajdusek
D. C.
. 1991
. “A Cluster of Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-Reductase Deficiency in Papua New Guinea
”. Clinical Endocrinology
34
: 293
–98
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Peterson
Ralph E.
, Gautier
Teofilo
, and Sturla
Erasmo
. 1979
. “Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with a 5α-Reductase Deficiency
”. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey
34
(10
): 769
–71
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, Peterson
Ralph E.
, Leshin
Mark
, Griffin
James E.
, Cooper
George
, Draghi
Suzanne
, Berenyi
Magdalena
, and Wilson
Jean D.
. 1980
. “Ste roid 5α-Reductase Deficiency in a 65-Year-old Male Pseudohermaphrodite: The Natural History, Ultrastructure of the Testes, and Evidence for Inherited Enzyme Heterogeneity
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
50
(1
): 15
–22
.Imperato-McGinley
, Julianne
, and Zhu
Yuan-Shan
. 2002
. “Androgens and Male Physiology the Syndrome of 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
198
: 51
–59
.Iranti
. 2017
. Intersex Day of Solidarity with ISSA
. Iranti Media, video
, 5
:46
, November
8
. .Iranti
. 2018
. National Intersex Meeting 2017
. Iranti Media, video
, 5
:56
, March
8
. .Iranti
. 2020a
. “African Intersex Movement (aim) Intersex Awareness Day Statement
”. Iranti, press release
, October
26
. .Iranti
. 2020b
. The Iranti COVID-19 Newsletter
. Editions 1 and 2
, August
. https://www.iranti.org.za/. No longer available
.Iranti
. 2021a
. “ Human Rights Day Should Also Be for Intersex Children
”. Iranti, press release
, March
21
. .Iranti
. 2021b
. “Iranti Hosts Media Briefing on Home Affairs’s id Gender Policy
”. Iranti, press release
, March
12
. .Iranti and Intersex South Africa
. 2020
. “Swiss Court Upholds Discriminatory Practices against Caster Semenya
”. Joint statement and press release
, September
9
. .James
, Stanlie M.
2002
. “Listening to Other(ed) Voices: Reflections around Female Genital Cutting
”. In Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disrupting U.S. Polemics
, edited by James
Stanlie M.
, 87
–113
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Jansen
, Jonathan D.
2009
. Knowledge in the Blood: Confronting Race and the Apartheid Past
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Jeeves
, Alan
. 2003
. “The State, the Cinema, and Health Propaganda for Africans in Pre-Apartheid South Africa, 1932–48
”. South African Historical Journal
48
(1
): 109
–29
.Jenkins
, Elizabeth
, Andersson
Stefan
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, Wilson
Jean D.
, and Russell
David W.
. 1992
. “Genetic and Pharmacological Evidence for More Than One Human Ste roid 5α-Reductase
”. Journal of Clinical Investigation
89
(1
): 293
–300
.John
, Victoria
. 2012
. “Gentle Man’s Brutal Murder Turns Spotlight on Intolerance
”. Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
, June
28
. .Johnson
, R. H.
1972
. “The Journal of the Medical and Dental Association of Botswana
”. Botswana Notes and Records
4
: 286
–87
.Johnson
, R. H.
1974
. “A Case of True Hermaphroditism Presenting as an Undescended Testicle
”. South African Medical Journal
48
(36
): 1540
.Johnson
, R. H.
1975a
. “Bowel Obstruction in a Botswana Hospital
”. East African Medical Journal
52
(6
): 319
–25
.Johnson
, R. H.
1975b
. “The Cases of Cancer Seen at a Botswana Hospital, 1968–1972
”. Central African Journal of Medicine
21
(12
): 260
–64
.Jones
, Ann Rosalind
, and Stallybrass
Peter
. 1991
. “Fetishizing Gender: Creating the Hermaphrodite in Renaissance Europe
”. In Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity
, edited by Epstein
Julia
and Straub
Kristina
, 80
–111
. New York
: Routledge
.Jones
, Howard W.
Jr., 1976
. “Discussion of ‘True Hermaphroditism’: An Analytic Review with a Report of 3 New Cases’ by Van Niekerk, W. A
”. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
26
(7
): 905
.Jordan-Young
, Rebecca M.
, and Karkazis
Katrina
. 2019
. “4 Myths about Testosterone
”. Scientific American
, June
18
. .Jordan-Young
, Rebecca M.
