Book Chapter
The Ingenuity of Infrastructure
-
Published:November 2022
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
This content is only available as PDF.
Works Cited
Adwek
, George
, Shen
Boxiong
, Ndolo
Paul O.
, Siagi
Zachary O.
, Chepsaigutt
Chebet
, Kemunto
Cicilia M.
, Arowo
Moses
, Shimmon
John
, Simiyu
Patrobers
, and Yabo
Abel C.
. 2020
. “The Solar Energy Access in Kenya: A Review Focusing on Pay-As-You-Go Solar Home System
.” Environment, Development and Sustainability
22
(5
): 3897
–938
.Ahearne
, Robert
, and Childs
John
. 2018
. “‘National Resources’? The Fragmented Citizenship of Gas Extraction in Tanzania
.” Journal of Eastern African Studies
12
(4
): 696
–715
.Akrich
, Madeleine
. 1992
. “The De-scription of Technical Objects
.” In Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change
, edited by Bijker
Wiebe
and W. & John Law
, 205
–24
. MIT Press
.Aminzade
, Ronald
. 2001
. “The Politics of Race and Nation: Citizenship and Africanization in Tanganyika
.” In Political Power and Social Theory
, vol. 14
, edited by Davis
Diane E.
, 53
–90
. Emerald Group Publishing
.Aminzade
, Ronald
. 2003
. “From Race to Citizenship: The Indigenization Debate in Post-Socialist Tanzania
.” Studies in Comparative International Development
38
(1
): 43
–92
.Aminzade
, Ronald
. 2013
. Race, Nation, and Citizenship in Postcolonial Africa: The Case of Tanzania
. Cambridge University Press
.Anand
, Nikhil
. 2012
. “Municipal Disconnect: On Abject Water and Its Urban Infrastructures
.” Ethnography
13
(4
): 487
–509
.Anand
, Nikhil
. 2015
. “Accretion
.” Cultural Anthropology website
, September
24
. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/715-accretion
.Anand
, Nikhil
. 2017
. Hydraulic City: Water and the Infrastructures of Citizenship in Mumbai
. Duke University Press
.Anand
, Nikhil
. 2020
. “Consuming Citizenship: Prepaid Meters and the Politics of Technology in Mumbai
.” City & Society
32
(1
): 47
–70
.Anand
, Nikhil
, Gupta
Akhil
, and Appel
Hannah
, eds. 2018
. The Promise of Infrastructure
. Duke University Press
.Andreasen
, Manja Hoppe
, and Agergaard
Jytte
. 2016
. “Residential Mobility and Homeownership in Dar es Salaam
.” Population and Development Review
, 95
–110
.Appel
, Hannah
. 2019
. The Licit Life of Capitalism: US Oil in Equatorial Guinea
. Duke University Press
.Askew
, Kelly M.
2002
. Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania
. University of Chicago Press
.Askew
, Kelly M.
2006
. “Sung and Unsung: Musical Reflections on Tanzanian Postsocialisms
.” Africa
76
(1
): 15
–43
.Azarya
, Victor
, and Chazan
Naomi
. 1987
. “Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections on the Experience of Ghana and Guinea
.” Comparative Studies in Society and History
29
(1
): 106
–31
.Azorom, AETS (Application Européenne de Technologies et Service)
. 2011
. “Loss Reduction Study Tanesco and Zeco: Final Report Executive Summary
.” Ministry of Finance Millennium Challenge Account Tanzania
. Accessed January 24, 2017. .Baehr
, Peter
. 2002
. “The Iron Cage and the Shell as Hard as Steel: Parsons, Weber, and the Stahlhartes Gehäuse Metaphor in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
.” History and Theory
40
(2
): 153
–69
.Bagachwa
, Mboya S. D.
, and Naho
A.
. 1995
. “Estimating the Second Economy in Tanzania
.” World Development
23
(8
): 1387
–99
. .Barkan
, Joel D.
1994
. Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania
. East African Publishers
.Bayart
, Jean-Francois
. 1993
. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly
. Longmans
.Bayart
, Jean-Francois
, Ellis
Stephen
, and Hibou
Beatrice
. 2001
. The Criminalization of the State in Africa
. Currey
.Bayliss
, Kate
. 2002
. “Privatization and Poverty: The Distributional Impact of Utility Privatization
.” Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
73
(4
): 603
–25
.Bayliss
, Kate
, and Fine
Ben
. 2007
. Privatization and Alternative Public Sector Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: Delivering on Electricity and Water
. Palgrave Macmillan
.Bear
, Laura
, and Mathur
Nayanika
. 2015
. “Introduction: Remaking the Public Good: A New Anthropology of Bureaucracy
.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology
33
(1
): 18
–34
.Beidelman
, Thomas O.
1997
. “The Cool Knife: Imagery of Gender, Sexuality, and Moral Education in Kaguru Initiation Ritual
.” Smithsonian Institution Press
.Bennett
, Jane
. 2005
. “The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout
.” Public Culture
17
(3
): 445
–65
.Berry
, Sara
. 1989
. “Social Institutions and Access to Resources
.” Africa
59
(1
): 41
–55
.Bertelsen
, Bjørn Enge
. 2016
. “Effervescence and Ephemerality: Popular Urban Uprisings in Mozambique
.” Ethnos
81
(1
): 25
–52
.Bohannan
, Paul
. 1955
. “Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv
.” American Anthropologist
57
(1
): 60
–70
.Bourdieu
, Pierre
. 1977
. Outline of a Theory of Practice
. Translated by Nice
Richard
. Cambridge University Press
.Boyer
, Dominic
. 2014
. “Energopower: An Introduction
.” Anthropological Quarterly
87
(2
): 309
–33
.Boyer
, Dominic
. 2015
. “Anthropology Electric
.” Cultural Anthropology
30
(4
): 531
–39
.Boyer
, Dominic
. 2019
. Energopolitics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene
. Duke University Press
.Branch
, Adam
, and Mampilly
Zachariah
. 2015
. Africa Uprising: Popular Protest and Political Change
. Zed Books
.Brankamp
, Hanno
. 2015
. “#WhatWouldMagufuliDo Sparks New Bout of Tanzaphilia
.” African Arguments
, November
30
. .Braudel
, Ferdinand
. 1992
. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century. Vol. 2, The Wheels of Commerce
. University of California Press
.Brennan
, James
. 2006a
. “Blood Enemies: Exploitation and Urban Citizenship in the Nationalist Political Thought of Tanzania, 1958–75
.” The Journal of African History
47
(3
): 389
–413
.Brennan
, James
. 2006a
. “Youth, the Tanu Youth League and Managed Vigilantism in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1925–73
.” Africa
76
(2
): 221
–46
.Brennan
, James
. 2008
. “Destroying Mumiani: Cause, Context, and Violence in Late Colonial Dar es Salaam
.” Journal of Eastern African Studies
2
(1
): 95
–111
.Brennan
, James
. 2012
. Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania
. Ohio University Press
.Briggs
, John
, and Mwamfupe
Davis
. 1999
. “The Changing Nature of the Peri-Urban Zone in Africa: Evidence from Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
.” The Scottish Geographical Magazine
115
(4
): 269
–82
.Brownell
, Emily
. 2014
. “Seeing Dirt in Dar Es Salaam: Sanitation, Waste and Citizenship in the Post-Colonial City
.” In The Art of Citizenship in African Cities: Infrastructures and Spaces of Belonging
, edited by Diouf
Momadou
and Fredericks
Rosalind
, 209
–29
. Palgrave MacMillan
.Brownell
, Emily
. 2020
. Gone to Ground: A History of Environment and Infrastructure in Dar es Salaam
. University of Pittsburgh Press
.Buck-Morss
, Susan
. 1991
. The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project
. MIT Press
.Bunge la Tanzania
. 2007
. “Taarifa ya Kamati Teule Iliyoundwa na Bunge la Jamhuri ya Muunagano wa Tanzania Tarehe 13 Novemba, 2007, Kuchunguza Mchakato wa Zabuni ya Uzalishaji Umeme was Dharura Ulioipa Ushindi Richmond Development Company LLC ya Houston Texas, Marekani, Mwaka 2006
