Skip to Main Content
Skip Nav Destination
This content is only available as PDF.

REFERENCES

APM Research Lab
.
2020
.
The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the US
.
October
15
. .
APM Research Lab
.
2021
.
The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the US
.
March
5
. .
Arias
,
Elizabeeth
,
Tejada-Vera
Betzaida
, and
Ahmad
Farida
.
2021
.
Provisional Life Expectancy Estimates for January through June, 2020
.
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
.
February
. .
Benjamin
,
Emelia J.
,
Muntner
Paul
,
Alonso
Alvaro
,
Bittencourt
Marcio S.
,
Callaway
Clifton W.
,
Carson
April P.
,
Chamberlain
Alanna M.
et al
2019
. “
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association
.”
Circulation
139
, no.
10
:
e56
e528
. .
Bixler
,
Danae
,
Miller
Allison D.
,
Mattison
Claire P.
,
Taylor
Burnestine
,
Komatsu
Kenneth
,
Pompa
Xandy Peterson
,
Moon
Steve
et al
.
2020
. “
SARS-CoV-2–Associated Deaths Among Persons Aged <21 Years—United States, February 12–July 31, 2020
”.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
69
, no.
37
(
September
18
):
1324
29
. .
Brender
,
Jean D.
,
Maantay
Juliana A.
, and
Chakraborty
Jayajit
.
2011
. “
Residential Proximity to Environmental Hazards and Adverse Health Outcomes
.”
American Journal of Public Health
101
, no.
S1
(
December
):
S37
S52
. .
Brundage
,
Vernon
Jr
.
2020
.
Labor Market Activity of Blacks in the United States. Division of Labor Force Statistics
,
US Bureau of Labor Statistics
. .
Bullard
,
Robert D.
1994
.
Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color
.
San Francisco
:
Sierra Club Books.
Bullard
,
Robert D.
2007
.
The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place
.
Lanham
:
Rowman and Littlefield
.
Carter
,
Chelsea
, and
Sandford
Ezelle
III
.
2020
. “
The Myth of Black Immunity: Racialized Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic
.”
Black Perspectives (blog)
,
African American Intellectual History Society
.
April
3
. .
Casagrande
,
Sarah Stark
,
Gittelsohn
Joel
,
Zonderman
Alan B.
,
Evans
Michele K.
, and
Gary-Webb
Tiffany L.
.
2011
. “
Association of Walkability with Obesity in Baltimore City, Maryland
.”
American Journal of Public Health
101
, no.
S1
(
December
):
S318
S324
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2020
.
COVID View: A Weekly Surveillance Summary of US COVID-19 Activity
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2021a
.
COVID-net: COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network
.
June
25
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2021b
.
Demographic Characteristics of People Receiving COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States
.
COVID Data Tracker
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2021c
.
Health Disparities: Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2022
.
COVID-net: Covid-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network
.
February
3
. .
Chen
,
Yea-Hung
,
Glymour
Maria
,
Riley
Alicia
,
Balmes
John
,
Duchowny
Kate
,
Harrison
Robert
,
Matthay
Ellicott
, and
Bibbins-Domingo
Kirsten
.
2021
. “
Excess Mortality Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic among Californians 18–65 Years of Age, by Occupational Sector and Occupation: March through November 2020
.”
PLOS ONE
16
, no.
6
(
June
):
e0252454
. .
Colen
,
Cynthia G.
,
Ramey
David M.
,
Cooksey
Elizabeth C.
, and
Williams
David R.
.
2018
. “
Racial Disparities in Health among Nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: The Role of Acute and Chronic Discrimination
”.
Social Science and Medicine
199
:
167
80
.
Cooksey Stowers
,
Kristen
,
Jiang
Qianxia
,
Atoloye
Abiodun T.
,
Lucan
Sean
, and
Gans
Kim
.
2020
. “
Racial Differences in Perceived Food Swamp and Food Desert Exposure and Disparities in Self-Reported Dietary Habits
”.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
17
, no.
19
:
7143
. .
Cottom
,
Tressie McMillan
.
2018
.
Thick and Other Essays
.
New York
:
New Press
.
Dooling
,
Kathleen
,
Marin
Mona
,
Wallace
Megan
,
McClung
Nancy
,
Chamberland
Mary
,
Lee
Grace
,
Talbot
Keipp
,
Romero
José
,
Bell
Beth
, and
Oliver
Sara
.
2020
.
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Updated Interim Recommendation for Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine—United States, December 2020
.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
,
Atlanta, GA
. .