, Sönksen
Peter
, and Karkazis
Katrina
. 2014
. “Sex, Health, and Athletes
”. BMJ
348
: 20
–21
.Kaba
, Mariame
, Smith
Andrea
, Adelman
Lori
, and Gay
Roxane
. 2014
. “Where Twitter and Feminism Meet
”. Nation
, April
17
. .Kaggwa
, Julius
. 1997
. From Juliet to Julius: In Search of My True Gender Identity
. Kampala
: Fountain
.Kaggwa
, Julius
. 2011
. “Intersex: The Forgotten Constituency
”. In African Sexualities: A Reader
, edited by Tamale
Sylvia
, 231
–34
. Cape Town
: Pambazuka Press
.Karkazis
, Katrina
. 2000
. Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Karkazis
, Katrina
. 2008
. “The Art of Medicine—Naming the Problem: Disorders and Their Meanings
”. Lancet
372
: 2016
–17
.Karkazis
, Katrina
, and Carpenter
Morgan
. 2018
. “Impossible ‘Choices’: The Inherent Harms of Regulating Women’s Testosterone in Sport
”. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
15
(4
): 579
–87
.Karkazis
, Katrina
, and Jordan-Young
Rebecca
. 2018
. “The Powers of Testosterone: Observing Race and Regional Bias in the Regulation of Women Athletes
”. Feminist Foundations
30
(2
): 1
–39
.Katz
, Melissa D.
, Cai
Li-Qun
, Zhu
, Yuan-Shan
Herrera
Cecilia
, DeFillo-Ricart
Mariano
, Shackleton
Cedric H. L.
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1995
. “The Biochemical and Phenotypical Characterization of Females Homozygous for 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
80
(1
): 3160
–67
.Katz
, Melissa D.
, Kligman
Isaac
, Cai
Li-Qun
, Zhu
Yuan-Shan
, Fratianni
Carmel M.
, Zervoudakis
Ioannis
, Rosenwaks
Zev
, and Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
. 1997
. “Paternity by Intrauterine Insemination with the Sperm from a Man with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency
”. New England Journal of Medicine
336
(14
): 994
–97
.Keeping Track
. 1994
. “Give-and-Take on Gender Verification
”. 1994
. Keeping Track: International Track and Field Newsletter
, no. 6
(May
): 2
–3
.Kessler
, Suzanne
. 1990
. “The Medical Construction of Gender
”. Signs: Journal of Women and Culture
16
(1
): 3
–26
.Kessler
, Suzanne
. 1998
. Lessons from the Intersexed
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Kier
, Bailey
. 2010
. “Interdependent Ecological Transsex: Notes on Re/production, ‘Transgender’ Fish, and the Management of Populations, Species, and Resources
”. Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory
20
(3
): 299
–319
.Kim
, Linda
. 2018
. Race Experts: Sculpture, Anthropology, and the American Public in Malvina Hoffman’s “Races of Mankind”
. Lincoln
: University of Nebraska Press
.Kirby
, Percival R.
1940
. “Robert Knox and His South African Research
”. South African Medical Journal
14
(13
): 254
–61
.Kirby
, Percival R.
1954
. “The Hottentot Venus of the Musee de L’Homme, Paris
”. South African Journal of Science
50
(12
): 319
–22
.Klausen
, Susanne M.
2001
. “‘Poor Whiteism’, White Maternal Mortality, and the Promotion of Public Health in South Africa: The Department of Public Health’s Endorsement of Contraceptive Ser vices, 1930–1938
”. South African Historical Journal
45
: 53
–78
.Klausen
, Susanne M.
2017
. “Eugenics and the Maintenance of White Supremacy in Modern South Africa
”. In Eugenics at the Edges of Empire: New Zealand, Australia, Canada and South Africa
, edited by Paul
Diane B.
, Stenhouse
John
, and Spencer
Hamish G.