.” Parliamentary report
.Bürge
, Michael
. 2011
. “Riding the Narrow Tracks of Moral Life: Commercial Motorbike Riders in Makeni, Sierra Leone
.” Africa Today
58
(2
): 58
–95
.Burton
, Andrew
. 2007
. “The Haven of Peace Purged: Tackling the Undesirable and Unproductive Poor in Dar es Salaam, ca. 1950s–1980s
.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies
40
(1
): 119
–51
.Callaci
, Emily
. 2011
. “Dancehall Politics: Mobility, Sexuality and the Spectacles of Racial Respectability in Late Colonial Tanganyika, 1930s–1961
.” The Journal of African History
52
(3
): 365
–84
.Callaci
, Emily
. 2017
. Street Archives and City Life: Popular Intellectuals in Postcolonial Tanzania
. Duke University Press
.Carse
, Ashley
. 2014
. Beyond the Big Ditch: Politics, Ecology, and Infrastructure at the Panama Canal
. MIT Press
.Carse
, Ashley
. 2016
. “Keyword: Infrastructure: How a Humble French Engineering Term Shaped the Modern World
.” In Infrastructures and Social Complexity
, edited by Harvey
Penny
, Jensen
Casper Bruun
, and Morita
Atsuro
, 45
–57
. Routledge
.Carse
, Ashley
. 2019
. “The Feel of 13, 000 Containers: How Pi lots Learn to Navigate Changing Logistical Environments
.” Ethnos
. .Chalfin
, Brenda
. 2010
. Neoliberal Frontiers: An Ethnography of Sovereignty in West Africa
. University of Chicago Press
.Chalfin
, Brenda
. 2014
. “Public Things, Excremental Politics, and the Infrastructure of Bare Life in Ghana’s City of Tema
.” American Ethnologist
41
(1
): 92
–109
.Chalfin
, Brenda
. 2017
. “‘Wastelandia’: Infrastructure and the Commonwealth of Waste in Urban Ghana
.” Ethnos
82
(4
): 648
–71
.Chalfin
, Brenda
. 2020
. “Experiments in Excreta to Energy: Sustainability Science and Bio-Necro Collaboration in Urban Ghana
.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology
38
(2
): 88
–104
.Chari
, Sharad
, and Verdery
Katherine
. 2009
. “Thinking between the Posts: Post-colonialism, Postsocialism, and Ethnography after the Cold War
.” Comparative Studies in Society and History
51
(1
): 6
–34
.Chatterjee
, Elizabeth
. 2020
. “The Asian Anthropocene: Electricity and Fossil Developmentalism
.” The Journal of Asian Studies
79
(1
): 3
–24
.Chipole Convent
. 2021
. “Tulila Hydroelectric Power Station
.” Accessed November 14. .Cohen
, Adrienne
. 2021
. Infinite Repertoire: On Dance and Urban Possibility in Postsocialist Guinea
. University of Chicago Press
.Coleman
, Leo
. 2017
. A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi
. Cornell University Press
.Collier
, Stephen J.
2011
. Post-Soviet Social: Neoliberalism, Social Modernity, Biopolitics
. Princeton University Press
.Collier
, Stephen J.
, and Lakoff
Andrew
. 2015
. “Vital Systems Security: Reflexive Biopolitics and the Government of Emergency
.” Theory, Culture & Society
32
(2
): 19
–51
.Connolly
, William E.
2013
. The Fragility of Things: Self-Organizing Processes, Neoliberal Fantasies, and Demo cratic Activism
. Duke University Press
.Cooksey
, Brian
. 2002
. “The Power and the Vainglory, Anatomy of a $100 Million Malaysian IPP
.” In Ugly Malaysians? South-South Investments Abused
, edited by Jomo
K. S.
, 47
–76
. Institute for Black Research
.Cooksey
, Brian
, and Kelsall
Tim
. 2011
. “The Political Economy of the Investment Climate in Tanzania
.” Africa Power and Politics Programme
.Cross
, Jamie
, and Murray
Declan
. 2018
. “The Afterlives of Solar Power: Waste and Repair off the Grid in Kenya
.” Energy Research & Social Science
44
:100
–109
.Curinga
, Matthew X.
2016
. “The MOOC and the Multitude
.” Educational Theory
66
(3
): 369
–87
.Daniel
, John
, Naidoo
Varusha
, and Naidu
Sanusha
. 2003
. “The South Africans Have Arrived: Post-Apartheid Corporate Expansion into Africa
.” In State of the Nation: South Africa 2003–2004
, edited by Daniel
John
, Adam
Habib
, and Southall
Roger
, 368
–90
. HSRC Press
.Das
, Veena
. 1998
. “Wittgenstein and Anthropology
.” Annual Review of Anthropology
27
(1
): 171
–95
.Das
, Veena
. 2014
. “Action, Expression, and Everyday Life: Recounting Household Events
.” In The Ground Between: Anthropologists Engage Philosophy
, edited by Das
Veena
, Jackson
Michael D.
, Arthur
Kleinman
, and Singh
Bhrigupati
, 279
–306
. Duke University Press
.Das
, Veena
. 2015
. “What Does Ordinary Ethics Look Like?
” In Four Lectures on Ethics: Anthropological Perspectives
, 53
–126
. Hau Books
.Das
, Veena
. n.d
. “Concepts Criss-Crossing
.” Unpublished
. Accessed April 25, 2021. .Das
, Veena
, Jackson
Michael D.
, Kleinman
Arthur
, and Singh
Bhrigupati
. 2014
. “Introduction: Experiments between Anthropology and Philosophy; Affinities and Antagonisms
.” In The Ground Between: Anthropologists Engage Philosophy
, edited by Das
Veena
, Jackson
Michael D.
, Arthur
Kleinman
, and Singh
Bhrigupati
, 1
–26
. Duke University Press
.Dean
, Erin
. 2020
. “Uneasy Entanglements: Solar Energy Development in Zanzibar
.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology
38
(2
): 53
–70
.De Boeck
, Filip
. 1998
. “Domesticating Diamonds and Dollars: Identity, Expenditure and Sharing in Southwestern Zaire (1984–1997)
.” Development and Change
29
(4
): 777
–810
.De Boeck
, Filip
. 2005
. “The Apocalyptic Interlude: Revealing Death in Kinshasa
.” African Studies Review
48
(2
): 11
–32
.De Boeck
, Filip
, and Baloji
Sammy
. 2016
. Suturing the City: Living Together in Congo’s Urban Worlds
. Autograph ABP
.De Boeck
, Filip
, and Plissart
Marie Francois
. 2004
. Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City
. Ludion/Royal Museum for Central Africa
.Degani
, Michael
. 2017
. “La Véranda, le Climatiseur et la Centrale Électrique: Race et Électricité Tanzanie Postsocialiste
.” Afrique Contemporaine
261–62
(1
): 103
–18
.Degani
, Michael
. 2018
. “Shock Humor: Zaniness and the Freedom of Permanent Improvisation in Urban Tanzania
.” Cultural Anthropology
33
(3
): 473
–98
.Degani
, Michael
. 2021
. “Cutting without Cutting Connection: The Semiotics of Power Patrols in Urban Tanzania
.” Signs and Society
9
(2
): 176
–203
.Degani
, Michael
, Brenda
Chalfin
, and Jamie
Cross
. 2020
. “Introduction: Fuelling Capture: Africa’s Energy Frontiers
.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology
38
(2
): 1
–18
.De Laet
, Marianne
, and Mol
Annemarie
. 2000
. “The Zimbabwe Bush Pump: Mechanics of a Fluid Technology
.” Social Studies of Science
30
(2
): 225
–63
.DeLanda
, Manuel
. 2016
. Assemblage Theory
. Edinburgh University Press
.Delehanty
, Sean
. 2020
. “From Modernization to Villagization: The World Bank and Ujamaa
.” Diplomatic History
44
(2
): 289
–314
.Deleuze
, Gilles
, and Guattari
Félix
. 1987
. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophre nia
. Translated by Massumi
Brian
. University of Minnesota Press
.Doherty
, Jacob
. 2017
. “Life (and Limb) in the Fast-Lane: Disposable People as Infrastructure in Kampala’s Boda Industry
.” Critical African Studies
9
(2
): 192
–209
.Dua
, Jatin
. 2019
. Captured at Sea: Piracy and Protection in the Indian Ocean
. University of California Press
.Dunn
, Elizabeth C.
2005
. “Standards and Person-Making in East Central Europe
.” In Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems
, edited by Ong
Aiwha
and Collier
Stephen J.