Dwyer
,
Colin
.
2020
. “
‘Take This Serious’: Bus Driver Dies of COVID-19 after Calling Out Coughing Rider
.”
National Public Radio
.
April
3
. .
Eligon
,
John
, and
Burch
Audra D. S.
.
2020
. “
Questions of Bias in COVID-19 Treatment Add to the Mourning for Black Families
”.
New York Times
,
May
11
. .
Garfield
,
Rachel
, and
Tolbert
Jennifer
.
2020
.
What We Do and Don’t Know about Recent Trends in Health Insurance Coverage in the US
.
KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation)
. .
Groeger
,
Lena V.
2020
. “
What Coronavirus Job Losses Reveal about Racism in America
.”
ProPublica
.
July
20
. .
Jaklevic
,
Mary Chris
.
2021
. “
Surgeon Fills COVID-19 Testing Gap in Philadelphia’s Black Neighborhoods
”.
JAMA
325
, no.
1
:
14
16
. .
Jolly
,
Stacey
,
Vittinghoff
Eric
,
Chattopadhyay
Arpita
, and
Bibbins-Domingo
Kirsten
.
2010
. “
Higher Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Mortality among Younger Blacks Compared to Whites
”.
American Journal of Medicine
123
, no.
9
:
811
18
. .
Kaiser Family Foundation
.
2021
.
KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor
. .
Kelli
,
Heval M.
,
Hammadah
Muhammad
,
Ahmed
Hina
,
Ko
Yi-An
,
Topel
Matthew
,
Samman-Tahhan
Ayman
,
Awad
Mossab
,
Patel
Keyur
,
Mohammed
Kareem
, and
Sperling
Laurence S.
2017
. “
Association between Living in Food Deserts and Cardiovascular Risk
.”
Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
10
, no.
9
:
e003532
.
MacDonald
,
Noni E.
2015
. “
Vaccine Hesitancy: Definition, Scope and Determinants
”.
Vaccine
33
, no.
34
:
4161
64
. .
Marquez-Velarde
,
Guadalupe
.
2020
. “
Multigenerational Households: A Descriptive Approach to Distinctive Definitions
”. In
International Handbook on the Demography of Marriage and the Family
, edited by
Farris
D. Nicole
and
Borque
A. J. H.
,
215
25
.
New York
:
Springer
.
Marrett
,
Cora B.
2021
. “
Racial Disparities and COVID-19: the Social Context
.”
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
8
, no.
3
:
794
97
. .
Martin
,
Nina
, and
Montagne
Renee
.
2017
. “
The Last Person You’d Expect to Die in Childbirth
.”
ProPublica
.
May
12
. .
Mazurek
,
Jacek M.
, and
Syamlal
Girija
.
2018
. “
Prevalence of Asthma, Asthma Attacks, and Emergency Department Visits for Asthma among Working Adults—National Health Interview Survey, 2011–2016
.”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
67
, no.
13
:
377
86
. .
Mikati
,
Ihab
,
Benson
Adam F.
,
Luben
Thomas J.
,
Sacks
Jason D.
, and
Richmond-Bryant
Jennifer
.
2018
. “
Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emission Sources by Race and Poverty Status
”.
American Journal of Public Health
108
, no.
4
:
480
85
.
Mohai
,
Paul
,
Lantz
Paula M.
,
Morenoff
Jeffrey
,
House
James S.
, and
Mero
Richard P.
.
2009
. “
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Residential Proximity to Polluting Industrial Facilities: Evidence from the Americans’ Changing Lives Study
.”
American Journal of Public Health
99
, no.
S3
:
S649
S656
.
National Public Radio, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
.
2017
.
Discrimination in America: Experiences and Views of African Americans
. .
Papadogeorgou
,
Georgia
,
Kioumourtzoglou
Marianthi-Anna
,
Braun
Danielle
, and
Zanobetti
Antonella
.
2019
. “
Low Levels of Air Pollution and Health: Effect Estimates, Methodological Challenges, and Future Directions
”.
Current Environmental Health Reports
6
, no.
3
:
105
15
.
Powell
,
Lisa M.
,
Slater
Sandy
,
Mirtcheva
Donka
,
Bao
Yanjun
, and
Chaloupka
Frank J.
2007
. “
Food Store Availability and Neighborhood Characteristics in the United States
”.
Preventive Medicine
44
, no.
3
:
189
95
.
Rogers
,
Tiana N.
,
Rogers
Charles R.
,
VanSant-Webb
Elizabeth
,
Gu
Lily Y.