, 289
–309
. New York
: Palgrave Macmillan
.Klein
, Thamar
. 2009
. “Intersex and Transgender Activism in South Africa
”. Liminalis
3
: 15
–24
.Klempman
, Sarah
. 1964
. “The Investigation of Developmental Sexual Abnormalities
”. South African Medical Journal
38
(12
): 234
–36
.Knox
, Robert
. 1850
. The Races of Men: A Fragment
. Philadelphia
: Lea and Blanchard
.Knox
, Robert
. 1855
. “Some Remarks on the Aztecque and Bosjieman Children, Now Being Exhibited in London, and on the Races to Which They Are Presumed to Belong
”. Lancet
65
(65
): 357
–60
.Korn
, Jenny Ungbha
, and Kneese
Tamara
. 2015
. “Feminist Approaches to Social Media Research: History, Activism, Values
”. Feminist Media Studies
15
(4
): 707
–10
.Kotolo
, McKeed
. 2000
. “Three Held in ‘Muti’ Murder
”. Sowetan (Johannesburg)
, August
14
.Landau
, Paul
. 2002
. “Empires of the Visual: Photography and Colonial Administration in Africa
”. In Images and Empires: Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa
, edited by Landau
Paul
and Griffin
Susan
, 141
–71
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Langston
, Nancy
. 2008
. “The Retreat from Precaution: Regulating Diethylstilbestrol (DES), Endocrine Disruptors, and Environmental Health
”. Environmental History
13
(1
): 41
–65
.Layden
, Tim
. 2016
. “Is It Fair for Caster Semenya to Compete against Women at the Rio Olympics?
” Sports Illustrated
, August
11
. .Lepule
, Tshego
. 2021
. “Department of Home Affairs Seeks to Amend Identity Laws to Include a Third Gender
”. Weekend Argus (Cape Town)
, January
10
. .Le Roux
, Gabrielle
, and Mokoena
Nthabiseng
. 2016
. Reclaiming Intersex while Black Genderqueer + Feminist in South Africa
. Video
, 27
:50
, April
19
, 2017
. .Levy
, Ariel
. 2009
. “Either/Or: Sports, Sex, and the Case of Caster Semenya
”. New Yorker
85
(39
): 46
–59
.Lewis
, Desiree
, and Baderoon
Gabeba
. 2021
. “Being Black and Feminist
”. In Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa
, edited by Lewis
Desiree
and Baderoon
Gabeba
, 1
–14
. Johannesburg
: Wits University Press
.Lindfors
, Bernth
. 1983a
. “Circus Africans
”. Journal of American Culture
6
(2
): 9
–14
.Lindfors
, Bernth
. 1983b
. “ ‘The Hottentot Venus’ and other African Attractions in Nineteenth-Century England
”. Australasian Drama Studies
1
(2
): 82
–104
.Longman
, Jeré
. 2018
. “Caster Semenya Will Challenge Testosterone Rule in Court
”. New York Times
, June
18
. .Lugones
, María
. 2007
. “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System
”. Hypatia
22
(1
): 186
–209
.Lugones
, María
. 2010
. “ Toward a Decolonial Feminism
”. Hypatia
25
(4
): 742
–59
.Macharia
, Keguro
. 2009
. “On Caster Semenya
”. Gukira (blog)
, September
20
. .Macharia
, Keguro
. 2015
. “Archive and Method in Africa Studies
”. Agenda
29
(1
): 140
–46
.Macharia
, Keguro
. 2016
. “On Being Area-Studied: A Litany of Complaint
”. GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
22
(2
): 183
–89
.Macharia
, Keguro
. 2019
. Frottage: Frictions of Intimacy across the Black Diaspora
. New York
: New York University Press
.Magadla
, Siphokazi
, Magoqwana
Babalwa
, and Motsemme
Nthabiseng
. 2021
. “Thirty Years of Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Revisiting Ifi Amadiume’s Questions on Gender, Sex and Political Economy
”. Journal of Contemporary African Studies
39
(4
): 517
–33
.Magubane
, Zine
. 2001
. “Which Bodies Matter?: Feminism, Poststructuralism, Race, and the Curious Theoretical Odyssey of the ‘Hottentot Venus’
”. Gender and Society
15
(6
): 816
–34
.Magubane
, Zine
. 2014
. “Spectacles and Scholarship: Caster Semenya, Intersex Studies, and the Problem of Race in Feminist Theory
”. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
39
(3