, 173
–93
. Wiley
.Durkheim
, Emile
. (1914) 2005
. “The Dualism of Human Nature and its Social Conditions
.” Durkheimian Studies
11
(1
): 35
–45
.Dye
, Barnaby
, and Hartmann
Joerg
. 2017
. “True Cost of Power: The Facts and Risks of Building Stiegler’s Gorge Hydropower Dam in Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania
.” World Wildlife Federation International
.Dzansi
, James
, Steven L.
Puller
, Brittany
Street
, and Belinda
Yebuah-Dwamena
. 2018
. The Vicious Circle of Blackouts and Revenue Collection in Developing Economies: Evidence from Ghana
. International Growth Centre Working Paper E-89457-GHA-1
.Eberhard
, Anton
, and Gratwick
Katharine
. 2011
. “When the Power Comes: An Analysis of IPPS in Africa
.” Infrastructure Consortium on Africa
.Eberhard
, Anton
, Gratwick
Katharine
, and Kariuki
Laban
. 2018
. “A Review of Private Investment in Tanzania’s Power Generation Sector
.” Journal of Energy in Southern Africa
29
(2
): 1
–11
.Edwards
, Paul N.
2003
. “Infrastructure and Modernity: Force, Time, and Social Organization in the History of Sociotechnical Systems
.” In Modernity and Technology
, edited by Feenberg
Andrew
, Philip
Brey
, and Misa
Thomas J.
, 185
–225
. MIT Press
.Eglash
, Ron
, and Foster
Ellen K.
. 2017
. “On the Politics of Generative Justice: African Traditions and Maker Communities
.” In What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa?
, edited by Mavhunga
Clapperton Chakanetsa
, 117
–36
. MIT Press
.Ellis
, Stephen
. 1999
. The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War
. Hurst
.Elyachar
, J.
2010
. “Phatic Labor, Infrastructure, and the Question of Empowerment in Cairo
.” American Ethnologist
37
(3
): 452
–64
.Esposito
, Roberto
, and Hanafi
Zakiya
. 2013
. “Community, Immunity, Biopolitics
.” Angelaki
18
(3
): 83
–90
.Evans-Pritchard
, E. E.
1937
. Witchcraft, Magic, and Oracles among the Azande
. Clarendon
.Evans-Pritchard
, E. E.
(1940) 2011
. The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People
. Nabu Press
.Feierman
, Steven M.
1990
. Peasant Intellectuals: Anthropology and History in Tanzania
. University of Wisconsin Press
.Fennell
, Catherine
. 2015
. Last Project Standing: Civics and Sympathy in Post-Welfare Chicago
. University of Minnesota Press
.Ferguson
, James
. 1985
. “The Bovine Mystique: Power, Property and Livestock in Rural Lesotho
.” Man
20
(4
): 647
–74
.Ferguson
, James
. 1994
. The Anti-Politics Machine: Development”, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho
. University of Minnesota Press
.Ferguson
, James
. 1999
. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt
. University of California Press
.Ferguson
, James
. 2005a
. “Decomposing Modernity: History and Hierarchy after Development
.” Postcolonial Studies and Beyond
, 166
–81
.Ferguson
, James
. 2005b
. “Seeing Like an Oil Company: Space, Security, and Global Capital in Neoliberal Africa
.” American Anthropologist
107
(3
): 377
–82
.Ferguson
, James
. 2006
. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order
. Duke University Press
.Ferguson
, James
. 2013
. “Declarations of Dependence: Labour, Personhood, and Welfare in Southern Africa
.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
19
(2
): 223
–42
.Ferguson
, James
. 2015
. Give a Man a Fish: Reflections on the New Politics of Distribution
. Duke University Press
.Ferguson
, James
. 2021
Presence and Social Obligation: An Essay on the Share
. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm
.Fioratta
, Susanna
. 2015
. “Beyond Remittance: Evading Uselessness and Seeking Personhood in Fouta Djallon, Guinea
.” American Ethnologist
42
(2
): 295
–308
.Fortes
, Meyer
. 1959
. Oedipus and Job in West African Religion
. Cambridge University Press
.Fouéré
, Marie-Aude
. 2014
. “Julius Nyerere, Ujamaa, and Political Morality in Contemporary Tanzania
.” African Studies Review
57
(1
): 1
–24
.Galloway
, Alexander R.
2013
. “Love of the Middle
.” In Excommunication: Three Inquiries in Media and Mediation
, edited by Thacker
Eugene
, Wark
McKenzie
, and Galloway
Alexander R.
, 25
–76
. University of Chicago Press
.Gastrow
, Claudia
. 2017
. “Cement Citizens: Housing, Demolition and Political Belonging in Luanda, Angola
.” Citizenship Studies
21
(2
): 224
–39
.Geertz
, Clifford
. 1980
. Negara: The Theatre State in 19th Century Bali
. Princeton University Press
.“
Generating Power and Cash
.” 2011
. Africa Confidential
52
(12
): 9
.Gershon
, Ilana
. 2010
. “Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Media Switching and Media Ideologies
.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
20
(2
): 389
–405
.Ghanadan
, Rebecca
. 2008
. “Public Service or Commodity Goods? Electricity Reforms, Access and the Politics of Development in Tanzania
.” PhD dissertation
, University of California–Berkeley
.Ghanadan
, Rebecca
. 2009
. “Connected Geographies and Struggles over Access: Electricity Commercialization in Tanzania
.” In Electric Capitalism: Recolonizing Africa on the Power Grid
, edited by McDonald
David A.
, 400
–436
. Kapstadt
.Ghanadan
, Rebecca
, and Eberhard
Anton
. 2007
. “Electrical Utility Management Contracts in Africa: Lessons and Experience from the TANESCO-NETGroup Solutions Management Contract in Tanzania, 2002–2006
.” MIR Working Paper
.Glassman
, Jonathan
. 1991
. “The Bondsman’s New Clothes: The Contradictory Consciousness of Slave Resistance on the Swahili Coast
.” The Journal of African History
32
(2
): 277
–312
.Glassman
, Jonathan
. 1995
. Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888
. Heinemann
.Gledhill
, John
. 2018
. “Neoliberalism
.” In The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology
, edited by Callan
H.
. .Gluckman
, Max
. 1968
. “Inter-Hierarchical Roles: Professional and Party Ethics in Tribal Areas in South and Central Africa
.” In Local Level Politics
, edited by Swartz
Marc J.
, 69
–94
. Aldine
.Godhino
, Catarina
, and Eberhard
Anton
. 2018
. “Power Sector Reform and Regulation in Tanzania
.” In Tanzania Institutional Diagnostic
, edited by Bourguignon
François
and Wangwe
Samuel
, 1
–51
. Economic Development & Institutions
. Accessed April 26, 2022. .Goody
, Jack
, ed. 1958
. The Developmental Cycle in Domestic Groups
. Cambridge University Press
.Graeber
, David
. 2001
. Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of our Own Dreams
. Springer
.Graham
, Stephen
, and Marvin
Simon
. 2001
. Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition
. Psychology Press
.Gratwick
, Katharine
, and Eberhard
Anton
. 2008
. “Demise of the Standard Model for Power Sector Reform and the Emergence of Hybrid Power Markets
.” Energy Policy
36
(10
): 3948
–60
.Gratwick
, Katharine
, Ghanadan
Rebecca
, and Eberhard
Anton
. 2006
. “Generating Power and Controversy: Understanding Tanzania’s Independent Power Projects
.” Journal of Energy in Southern Africa
17
(4
): 39
–56
.Gray
, Hazel S.
2015
. “The Political Economy of Grand Corruption in Tanzania
.” African Affairs
114
(456
): 382
–403
.Green
, Maia
. 2010
. “After Ujamaa? Cultures of Governance and the Representation of Power in Tanzania
.” Social Analysis
54
(1
): 15
–34
.Grundy
, Trevor
. 2017
. “Frene Ginwala, the Lenin Supplement, and the Storm Drains of History
.” Politicsweb
, August
15
. .Günel
, Göcke
. 2019
. Spaceship in the Desert: Energy, Climate Change, and Urban Design in Abu Dhabi
. Duke University Press
.Guyer
, Jane
. 1993a
. “Toiling Ingenuity: Food Regulation in Britain and Nigeria
.” American Ethnologist
20
(4
): 797
–817
.Guyer
, Jane
. 1993b
. “Wealth in People and Self-Realization in Equatorial Africa
.” Man
28
(2
): 243
–65
.Guyer
, Jane
. 1997
. “Endowments and Assets: The Anthropology of Wealth and the Economics of Intra house hold Allocation
.” In Intra house hold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Methods, Models, and Policy
, edited by Haddad
Lawrence
, John
Hoddinott
, and Alderman
Harold
, 112
–28
. Johns Hopkins University Press
.Guyer
, Jane
. 2004
. Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa
. University of Chicago Press
.Guyer
, Jane
. 2007
. “Prophecy and the Near Future: Thoughts on Macroeconomic, Evangelical, and Punctuated Time
.” American Ethnologist
34
(3
): 409
–21
.Guyer
, Jane
. 2010
. “The Eruption of Tradition?