,
Yan
Bin
, and
Qeadan
Fares
.
2020
. “
Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality among Essential Workers in the United States
”.
World Medical and Health Policy
12
, no.
3
:
311
27
. .
Ruiz
,
Daniel
,
Becerra
Marisol
,
Jagai
Jyotsna S.
,
Ard
Kerry
, and
Sargis
Robert M.
.
2018
. “
Disparities in Environmental Exposures to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Diabetes Risk in Vulnerable Populations
”.
Diabetes Care
41
, no.
1
:
193
205
.
Scott
,
Karen A.
,
Britton
Laura
, and
McLemore
Monica R.
2019
. “
The Ethics of Perinatal Care for Black Women: Dismantling the Structural Racism in ‘Mother Blame’ Narratives
”.
Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing
33
, no.
2
:
108
15
. .
Shah
,
Arnav
,
Schneider
Eric C.
,
Zephyrin
Laurie
,
Barreto
Ray Block
,
Sanchez
Gabriel R.
, and
Fernandez
Henry
.
2021
.
What Do Americans Think about Getting Vaccinated against COVID-19? African American Research Collaborative
,
Commonwealth Fund
.
June
16
. .
Singleton
,
Chelsea R.
,
Affuso
Olivia
, and
Sen
Bisakha
.
2016
. “
Decomposing Racial Disparities in Obesity Prevalence: Variations in Retail Food Environment
”.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
50
, no.
3
:
365
72
.
Smith
,
Imari Z.
,
Bentley-Edwards
Keisha L.
,
El-Amin
Salimah
, and
Darity
William
Jr
2018
. “
Fighting at Birth: Eradicating the Black-White Infant Mortality Gap
.”
Durham, NC
:
Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity and Insight Center on Community Economic Development
. .
Stone
,
Will
.
2021
. “
Untangling Disinformation: An Anti-vaccine Film Targeted to Black Americans Spreads False Information
.”
All Things Considered
.
National Public Radio
.
June
8
. .
Tessum
,
Christopher W.
,
Apte
Joshua S.
,
Goodkind
Andrew L.
,
Muller
Nicholas Z.
,
Mullins
Kimberley A.
,
Paolella
David A.
,
Polasky
Stephen
,
Springer
Nathaniel P.
,
Thakrar
Sumil K.
, and
Marshall
Julian D.
.
2019
. “
Inequity in Consumption of Goods and Services Adds to Racial–Ethnic Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure
.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
116
, no.
13
:
6001
6
.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics
.
2018
.
Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
. .
US Food and Drug Administration
.
2020
. “
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: December 17, 2020
.” .
Watson
,
Kathryn
.
2021
. “
Biden Says Teachers and Support Staff Should Move Up on Vaccine Priority List
”.
CBS News
.
February
17
. .
White
,
Kellee
, and
Borrell
Luisa N.
.
2011
. “
Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation: Framing the Context of Health Risk and Health Disparities
”.
Health and Place
17
, no.
2
:
438
48
. . .
Williams
,
David R.
, and
Mohammed
Selina A.
2013a
. “
Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence
.”
American Behavioral Scientist
57
, no.
8
: . .
Williams
,
David R.
, and
Mohammed
Selina A.
2013b
. “
Racism and Health II: A Needed Research Agenda for Effective Interventions
.”
American Behavioral Scientist
57
, no.
8
:
1200
26
. .
Williams
,
David R.
,
Priest
Naomi
, and
Anderson
Norman B.
2016
. “
Understanding Associations among Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health: Patterns and Prospects
”.
Health Psychology
35
, no.
4
:
407
11
.
Winkler
,
Inga T.
, and
Flowers
Catherine Coleman
.
2017
. “
America’s Dirty Secret: The Human Right to Sanitation in Alabama’s Black Belt
”.
Columbia Human Rights Law Review
49
, no.
1
:
181
228
.
Wu
,
Xiao
,
Nethery
Rachel C.
,
Sabath
Benjamin M.
,
Braun
Danielle
, and
Dominici
Francesca
.
2020
. “
Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States
”.
medRxiv
(
April
). .
Yancy
,
Clyde W.
2020
. “
COVID-19 and African Americans
”.
JAMA
323
, no.
19
:
1891
92
. .
Yudell
,
Michael
,
Roberts
Dorothy
,
Desalle
Rob
, and
Tishkoff
Sarah
.
2016
. “
Taking Race out of Human Genetics
”.
Science
351
, no.
6273
:
564
65
. .