): 761
–85
.Maguire
, Bernadette
. 2019
. “Caught in Intersex No-Person’s Land
”. Daily Maverick (Johannesburg)
, May
22
. .Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg)
. 2009
. “Politicians Weigh in on Semenya Debate
”. August
26
. .Maimoun
, Laurent
, Philibert
Pascal
, Cammas
Benoit
, Audran
Françoise
, Bouchard
Philippe
, Fenichel
Patrick
, Cartigny
Maryse
et al2011
. “Phenotypical, Biological and Molecular Heterogeneity of 5α-Reductase Deficiency: An Extensive International Experience of 55 Patients
”. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
96
(2
): 296
–307
.Malatino
, Hil
. 2009
. “Situating Bio-logic, Refiguring Sex: Intersexuality and Coloniality
”. In Critical Intersex
, edited by Holmes
Morgan
, 73
–94
. New York
: Routledge
.Malatino
, Hil
. 2019
. Queer Embodiment: Monstrosity, Medical Violence, and Intersex Experience
. Lincoln
: University of Nebraska Press
.Maluleke
, Gavaza
, and Moyer
Eileen
. 2020
. “‘We Have to Ask for Permission to Become’: Young Women’s Voices, and Mediated Space in South Africa
”. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture in Society
45
(4
): 871
–900
.Mama
, Amina
. 2001
. “Challenging Subjects: Gender and Power in African Contexts
”. In Identity and Beyond: Rethinking Africanity
, edited by Diagne
Souleymane Bachir
, Mama
Amina
, Melber
Henning
, and Nyamnjoh
Francis B.
, 9
–18
. Uppsala
: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
.Markowitz
, Sally
. 2001
. “Pelvic Politics: Sexual Dimorphism and Racial Difference
”. Signs
26
(2
): 389
–414
.Matebeni
, Zethu
. 2014a
. “How Not to Write about South Africa
”. In Reclaiming Afrikan: Queer Perspectives on Sexual and Gender
, edited by Matebeni
Zethu
, 61
–63
. Athlone, South Africa
: Modjaji Press
.Matebeni
, Zethu
, ed. 2014b
. Reclaiming Afrikan: Queer Perspectives on Sexual and Gender Identities
. Athlone, South Africa
: Modjaji Press
.Matebeni
, Zethu
. 2021
. “Nongayindoda: Moving beyond Gender in a South African Context
”. Journal of Contemporary African Studies
39
(4
): 565
–75
.Matimaire
, Kenneth
. 2021
. “Intersex Community Struggles to Access Covid Vaccines
”. New Zimbabwe
, July
29
. .Mavalwaka
, Jamshed
, ed. 1978
. Dermatoglyphics: An International Perspective
. Chicago
: Mouton
.McClintock
, Anne
. 1995
. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest
. New York
: Routledge
.McRae
, Donald
. 2009
. “Caster Semenya: ‘ People Want to Stare at Me, to Touch Me. I Don’t Think I Like Being Famous So Much’
”. Guardian
(London
), November
14
. .McWhorter
, Ladelle
. 2009
. Racism and Sexual Oppression in Anglo-America
. Bloomington
: Indiana University Press
.“
Media
”. 1998
. Anthropology Today
14
(4
): 30
.Miller
, Shane Aaron
. 2015
. “‘Just Look at Her!’: Sporting Bodies as Athletic Resistance and the Limits of Sport Norms in the Case of Caster Semenya
”. Men and Masculinities
18
(3
): 293
–317
.Mkhwanazi
, Muzi
. 2000
. “Soweto Sangomas Face Trial for Muti Murder
”. Sowetan (Johannesburg)
, August
14
.Mlambo
, Alois S.
, and Parsons
Neil
. 2019
. A History of Southern Africa
. London
: Red Globe
.Mohamed
, Ashfak
. 2021
. “Caster Semenya Is Racing for Justice after Study Correction
”. IOL (Cape Town)
, August
25
. .Mokoena
, Nthabiseng
. 2015
. “Remembering Sally, and the Intersex Movement in South Africa
”. Iranti
, October
22
. .Money
, John
. 1952
. “Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox
”. PhD diss.
, Harvard University
.Money
, John
, Hampson
J.
, and Hampson
J. L.
. 1955
. “Hermaphroditism: Recommendations concerning Alignment of Sex, Change of Sex and Psychological Management
”. Bulletin Johns Hopkins Hospital
97
: 284
–300
.Money
, John
, Imperato-McGinley
Julianne
, and Peterson
Ralph E.