” Anthropological Theory
10
(1–2
): 123
–31
.Guyer
, Jane
, and Belinga
Samuel M. Eno
. 1995
. “Wealth in People as Wealth in Knowledge: Accumulation and Composition in Equatorial Africa
.” Journal of African History
36
(1
): 91
–120
.Hage
, Ghassan
. 2013
. “Eavesdropping on Bourdieu’s Philosophers
.” Thesis Eleven
114
(1
): 76
–93
.Han
, Clara
. 2012
. Life in Debt: Times of Care and Violence in Neoliberal Chile
. University of California Press
.Harbach
, Chad
. 2008
. “The End
.” N+1
, Winter. .Harms
, Erik
. 2011
. Saigon’s Edge: On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City
. University of Minnesota Press
.Harris
, Clive
. 2003
. Private Participation in Infrastructure in Developing Countries: Trends, Impacts, and Policy Lessons
. World Bank
.Harrison
, Faye
, Carole
McGranahan
, Kaifa
Roland
, and Bianca C.
Williams
. 2016
. “Decolonizing Anthropology: A Conversation with Faye Harrison Part I
.” Anthrodendum
(blog), May
2
. .Hart
, Keith
. 1973
. “Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana
.” The Journal of Modern African Studies
11
(1
): 61
–89
.Hart
, Keith
. 1982
. The Political Economy of West African Agriculture
. Cambridge University Press
.Hart
, Keith
. 1986
. “Heads or Tails? Two Sides of the Coin
.” Man
21
(4
): 637
–56
.Hart
, Keith
. 2000
. “Kinship, Contract, and Trust: The Economic Organization of Migrants in an African City Slum
.” In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations
, edited by Gambetta
Diego
, 176
–93
. Blackwell
.Hart
, Keith
. 2004
. “From Bell Curve to Power Law: Distributional Models between National and World Society
.” Social Analysis
48
(3
): 220
–24
.Hart
, Keith
. 2005
. “Notes towards an Anthropology of Money
.” Kritikos
2
. Accessed April 26, 2022. .Hart
, Keith
. 2006
. “Bureaucratic Form and the Informal Economy
.” In Linking the Formal and Informal Economies: Examples from Developing Countries
, edited by Guha-Khasnobis
Basudeb
, Ravi
Kanbur
, and Ostrom
Elinor
, 21
–35
. Oxford University Press
.Harvey
, David
. 2012
. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution
. Verso
.Hasenöhrl
, Ute
. 2018
. “Rural Electrification in the British Empire
.” History of Retailing and Consumption
4
(1
): 10
–27
.Hay
, Winston
. 1998
. “Tanzania: Power Loss Reduction Study. Volume 2: Transmission and Distribution System Reduction of Non-Technical Losses
.” UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Report 204B/98
.Heidenreich
, Elisabeth
. 2009
. “Spaces of Flow as Technical and Cultural Mediators between Society and Nature
.” Environment, Development & Sustainability
11
(6
): 1145
–54
.Heilman
, Bruce
. 1998
. “Who Are the Indigenous Tanzanians? Competing Conceptions of Tanzanian Citizenship in the Business Community
.” Africa Today
45
(3–4
): 369
–87
.Hénaff
, Marcel
. 2013
. “Living with Others: Reciprocity and Alterity in Lévi-Strauss
.” Yale French Studies
, no. 123
: 63
–82
.Herzfeld
, Michael
. 2005
. Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics of the Nation-State
. Routledge
.Hickel
, Jason
. 2014
. “Xenophobia in South Africa: Order, Chaos, and the Moral Economy of Witchcraft
.” Cultural Anthropology
29
(1
): 103
–27
.High
, Mette M.
, and Smith
Jessica M.
. 2019
. “Introduction: The Ethical Constitution of Energy Dilemmas
.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
25
(1
): 9
–28
.Hilgers
, Mathieu
. 2011
. “The Three Anthropological Approaches to Neoliberalism
.” International Social Science Journal
61
(202
): 351
–64
.Hilgers
, Mathieu
. 2012
. “The Historicity of the Neoliberal State
.” Social Anthropology
20
(1
): 80
–94
.Hillewaert
, Sarah
. 2016
. “‘Whoever Leaves Their Traditions Is a Slave’: Contemporary Notions of Servitude in an East African Town
.” Africa
86
(3
): 425
–46
.Hirschman
, Albert O.
1970
. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organ izations, and States
. Harvard University Press
.Hischler
, Kurt
, and Hofmeier
Rolf
. 2009
. “Tanzania
.” In Africa Yearbook, vol. 5, Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2008
, edited by Mehler
Andreas
, Henning
Melber
, and Walraven
Klaas Van
, 375
–86
. Brill
.Hoag
, Heather J.
, and Öhman
May-Britt B.
. 2008
. “Turning Water into Power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania’s Rufiji River Basin, 1945–1985
.” Technology and Culture
49
(3
): 624
–51
.Hobsbawm
, Eric
. 1984
. “Artisan or Labour Aristocrat?
” The Economic History Review
37
(3
): 355
–72
.Hoffman
, Danny
. 2011
. The War Machines: Young Men and Violence in Sierra Leone and Liberia
. Duke University Press
.Holterman
, Devin
. 2014
. “Slow Violence, Extraction and Human Rights Defense in Tanzania: Notes from the Field
.” Resources Policy
40
:59
–65
.Hojer
, Lars
, and Pedersen
Morten Axel
. 2019
. Urban Hunters: Dealing and Dreaming in Times of Transition
. Yale University Press
.Howe
, Cymene
. 2019
. Ecologics: Wind and Power in the Anthropocene
. Duke University Press
.Howes
, David
. 2016
. “The Extended Sensorium: Introduction to the Sensory and Social Thought of François Laplantine
.” Series editor’s preface to The Life of the Senses: Introduction to a Modal Anthropology, by François Laplantine
, vii
–xiv
. Bloomsbury
.Huber
, Matthew T.
2013
. Lifeblood: Oil, Freedom, and the Forces of Capital
. University of Minnesota Press
.Hughes
, David McDermott
. 2017
. Energy without Conscience: Oil, Climate Change, and Complicity
. Duke University Press
.Hughes
, Thomas P.
1987
. “The Evolution of Large Technological Systems
.” In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology
, edited by Hughes
Thomas Parke
, Pinch
Trevor J.
, Bijker
Wiebe E.
, 51
–82
. MIT Press
.Hunter
, Emma
. 2015
. “Julius Nyerere, the Arusha Declaration, and the Deep Roots of a Contemporary Political Metaphor
.” In Remembering Nyerere in Tanzania: History, Memory, Legacy
, edited by Fouére
Marie-Aude
, 73
–96
. Mkuki na Nyota
.Hunter
, Emma
. 2017
. Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania: Freedom, Democracy and Citizenship in the Era of Decolonization
. Cambridge University Press
.Hunter
, Mark
. 2010
. Love in the Time of aids In equality, Gender, and Rights in South Africa
. Indiana University Press
.Huntington
, Samuel P.
1993
. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
. University of Oklahoma Press
.Imami
, Drini
, Endrit
Lami
, Edvin
Zhllima
, Muje
Gjonbalaj
, and Geoffrey
Pugh
. 2020
. “Closer to Election, More Light: Electricity Supply and Elections in a Postconflict Transition Economy
.” Post-Communist Economies
32
(3
): 376
–90
.Institute for Precarious Consciousness
. 2014
. “Anxiety, Affective Struggle, and Precarity Consciousness-Raising
.” Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements
2
(6
): 271
–300
.International Law and Policy Institute
. 2014
. “Political Economy Analysis of the Energy Sector in Tanzania
.” International Law and Policy Institute
.Isaacman
, Allen
. 2005
. “Displaced People, Displaced Energy, and Displaced Memories: The Case of Cahora Bassa, 1970–2004
.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies
38
(2
): 201
–38
.Ivaska
, Andrew
. 2011
. Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar es Salaam
. Duke University Press
.Jackson
, Michael
, and Karp
Ivan
, eds. 1990
. Personhood and Agency
. Uppsala University Press
.Jackson
, Steven J.