Figures & Tables

Contents

Advertisement

References

REFERENCES

APM Research Lab
.
2020
.
The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the US
.
October
15
. .
APM Research Lab
.
2021
.
The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the US
.
March
5
. .
Arias
,
Elizabeeth
,
Tejada-Vera
Betzaida
, and
Ahmad
Farida
.
2021
.
Provisional Life Expectancy Estimates for January through June, 2020
.
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
.
February
. .
Benjamin
,
Emelia J.
,
Muntner
Paul
,
Alonso
Alvaro
,
Bittencourt
Marcio S.
,
Callaway
Clifton W.
,
Carson
April P.
,
Chamberlain
Alanna M.
et al
2019
. “
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association
.”
Circulation
139
, no.
10
:
e56
e528
. .
Bixler
,
Danae
,
Miller
Allison D.
,
Mattison
Claire P.
,
Taylor
Burnestine
,
Komatsu
Kenneth
,
Pompa
Xandy Peterson
,
Moon
Steve
et al
.
2020
. “
SARS-CoV-2–Associated Deaths Among Persons Aged <21 Years—United States, February 12–July 31, 2020
”.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
69
, no.
37
(
September
18
):
1324
29
. .
Brender
,
Jean D.
,
Maantay
Juliana A.
, and
Chakraborty
Jayajit
.
2011
. “
Residential Proximity to Environmental Hazards and Adverse Health Outcomes
.”
American Journal of Public Health
101
, no.
S1
(
December
):
S37
S52
. .
Brundage
,
Vernon
Jr
.
2020
.
Labor Market Activity of Blacks in the United States. Division of Labor Force Statistics
,
US Bureau of Labor Statistics
. .
Bullard
,
Robert D.
1994
.
Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color
.
San Francisco
:
Sierra Club Books.
Bullard
,
Robert D.
2007
.
The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place
.
Lanham
:
Rowman and Littlefield
.
Carter
,
Chelsea
, and
Sandford
Ezelle
III
.
2020
. “
The Myth of Black Immunity: Racialized Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic
.”
Black Perspectives (blog)
,
African American Intellectual History Society
.
April
3
. .
Casagrande
,
Sarah Stark
,
Gittelsohn
Joel
,
Zonderman
Alan B.
,
Evans
Michele K.
, and
Gary-Webb
Tiffany L.
.
2011
. “
Association of Walkability with Obesity in Baltimore City, Maryland
.”
American Journal of Public Health
101
, no.
S1
(
December
):
S318
S324
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2020
.
COVID View: A Weekly Surveillance Summary of US COVID-19 Activity
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2021a
.
COVID-net: COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network
.
June
25
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2021b
.
Demographic Characteristics of People Receiving COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States
.
COVID Data Tracker
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2021c
.
Health Disparities: Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
.
2022
.
COVID-net: Covid-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network
.
February
3
. .
Chen
,
Yea-Hung
,
Glymour
Maria
,
Riley
Alicia
,
Balmes
John
,
Duchowny
Kate
,
Harrison
Robert
,
Matthay
Ellicott
, and
Bibbins-Domingo
Kirsten
.
2021
. “
Excess Mortality Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic among Californians 18–65 Years of Age, by Occupational Sector and Occupation: March through November 2020
.”
PLOS ONE
16
, no.
6
(
June
):
e0252454
. .
Colen
,
Cynthia G.
,
Ramey
David M.
,
Cooksey
Elizabeth C.
, and
Williams
David R.
.
2018
. “
Racial Disparities in Health among Nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: The Role of Acute and Chronic Discrimination
”.
Social Science and Medicine
199
:
167
80
.
Cooksey Stowers
,
Kristen
,
Jiang
Qianxia
,
Atoloye
Abiodun T.
,
Lucan
Sean
, and
Gans
Kim
.
2020
. “
Racial Differences in Perceived Food Swamp and Food Desert Exposure and Disparities in Self-Reported Dietary Habits
”.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
17
, no.
19
:
7143
. .
Cottom
,
Tressie McMillan
.
2018
.
Thick and Other Essays
.
New York
:
New Press
.
Dooling
,
Kathleen
,
Marin
Mona
,
Wallace
Megan
,
McClung
Nancy
,
Chamberland
Mary
,
Lee
Grace
,
Talbot
Keipp
,
Romero
José
,
Bell
Beth
, and
Oliver
Sara
.
2020
.
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Updated Interim Recommendation for Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine—United States, December 2020
.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
,
Atlanta, GA
. .