1976
. “Gender Identity and Hermaphroditism
”. Science
191
(4229
): 872
.Money
, John
, and Ogunro
C.
. 1974
. “Behavioral Sexology: Ten Cases of Ge ne tic Male Intersexuality with Impaired Prenatal and Pubertal Androgenization
”. Archives of Sexual Behavior
3
(3
): 181
–205
.Montañola
, Sandy
, and Olivesi
Aurélie
. 2016
. “Introduction
”. In Gender Testing in Sport: Cases and Controversies
, edited by Montañola
Sandy
and Olivesi
Aurélie
, 1
–12
. New York
: Routledge
.Morgan
, Tom
. 2019
. “Paula Radcliffe Reveals ‘Aggressive’ Abuse Suffered Online since Supporting IAAF Landmark Legal Battle with Caster Semenya
”. Telegraph (London)
, April
18
. .Morland
, Iain
. 2011
. “Intersex Treatment and the Promise of Trauma
”. In Gender and the Science of Difference: Cultural Politics of Contemporary Science and Medicine
, edited by Fisher
Jill
, 147
–63
. New Brunswick, NJ
: Rutgers University Press
.Morland
, Iain
. 2014
. “Keywords: Intersex
”. Transgender Studies Quarterly
1
(1–2
): 111
–15
.Morland
, Iain
. 2015
. “Gender, Genitals, and the Meaning of Being Human
”. In Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Money’s Diagnostic Concepts
, edited by Downing
Lisa
, Morland
Iain
, and Sullivan
Nikki
, 69
–98
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Moten
, Fred
. 2002
. “Black Mo’nin’
”. In Loss: The Politics of Mourning
, edited by Eng
David L.
and Kazanjian
David
, 59
–76
. Berkeley, CA
: University of California Press
.Mtshawu
, Babalwa
. 2017a
. Intersex Strug gles: I Do Not Love Doctors
. Babalwa Mtshawu, video
, 12
:52
, March
13
. .Mtshawu
, Babalwa
, and Hlope
Thando
. 2019
. “I’m Intersex, I Don’t Get Periods and I’m Going through Menopause
”. BBC News Africa, video
, 3
:35
, April
18
. .Mulot
, Rachel
. 2019
. “Athleticism: ‘If You Want to Compete in the Feminine Category, Then You Must Not Oppose a Treatment’
”. Sciences et Avenir
, June
25
. .Munro
, Brenna
. 2010
. “Caster Semenya: Gods and Monsters
”. Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies
11
(4
): 383
–96
.National Dialogue on the Protection and Promotion of the Human Rights of Intersex People
. 2018
. National Intersex Meeting Report
. .Ngoasheng
, Asanda
. 2021
. “Debunking the Apartheid Spatial Grid: Developing a Socially Just Architecture Curriculum at a University of Technology
”. Journal of Asian and African Studies
56
(1
): 135
–49
.Ngqakamba
, Sesona
. 2018
. “Semenya Ruling—South African Fans Are Furious
”. Huffington Post
, April
26
. .Nortier
, Christi
. 2021
. “Call for Home Affairs to Make a Third ‘Unspecified’ Option for Recording Gender Available to Anyone
”. Daily Maverick (Johannesburg)
, March
9
. .Nyong’o
, Tavia
. 2010
. “The Unforgivable Transgression of Being Caster Semenya
”. Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory
20
(1
): 95
–100
.OII (Organization Intersex International)
. 2014
. “Remembering Sally Gross
”. OII Inter-sex Network
, February
21
. .Ovington
, John
. 1697
. A Voyage to Suratt in the Year 1689 Giving a Large Account of That City and Its Inhabitants and of the English Factory There: Likewise a Description of Madeira, St. Jago, Annobon, Cabenda and Malemba (upon the Coast of Africa), St. Helena, Johanna, Bombay, the City of Muscatt, and Its Inhabitants in Arabia Felix, Mocha, and Other Maritine Towns upon the Red-Sea, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Island Ascention
. London
: Printed for Jacob Tonson, at the Judges Head in Fleet-street, near the Inner-Temple-Gate
.Owens
, Deirdre Cooper
. 2017
. Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of Ameri-can Gynecology
. Athens
: University of Georgia Press
.Oyěwùmí
, Oyèrónk5
. 1997
. The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.