2014
. “Rethinking Repair
.” In Media Technologies
, edited by Gillespie
Tarleton
, Boczkowski
Pablo J.
, and Foot
Kirsten A.
, 221
–40
. MIT Press
.Jackson
, Steven J.
, Pompe
Alex
, and Krieshok
Gabriel
. 2012
. “Repair Worlds: Maintenance, Repair, and ICT for Development in Rural Namibia
.” In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
, 107
–16
. ACT
.Jacome
, Veronica
, and Ray
Isha
. 2018
. “The Prepaid Electric Meter: Rights, Relationships and Reification in Unguja, Tanzania
.” World Development
105
:262
–72
.Jakobson
, Roman
. 1960
. “Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics
.” In Style in Language
, edited by Sebeok
Thomas A.
, 350
–377
. MIT Press
.Jennings
, Michael
. 2002
. “‘Almost an Oxfam in Itself’: Oxfam, Ujamaa and Development in Tanzania
.” African Affairs
101
(405
): 509
–30
.Jensen
, Casper Bruun
, and Morita
Atsuro
. 2017
. “Introduction: Infrastructures as Ontological Experiments
.” Ethnos
82
(4
): 615
–26
.John
, Samwel
, Gordon
McGranahan
, Mwanakombo
Mkanga
, Tim
Ndezi
, Stella
Stephen
, and Cecilia
Tacoli
. 2020
. “The Churn of the Land Nexus and Contrasting Gentrification Processes in Dar Es Salaam and Mwanza, Tanzania
.” Environment and Urbanization
32
(2
): 429
–46
.Johnson
, Andrew Alan
. 2013
. “Progress and its Ruins: Ghosts, Migrants, and the Uncanny in Thailand
.” Cultural Anthropology
28
(2
): 299
–319
.Kabwe
, Zitto
. 2014
. “How pap Acquired IPTL for Almost Nothing and Looted US$124m from the BoT
.” TransparentTanzania
(blog), August
24
. .Kaika
, Maria
, and Swyngedouw
Erik
. 2000
. “Fetishizing the Modern City: The Phantasmagoria of Urban Technological Networks
.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
24
(1
): 120
–38
.Kapferer
, Bruce
. 2005
. “New Formations of Power, the Oligarchic-Corporate State, and Anthropological Ideological Discourse
.” Anthropological Theory
5
(3
): 285
–99
.Karp
, Ivan
. 2002
. “Development and Personhood
.” In Critically Modern Alternatives, Alterities, Anthropologies
, edited by Knauft
Bruce M.
, 62
–104
. Indiana University Press
.Kasoga
, Lenny B.
1998
. “Privatization and Government Regulation of Public Utilities: Just and Reasonable Return—The Case of tanesco
.” African Journal of Finance and Management
7
(1
): 33
–38
.Kelsall
, Tim
. 2002
. “Shop Windows and Smoke-Filled Rooms: Governance and the Re-Politicisation of Tanzania
.” The Journal of Modern African Studies
40
(4
): 597
–619
.Kerner
, Donna O.
2019
. “ ‘Hard Work’ and Informal Sector Trade in Tanzania
.” In Traders Versus the State
, edited by Clark
Gracia
, 41
–56
. Routledge
.Khan
, Mushtaq H.
2018
. “Political Settlements and the Analysis of Institutions
.” African Affairs
117
(469
): 636
–55
.Khan
, Naveeda
. 2006
. “Flaws in the Flow: Roads and Their Modernity in Pakistan
.” Social Text
24
(4
): 87
–113
.Khan
, Naveeda
. 2019
. “At Play with the Giants: Between the Patchy Anthropocene and Romantic Geology
.” Current Anthropology
60
(s20
): s333
–41
.Kiangi
, Ludia Stanley
. 2015
. “Assessing Customer Satisfaction on Electricity Conventional Billing System in Tanzania: The Case of Tanesco Ilala Region
.” PhD dissertation
, Open University of Tanzania
.Kockelman
, Paul
. 2016
. “Grading, Gradients, Degradation, Grace Part 2: Phenomenology, Materiality, and Cosmology
.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
6
(3
): 337
–65
.Kockelman
, Paul
. 2017
. The Art of Interpretation in the Age of Computation
. Oxford University Press
.Kohn
, Eduardo
. 2013
. How Forests Think: Toward an Anthropology Beyond the Human
. University of California Press
.Kombe
, Wilbard Jackson
. 2005
. “Land Use Dynamics in Peri-Urban Areas and Their Implications on the Urban Growth and Form: The Case of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
.” Habitat International
29
(1
): 113
–35
.Kopytoff
, Igor
. 1986
. “The Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as Process
.” In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective
, edited by Appadurai
Arjun
, 64
–94
. Oxford University Press
.Kornai
, János
. 1986
. “The Soft Budget Constraint
.” Kyklos
39
(1
): 3
–30
.Kuper
, Adam
. 1970
. “Gluckman’s Village Headman
.” American Anthropologist
72
(2
): 355
–58
.Kusimba
, Sibel
. 2020
. “Embodied Value: Wealth-in-People
.” Economic Anthropology
7
(2
): 166
–75
.Kyando
, Moses
, Ikanda
Dennis
, and Røskaft
Eivin
. 2017
. “Hotspot Elephant-Poaching Areas in the Eastern Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania
.” African Journal of Ecology
55
(3
): 365
–71
.Lacan
, Jacques
. (1966) 2007
. Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English
. Translated by Fink
Bruce
. Norton
.Lal
, Priya
. 2015
. African Socialism in Postcolonial Tanzania: Between the Village and the World
. Cambridge University Press
.Langwick
, Stacey A.
2007
. “Devils, Parasites, and Fierce Needles: Healing and the Politics of Translation in Southern Tanzania
.” Science, Technology & Human Values
32
(1
): 88
–117
.Laplantine
, François
. 2016
. The Life of the Senses: Introduction to a Modal Anthropology
. Bloomsbury
.Larkin
, Brian
. 2008
. Signal and Noise Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria
. Duke University Press
.Larkin
, Brian
. 2013
. “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure
.” Annual Review of Anthropology
42
(1
): 327
–43
.Larkin
, Brian
. 2018
. “Promising Forms: The Political Aesthetics of Infrastructure
.” In The Promise of Infrastructure
, edited by Anand
Nikhil
, Akhil
Gupta
, and Appel
Hannah
, 175
–202
. Duke University Press
.Latour
, Bruno
. 1987
. “The Enlightenment without the Critique: A Word on Michel Serres’ Philosophy
.” Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements
21
:83
–97
.Latour
, Bruno
. 2005
. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory
. Oxford University Press
.Latour
, Bruno
. 2012
. “The Modes of Existence Project: An Exercise in Collective Inquiry and Digital Humanities
.” Lecture at University of Cambridge, November 6. Accessed August 29, 2021. .Lemon
, Alaina
. 2018
. Technologies for Intuition: Cold War Circles and Telepathic Rays
. University of California Press
.Lennart
, Larsson
, Davy
Thomas
, Mikael
Jönsson
, and Hagström
Lars
. 2014
. “Joint Energy Sector Review 2012/2013
.” Tanzania Ministry of Energy and Minerals/Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
.Lewinson
, Anne
. 2003
. “Imagining the Metropolis, Globalizing the Nation: Dar Es Salaam and National Culture in Tanzanian Cartoons
.” City & Society
15
(1
): 9
–30
.Lewinson
, Anne
. 2006a
. “Domestic Realms, Social Bonds, and Class: Ideologies and Indigenizing Modernity in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines
40
(3
): 462
–95
.Lewinson
, Anne
. 2006b
. “Love in the City: Navigating Multiple Relationships in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
.” City & Society
18
(1
): 90
–115
.Littlechild
, Stephen
, and Lynne
Kiesling
. 2021
. “Hayek and the Texas Blackout
.” The Electricity Journal
34
(6
): 1
–9
. .Lofchie
, Michael F.
2014
. The Political Economy of Tanzania
. University of Pennsylvania Press
.Lombard
, Louisa
. 2013
. “Navigational Tools for Central African Roadblocks
.” PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review
36
(1
): 157
–73
.Lombard
, Louisa
. 2016
. “Threat Economies and Armed Conservation in Northeastern Central African Republic
.” Geoforum
69
:218
–26
.Lukumai
, Emmanuel
. 2006
. “The Implementation of Civil Service Reforms in Tanzania, 1991–2000
.” Master’s thesis
, University of Bergen
.Lyons
, Kristin
. 2020
. Vital Decomposition: Soil Practitioners and Life Politics
. Duke University Press
.Maddox
, Gregory
, and Giblin
James Leonard
, eds. 2005
. In Search of a Nation: Histories of Authority & Dissidence in Tanzania
. James Currey Ltd
.Mains
, Daniel
. 2019
. Under Construction: Technologies of Development in Urban Ethiopia
. Duke University Press
.Malinowski
, Bronislaw
. (1922) 2002
. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea
. Routledge
.Malinowski
, Bronislaw
. (1923) 1972
. “Phatic Communion
.” In Communication in Face to Face Interaction
, edited by Laver
John
and Hutcheson
Sandy
, 146
–52
. Penguin
.Mampilly
, Zachariah
. 2013
. “Accursed by Man, Not God: The Fight for Tanzania’s Gas Lands
.” Warscapes
, August
20
. .Marcus
, George E.
1995
. “Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography
.” Annual Review of Anthropology
24
:95
–117
.Massumi
, Brian
. 2017
. The Principle of Unrest: Activist Philosophy in the Expanded Field
. University of Minnesota Press
.Mathews
, Gordon
, and Yang
Yang
. 2012
. “How Africans Pursue Low-End Globalization in Hong Kong and Mainland China
.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
41
(2
): 95
–120
.Matiku
, Emmanuel
, Mbwambo
Andrew
, and Kimeme
Joseph
. 2011
. “Rent-Seeking Behaviour and the Organisation of Utilities
.” In Theories and Stories in African Public Administration
, edited by Itika
Josephat
, de Ridder
Ko
, and Tollenaa
Albertian
, 189
–203
. Leiden African Studies Centre
.Maurer
, Bill
. 2012
. “Payment: Forms and Functions of Value Transfer in Contemporary Society
.” Cambridge Anthropology
30
(2
): 15
–35
.Mauss
, Marcel
. (1925) 2016
. The Gift: Expanded Edition
. Translated by Guyer
Jane
. HAU Books
.Mauss
, Marcel
. 1973
. “Techniques of the Body
.” Economy and Society
2
(1
): 70
–88
.Mazzarella
, William
. 2017
. The Mana of Mass Society
. University of Chicago Press
.Mbembe
, Achille
. 2021
. Out of the Dark Night: Essays on Decolonization
. Columbia University Press
.Mbembe
, Achille
, and Nuttall
Sarah
. 2004
. “Writing the World from an African Metropolis
.” Public Culture
16
(3
): 347
–72
.Mbilinyi
, Tumaini
. 2013
. “Assessment of Revenue Collections at Government Agencies in Tanzania: The Case of Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Limited (Tanesco)
.” PhD dissertation
, Mzumbe University
.McGovern
, Mike
. 1999
. “Durkheim and Heidegger: Two Social Ontologies and Some Implications
.” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford
29
(2
): 105
–20
.McGovern
, Mike
. 2012a
. “Turning the Clock Back or Breaking with the Past? Charismatic Temporality and Elite Politics in Côte d’Ivoire and the United States
.” Cultural Anthropology
27
(2
): 239
–60
.McGovern
, Mike
. 2012b
. Unmasking the State: Making Guinea Modern
. University of Chicago Press
.McGovern
, Mike
. 2015
. “Liberty and Moral Ambivalence: Postsocialist Transitions, Refugee Hosting, and Bodily Comportment in the Republic of Guinea
.” American Ethnologist
42
(2
): 247
–61
.McGovern
, Mike
. 2017
. A Socialist Peace? Explaining the Absence of War in an African Country
. University of Chicago Press
.McKay
, Ramah
. 2017
. Medicine in the Meantime: The Work of Care in Mozambique
. Duke University Press
.Melly
, Caroline
. 2017
. Bottleneck: Moving, Building, and Belonging in an African City
. University of Chicago Press
.Mercer
, Claire
. 2003
. “Performing Partnership: Civil Society and the Illusions of Good Governance in Tanzania
.” Political Geography
22
(7
): 741
–63
.Mercer
, Claire
. 2020
. “Boundary Work: Becoming Middle Class in Suburban Dar Es Salaam
.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
44
(3
): 521
–36
.Middleton
, John
. 1994
. The World of the Swahili: An African Mercantile Civilization
. Yale University Press
.Middleton
, Townsend
, and Cons
Jason
. 2014
. “Coming to Terms: Reinserting Research Assistants into Ethnography’s Past and Pre sent
.” Ethnography
15
(3
): 279
–90
.Miers
, Suzanne
, and Kopytoff
Igor
, eds. 1979
. Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives
. University of Wisconsin Press
.Min
, Brian
, and Golden
Miriam
. 2014
. “Electoral Cycles in Electricity Losses in India
.” Energy Policy
65
:619
–25
.Mkobya
, Juma F.
, Kashaigili
Oscar
, Lusajo K.
Mkwakaliku
, Mbayani Y.
Saruni
, Omary H.
Juma
, Rustis S.
Bernard
, John I.
Kabadi
et al. 2013
. “Executive Summary of the Power System Master Plan 2012 Update
.” The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Energy and Minerals
.Munn
, Nancy D.
(1976) 1992
. The Fame of Gawa: A Symbolic Study of Value Transformation in a Massim (Papua New Guinea) Society
. Duke University Press
.Must
, Elise
. 2018
. “Structural In equality, Natural Resources and Mobilization in Southern Tanzania
.” African Affairs
117
(466
): 83
–108
.Mutahaba
, Gelase
. 2005
. “Pay Reform and Corruption in Tanzania’s Public Service
.” Paper presented at Seminar on Potential for Public Service Pay Reform to Eradicate Corruption among Public Servants in Tanzania
. Economic and Social Research Foundation, Dar es Salaam
, May 26
.Mwakikagile
, Godfrey
. 2006
. Tanzania under Mwalimu Nyerere: Reflections on an African Statesman
. New Africa Press
.Mwinami
, Stella
. 2014
. “An Assessment of the Effect of Workforce Diversity on Employee Per for mance at Tanesco
.” PhD dissertation
, Mzumbe University
.Myhre
, Knut Christian
. 2017
. Returning Life: Language, Life Force and History in Kilimanjaro
. Berghahn Books
.Nagar
, Richa
. 1996
. “The South Asian Diaspora in Tanzania: A History Retold
.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
16
(2
): 62
–80
.Neuwirth
, Robert
. 2011
. Stealth of Nations: The Global Rise of the Informal Economy
. Pantheon Books
.Newell
, Sasha
. 2006
. “Estranged Belongings: A Moral Economy of Theft in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
.” Anthropological Theory
6
(2
): 179
–203
.Newell
, Sasha
. 2007
. “Pentecostal Witchcraft: Neoliberal Possession and Demonic Discourse in Ivoirian Pentecostal Churches
.” Journal of Religion in Africa
37
(4
): 461
–90
.Newell
, Sasha
. 2012
. The Modernity Bluff: Crime, Consumption, and Citizenship in Côte D’Ivoire
. University of Chicago Press
.Ngonyani
, Deogratis
. 2002
. “Ujamaa [Socialism] Metaphors: The Basis of President Nyerere’s Political Terminology
.” In Surviving through Obliqueness; Language of Politics in Emerging Democracies
, edited by Obeng
Samuel Gyasi
and Hartford
Beverly
, 31
–43
. Nova Science
.Nguyen
, Vinh-Kim
. 2017
. “Viral Speed: Infrastructure, Connectivity, Ontogeny; or, Notes on the Molecular Epidemiology of Epidemics
.” Cultural Anthropology
32
(1
): 28
–34
.Nordstrom
, Carolyn
. 2004
. Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century
. University of California Press
.Nyamnjoh
, Francis B.
2002
. “ ‘A Child is One Person’s Only in the Womb’: Domestication, Agency and Subjectivity in the Cameroonian Grassfields
.” In Postcolonial Subjectivities in Africa
, edited by Werbner
Richard
, 111
–138
. Zed Books
.Nyamnjoh
, Francis B.