Dwyer
,
Colin
.
2020
. “
‘Take This Serious’: Bus Driver Dies of COVID-19 after Calling Out Coughing Rider
.”
National Public Radio
.
April
3
. .
Eligon
,
John
, and
Burch
Audra D. S.
.
2020
. “
Questions of Bias in COVID-19 Treatment Add to the Mourning for Black Families
”.
New York Times
,
May
11
. .
Garfield
,
Rachel
, and
Tolbert
Jennifer
.
2020
.
What We Do and Don’t Know about Recent Trends in Health Insurance Coverage in the US
.
KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation)
. .
Groeger
,
Lena V.
2020
. “
What Coronavirus Job Losses Reveal about Racism in America
.”
ProPublica
.
July
20
. .
Jaklevic
,
Mary Chris
.
2021
. “
Surgeon Fills COVID-19 Testing Gap in Philadelphia’s Black Neighborhoods
”.
JAMA
325
, no.
1
:
14
16
. .
Jolly
,
Stacey
,
Vittinghoff
Eric
,
Chattopadhyay
Arpita
, and
Bibbins-Domingo
Kirsten
.
2010
. “
Higher Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Mortality among Younger Blacks Compared to Whites
”.
American Journal of Medicine
123
, no.
9
:
811
18
. .
Kaiser Family Foundation
.
2021
.
KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor
. .
Kelli
,
Heval M.
,
Hammadah
Muhammad
,
Ahmed
Hina
,
Ko
Yi-An
,
Topel
Matthew
,
Samman-Tahhan
Ayman
,
Awad
Mossab
,
Patel
Keyur
,
Mohammed
Kareem
, and
Sperling
Laurence S.
2017
. “
Association between Living in Food Deserts and Cardiovascular Risk
.”
Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
10
, no.
9
:
e003532
.
MacDonald
,
Noni E.
2015
. “
Vaccine Hesitancy: Definition, Scope and Determinants
”.
Vaccine
33
, no.
34
:
4161
64
. .
Marquez-Velarde
,
Guadalupe
.
2020
. “
Multigenerational Households: A Descriptive Approach to Distinctive Definitions
”. In
International Handbook on the Demography of Marriage and the Family
, edited by
Farris
D. Nicole
and
Borque
A. J. H.
,
215
25
.
New York
:
Springer
.
Marrett
,
Cora B.
2021
. “
Racial Disparities and COVID-19: the Social Context
.”
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
8
, no.
3
:
794
97
. .
Martin
,
Nina
, and
Montagne
Renee
.
2017
. “
The Last Person You’d Expect to Die in Childbirth
.”
ProPublica
.
May
12
. .
Mazurek
,
Jacek M.
, and
Syamlal
Girija
.
2018
. “
Prevalence of Asthma, Asthma Attacks, and Emergency Department Visits for Asthma among Working Adults—National Health Interview Survey, 2011–2016
.”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
67
, no.
13
:
377
86
. .
Mikati
,
Ihab
,
Benson
Adam F.
,
Luben
Thomas J.
,
Sacks
Jason D.
, and
Richmond-Bryant
Jennifer
.
2018
. “
Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emission Sources by Race and Poverty Status
”.
American Journal of Public Health
108
, no.
4
:
480
85
.
Mohai
,
Paul
,
Lantz
Paula M.
,
Morenoff
Jeffrey
,
House
James S.
, and
Mero
Richard P.
.
2009
. “
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Residential Proximity to Polluting Industrial Facilities: Evidence from the Americans’ Changing Lives Study
.”
American Journal of Public Health
99
, no.
S3
:
S649
S656
.
National Public Radio, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
.
2017
.
Discrimination in America: Experiences and Views of African Americans
. .
Papadogeorgou
,
Georgia
,
Kioumourtzoglou
Marianthi-Anna
,
Braun
Danielle
, and
Zanobetti
Antonella
.
2019
. “
Low Levels of Air Pollution and Health: Effect Estimates, Methodological Challenges, and Future Directions
”.
Current Environmental Health Reports
6
, no.
3
:
105
15
.
Powell
,
Lisa M.
,
Slater
Sandy
,
Mirtcheva
Donka
,
Bao
Yanjun
, and
Chaloupka
Frank J.
2007
. “
Food Store Availability and Neighborhood Characteristics in the United States
”.
Preventive Medicine
44
, no.
3
:
189
95
.
Rogers
,
Tiana N.
,
Rogers
Charles R.
,
VanSant-Webb
Elizabeth
,
Gu
Lily Y.