2017
. “Incompleteness: Frontier Africa and the Currency of Conviviality
.” Journal of Asian and African Studies
52
(3
): 253
–70
.Öhman
, May-Britt
. 2007
. “Taming Exotic Beauties: Swedish Hydro Power Constructions in Tanzania in the Era of Development Assistance, 1960s–1990s
.” PhD dissertation
, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
.Ojambo
, Robert
. 2016
. “The Arab Springs and the ‘Walk to Work’ Movement in Uganda: Contest for Political Space and Freedom
.” African Journal of Education, Science and Technology
3
(1
): 27
–38
.Ong
, Aiwha
. 2006
. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty
. Duke University Press
.Oonk
, Gijsbert
. 2009
. The Karimjee Jivanjee Family: Merchant Princes of East Africa 1800–2000
. Pallas Publications
.Özden-Schilling
, Canay
. 2021
. The Current Economy: Electricity Markets and Technoeconomics
. Stanford University Press
.Paget
, Dan
. 2021
. “Tanzania: The Authoritarian Landslide
.” Journal of Democracy
32
(2
): 61
–76
.Pandian
, Anand
. 2014
. “In the Event of an Anthropological Thought
.” In Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance
, edited by Chatterjee
Roma
, 258
–72
. Fordham University Press
.Parks
, Lisa
, and Rachel
Thompson
. 2020
. “Internet Shutdown in Africa: The Slow Shutdown: Information and Internet Regulation in Tanzania From 2010 to 2018 and Impacts on Online Content Creators
.” International Journal of Communication
14
:4288
–308
.Parpart
, Jane L.
1984
. “The ‘ Labor Aristocracy’ Debate in Africa: The Copperbelt Case, 1924–1967
.” African Economic History
, no. 13
: 171
–91
.Parry
, Jonathan
, and Bloch
Maurice
. 1989
. Money and the Morality of Exchange
. Cambridge University Press
.Perez
, APC.
2018
. “Isolated Grid Optimization (IGO) Tanzania, Tanesco Isolated Diesel Mini-Grids located in Liwale, Loliondo, Kasulu, Kibondo, and Mapanda
. USAID
. Accessed November 13, 2021. .Peters
, John Durham
. 2015
. The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media
. University of Chicago Press
.Petit
, Pierre
, and Mutambwa
Georges Mulumbwa
. 2005
. “La Crise?’: Lexicon and Ethos of the Second Economy in Lubumbashi
.” Africa
75
(4
): 467
–87
.Phillips
, Kristin
. 2018
. An Ethnography of Hunger: Politics, Subsistence, and the Unpredictable Grace of the Sun
. Indiana University Press
.Phillips
, Kristin
. 2020
. “Prelude to a Grid: Energy, Gender and Labour on an Electric Frontier
.” Cambridge Journal of Anthropology
38
(2
): 71
–87
.Piot
, Charles
. 2010
. Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa after the Cold War
. University of Chicago Press
.Pitcher
, M. Anne
, and Askew
Kelly Michelle
. 2006
. “African Socialisms and Postsocialisms
.” Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute
76
(1
): 1
–14
.Povinelli
, Elizabeth
. 2011a
. Economies of Abandonment: Social Belonging and Endurance in Late Liberalism
. Duke University Press
.Povinelli
, Elizabeth
. 2011b
. “Routes/Worlds
.” E-Flux Journal
, no. 27
: 1
–12
. .Rafiq
, Mohamed Yunus
, Hannah
Wheatley
, Rashid
Salti
, Aloisia
Shemdoe
, Jitihada
Baraka
, and Hildegalda
Mushi
. 2022
. “‘I Let Others Speak about Condoms’: Muslim Religious Leaders’ Selective Engagement with an NGO-Led Family Planning Project in Rural Tanzania
.” Social Science & Medicine
293
:114650
. .Rahier
, Nick
, Günel
Gökçe
, and Gupta
Pamila
. 2017
. “Our Electric Infrastructures
.” Theorizing the Contemporary, Fieldsights
, December
19
. .Rankin
, William J.
2009
. “Infrastructure and the International Governance of Economic Development, 1950–1965
.” In Internationalization of Infrastructures
, edited by Auger
Jean-François
, Bouma
Jan Jaap
, and Künneke
Rolf
, 61
–75
. Delft University of Technology
.Richards
, Paul
. 1996
. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth & Resources in Sierra Leone
. International African Institute, James Currey, and Heinemann
.Rizzo
, Mateo
. 2002
. “Being Taken for a Ride: Privatisation of the Dar es Salaam Transport System 1983–1998
.” The Journal of Modern African Studies
40
(1
): 133
–57
.Robbins
, Joel
. 2013
. “Beyond the Suffering Subject: Toward an Anthropology of the Good
.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
19
(3
): 447
–642
.Rogers
, Douglas
. 2006
. “How to Be a Khoziain in a Transforming State: State Formation and the Ethics of Governance in Post-Soviet Russia
.” Comparative Studies in Society and History
48
(4
): 915
–45
.Rogers
, Douglas
. 2010
. “Postsocialisms Unbound: Connections, Critiques, Comparisons
.” Slavic Review
69
(1
): 1
–15
.Rogers
, Douglas
. 2014
. “EnergoPolitical Rus sia: Corporation, State, and the Rise of Social and Cultural Projects
.” Anthropological Quarterly
87
(2
): 431
–51
.Roitman
, Janet L.
2005
. Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa
. Princeton University Press
.Rolffs
, Paula
, David
Ockwell
, and Byrne
Rob
2015
. “Beyond Technology and Finance: Pay-As-You-Go Sustainable Energy Access and Theories of Social Change
.” Environment and Planning A
47
(12
): 2609
–27
.Rose
, Nikolas
. 1996
. “The Death of the Social? Re-Figuring the Territory of Government
.” International Journal of Human Resource Management
25
(3
): 327
–56
.Rupp
, Stephanie
. 2016
. “Circuits and Currents: Dynamics of Disruption in New York City Blackouts
.” Economic Anthropology
3
(1
): 106
–18
.Rutherford
, Danilyn
. 2016
. “How Structuralism Matters
.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
6
(3
): 61
–77
.Sanders
, Todd
. 2008
. “Buses in Bongoland: Seductive Analytics and the Occult
.” Anthropological Theory
8
(2
): 107
–32
.Schneider
, Leander
. 2004
. “Freedom and Unfreedom in Rural Development: Julius Nyerere, Ujamaa Vijijini, and Villagization
.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines
38
(2
): 344
–92
.Schwenkel
, Christina
. 2015
. “Spectacular Infrastructure and Its Breakdown in Socialist Vietnam
.” American Ethnologist
42
(3
): 520
–34
.Schwenkel
, Christina
, and Leshkowich
Ann Marie
. 2012
. “Guest Editors’ Introduction: How Is Neoliberalism Good to Think Vietnam? How Is Vietnam Good to Think Neoliberalism?
” positions: ASIA critique
20
(2
): 379
–401
.Scott
, James C.
1977
. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia
. Yale University Press
.Scott
, James C.
1985
. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance
. Yale University Press
.Scott
, James C.
1990
. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
. Yale University Press
.Scott
, James C.
1998
. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
. Yale University Press
.Scott
, James C.
2006
. “High Modernist Social Engineering: The Case of the Tennessee Valley Authority
.” Experiencing the State
, edited by Rudolph
Lloyd I.
and Jacobsen
John Kurt
, 321
–32
. Oxford University Press
.Scott
, James C.
2012
. Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play
. Princeton University Press
.Scotton
, Carol M. M.
1965
. “Some Swahili Political Words
.” Journal of Modern African Studies
3
(4
): 527
–41
.Serres
, Michel
. 1982
. The Parasite
. Translated by Schehr
Lawrence R.
. Johns Hopkins University Press
.Shamir
, Ronen
. 2018
. “Head-Hunters and Knowledge-Gatherers: Colonialism, Engineers and Fields of Planning
.” History and Anthropology
29
(4
): 469
–92
.Shao
, John
. 1986
“The Villagization Program and the Disruption of the Ecological Balance in Tanzania
.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines
20
(2
): 219
–39
.Shibano
, Kyohei
, and Gento
Mogi
. 2020
. “Electricity Consumption Forecast Model Using House hold Income: Case Study in Tanzania
.” Energies
13
(10
): 2497
. .Shryock
, Andrew
. 2019
. “Keeping to Oneself: Hospitality and the Magical Hoard in the Balga of Jordan
.” History and Anthropology
30
(5
): 546
–62
.Simone
, AbdouMaliq
. 2004a
. For the City yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities
. Duke University Press
.Simone
, AbdouMaliq
. 2004b
. “People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg
.” Public Culture
16
(3
): 407
–29
.Singh
, Bhrigupati
. 2014
. “How Concepts Make the World Look Different: Affirmative and Negative Genealogies of Thought
.” In The Ground Between: Anthropologists Engage Philosophy
, edited by Das
Veena
, Jackson
Michael D.
, Arthur
Kleinman
, and Bhrigupati
Singh
. Durham
, 159
–86
. Duke University Press
.Sitta
, Samuel
, Slaa
Willibrod P.
, and Cheyo
John
. 2008
. Bunge Lenye Meno: A Parliament with Teeth for Tanzania
. Africa Research Institute
.Smiley
, Sarah L.
2009
. “The City of Three Colors: Segregation in Colonial Dar Es Salaam, 1891–1961
.” Historical Geography
37
(1
): 178
–96
.Spence
, Lester K.
2015
. Knocking the Hustle: Against the Neoliberal Turn in Black Politics
. Punctum Books
.Star
, Susan Leigh
. 1999
. “The Ethnography of Infrastructure
.” American Behavioral Scientist
43
(3
): 377
–91
.Stark
, Laura
. 2017
. “Cultural Politics of Love and Provision among Poor Youth in Urban Tanzania
.” Ethnos
82
(3
): 569
–91
.Stevenson
, Lisa
. 2017
. “Sounding Death, Saying Something
.” Social Text
35
(1
): 59
–78
.Strathern
, Marilyn
. 1996
. “Cutting the Network
.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
2
(3
): 517
–35
.Stroeken
, Koen
. 2005
. “Immunizing Strategies: Hip-Hop and Critique in Tanzania
.” Africa
75
(4
): 488
–509
.Takabvirwa
, Kathryn
. 2018
. “On the Threshing Floor: Roadblocks and the Policing of Everyday Life in Zimbabwe
.” PhD dissertation
, Stanford University
.Terray
, Emmanuel
. 1986
. “Le Climatiseur et la Véranda
.” In Afrique Plurielle, Afrique Actuelle: Hommage à Georges Balandier
, edited by Balandier
Georges
, 37
–44
. Karthala
.Thaler
, Richard H.
, and Sunstein
Cass R.
. 2008
. Nudge: Improving Decisions Using the Architecture of Choice
. Yale University Press
.Thompson
, Edward P.
. 1971
. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century
.” Past and Pre sent
, no. 50
: 76
–136
.Tischler
, Julia
. 2014
. “Cementing Uneven Development: The Central African Federation and the Kariba Dam Scheme
.” Journal of Southern African Studies
40
(5
): 1047
–64
.Tripp
, Aili Marie
. 1997
. Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania
. University of California Press
.Trovalla
, Eric
, and Trovalla
Ulrika
. 2015
. “Infrastructure as a Divination Tool: Whispers from the Grids in a Nigerian City
.” City
19
(2–3
): 332
–43
.Tsing
, Anna Lowenhaupt
. 2000
. “Inside the Economy of Appearances
.” Public Culture
12
(1
): 115
–44
.Tsing
, Anna Lowenhaupt
. 2015
. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins
. Princeton University Press
.Tsuruta
, Tadasu
. 2003
. “Popular Music, Sports, and Politics: A Development of Urban Cultural Movements in Dar es Salaam, 1930s–1960s
.” African Study Monographs
24
(3
): 195
–222
.Turner
, Victor
. 1967
. Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual
. Cornell University Press
.USAID
. 2018
. “Hydropower in Tanzania’s Rural Highlands
.” Accessed November 19, 2021. .Vagliasindi
, Maria
, and Besant-Jones
John
. 2013
. Power Market Structure: Revisiting Policy Options
. World Bank Publications
.Van der Straeten
, Jonas
2015a
. “Electrification in Tanzania from a Historical Perspective—Discourses of Development and the Marginalization of the Rural Poor
.” In Micro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply: Proceedings of the International Conference
, edited by Schäfer
Martina
, 156
–61
. Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin
.Van der Straeten
, Jonas
. 2015b
. “Legacies of a Past Modernism Discourses of Development and the Shaping of Centralized Electricity Infrastructures in Late-and Postcolonial Tanzania
.” In International Symposium for Next Generation Infrastructure: Conference Proceedings
, edited by Dolan
Tom
and Collins
Brian
, 275
–80
. UCL Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy
.Van Huedsen
, Peter
. 2009
. “Discipline and the New ‘Logic of Delivery’: Prepaid Electricity in South Africa and Beyond
.” In Electric Capitalism: Recolonizing Africa on the Power Grid
, edited by McDonald
David
, 229
–47
. HSRC Press
.Venkatesan
, Soumhya
. 2020
. “Afterword: Putting Together the Anthropology of Tax and the Anthropology of Ethics
.” Social Analysis
64
(2
): 141
–54
.Verdery
, Katherine
. 1996
. What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next?
Cambridge University Press
.Verran
, Helen
. 2007
. “The Telling Challenge of Africa’s Economies
.” African Studies Review
50
(2
): 163
–82
.Viveiros de Castro
, Eduardo
. 2014
. Cannibal Metaphysics
. University of Minnesota Press
.Vokes
, Richard
. 2013
. “New Guinean Models in the East African Highlands
.” Social Analysis
57
(3
): 95
–113
.von Schnitzler
, Antina
. 2013
. “Traveling Technologies: Infrastructure, Ethical Regimes, and the Materiality of Politics in South Africa
.” Cultural Anthropology
28
(4
): 670
–93
.von Schnitzler
, Antina
. 2016
. Democracy’s Infrastructure: Techno-Politics and Protest after Apartheid
. Princeton University Press
.Wacquant
, Loïc
. 2012
. “Three Steps to a Historical Anthropology of Actually Existing Neoliberalism
.” Social Anthropology
20
(1
): 66
–79
.Wallerstein
, Immanuel
. 1991
. “Braudel on Capitalism, or Everything Upside Down
.” Journal of Modern History
63
(2
): 354
–61
.Walsh
, Martin
. 2012
. “The Not-so-Great Ruaha and Hidden Histories of an Environmental Panic in Tanzania
.” Journal of Eastern African Studies
6
(2
): 303
–35
.Wamukonya
, Njeri
. 2003
. “African Power Sector Reforms: Some Emerging Lessons
.” Energy for Sustainable Development
7
(1
): 7
–15
.Wark
, McKenzie
. 2014
. “Furious Media: A Queer History of Heresy
.” In Excommunication: Three Inquiries in Media and Mediation
, edited by Thacker
Eugene
, Wark
McKenzie
, and Galloway
Alexander R.
, 151
–201
. University of Chicago Press
.Watts
, Michael
. 1994
. “Development II: The Privatization of Everything?
” Progress in Human Geography
18
(3
): 371
–84
.Watts
, Michael
. 2005
. “Baudelaire over Berea, Simmel over Sandton?
” Public Culture
17
(1
): 181
–92
.Weber
, Max
. (1930) 2005
. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
. Translated by Parsons
Talcott
. Routledge
.Wedel
, Janine R.
2009
. Shadow Elite: How the World’s New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market
. Basic Books
.Weiss
, Brad
. 1996
. The Making and Unmaking of the Haya Lived World: Consumption, Commoditization, and Everyday Practice
. Duke University Press
.White
, Luise
. 1994
. “Blood Brotherhood Revisited: Kinship, Relationship, and the Body in East and Central Africa
.” Africa
64
(3
): 359
–72
.White
, Luise
. 2000
. Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa
. University of California Press
.Whitington
, Jerome
. 2019
. Anthropogenic Rivers: The Production of Uncertainty in Lao Hydropower
. Cornell University Press
.Wilder
, Gary
. 2014
. Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World
. Duke University Press
.Winther
, Tanja
. 2008
. The Impact of Electricity: Development, Desires and Dilemmas
. Berghahn Books
.World Bank
. 1993
. The World Bank’s Role in the Electric Power Sector: Policies for Effective Institutional, Regulatory, and Financial Reform
. The World Bank
. .Yurchak
, Alexei
. 2006
. Every thing Was Forever, until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation
. Princeton University Press
.Zárate
, Salvador
. 2018
. “Maintenance
.” Fieldsights
, March
29
. .Zuckerman
, Charles H. P.
2016
. “Phatic Violence? Gambling and the Arts of Distraction in Laos
.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
26
(3
): 294
–314
.