,
Yan
Bin
, and
Qeadan
Fares
.
2020
. “
Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality among Essential Workers in the United States
”.
World Medical and Health Policy
12
, no.
3
:
311
27
. .
Ruiz
,
Daniel
,
Becerra
Marisol
,
Jagai
Jyotsna S.
,
Ard
Kerry
, and
Sargis
Robert M.
.
2018
. “
Disparities in Environmental Exposures to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Diabetes Risk in Vulnerable Populations
”.
Diabetes Care
41
, no.
1
:
193
205
.
Scott
,
Karen A.
,
Britton
Laura
, and
McLemore
Monica R.
2019
. “
The Ethics of Perinatal Care for Black Women: Dismantling the Structural Racism in ‘Mother Blame’ Narratives
”.
Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing
33
, no.
2
:
108
15
. .
Shah
,
Arnav
,
Schneider
Eric C.
,
Zephyrin
Laurie
,
Barreto
Ray Block
,
Sanchez
Gabriel R.
, and
Fernandez
Henry
.
2021
.
What Do Americans Think about Getting Vaccinated against COVID-19? African American Research Collaborative
,
Commonwealth Fund
.
June
16
. .
Singleton
,
Chelsea R.
,
Affuso
Olivia
, and
Sen
Bisakha
.
2016
. “
Decomposing Racial Disparities in Obesity Prevalence: Variations in Retail Food Environment
”.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
50
, no.
3
:
365
72
.
Smith
,
Imari Z.
,
Bentley-Edwards
Keisha L.
,
El-Amin
Salimah
, and
Darity
William
Jr
2018
. “
Fighting at Birth: Eradicating the Black-White Infant Mortality Gap
.”
Durham, NC
:
Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity and Insight Center on Community Economic Development
. .
Stone
,
Will
.
2021
. “
Untangling Disinformation: An Anti-vaccine Film Targeted to Black Americans Spreads False Information
.”
All Things Considered
.
National Public Radio
.
June
8
. .
Tessum
,
Christopher W.
,
Apte
Joshua S.
,
Goodkind
Andrew L.
,
Muller
Nicholas Z.
,
Mullins
Kimberley A.
,
Paolella
David A.
,
Polasky
Stephen
,
Springer
Nathaniel P.
,
Thakrar
Sumil K.
, and
Marshall
Julian D.
.
2019
. “
Inequity in Consumption of Goods and Services Adds to Racial–Ethnic Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure
.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
116
, no.
13
:
6001
6
.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics
.
2018
.
Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity
. .
US Food and Drug Administration
.
2020
. “
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: December 17, 2020
.” .
Watson
,
Kathryn
.
2021
. “
Biden Says Teachers and Support Staff Should Move Up on Vaccine Priority List
”.
CBS News
.
February
17
. .
White
,
Kellee
, and
Borrell
Luisa N.
.
2011
. “
Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation: Framing the Context of Health Risk and Health Disparities
”.
Health and Place
17
, no.
2
:
438
48
. . .
Williams
,
David R.
, and
Mohammed
Selina A.
2013a
. “
Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence
.”
American Behavioral Scientist
57
, no.
8
: . .
Williams
,
David R.
, and
Mohammed
Selina A.
2013b
. “
Racism and Health II: A Needed Research Agenda for Effective Interventions
.”
American Behavioral Scientist
57
, no.
8
:
1200
26
. .
Williams
,
David R.
,
Priest
Naomi
, and
Anderson
Norman B.
2016
. “
Understanding Associations among Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health: Patterns and Prospects
”.
Health Psychology
35
, no.
4
:
407
11
.
Winkler
,
Inga T.
, and
Flowers
Catherine Coleman
.
2017
. “
America’s Dirty Secret: The Human Right to Sanitation in Alabama’s Black Belt
”.
Columbia Human Rights Law Review
49
, no.
1
:
181
228
.
Wu
,
Xiao
,
Nethery
Rachel C.
,
Sabath
Benjamin M.
,
Braun
Danielle
, and
Dominici
Francesca
.
2020
. “
Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States
”.
medRxiv
(
April
). .
Yancy
,
Clyde W.
2020
. “
COVID-19 and African Americans
”.
JAMA
323
, no.
19
:
1891
92
. .
Yudell
,
Michael
,
Roberts
Dorothy
,
Desalle
Rob
, and
Tishkoff
Sarah
.
2016
. “
Taking Race out of Human Genetics
”.
Science
351
, no.
6273
:
564
65
. .
Close Modal

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal