Skip to Main Content
Skip Nav Destination
This content is only available as PDF.

Bibliography

Archival Records

Duke University, Durham, North Carolina DAVID M. RUBENSTEIN RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY John Heritage Bryan Papers, 1735–1956

East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina J. Y. JOYNER LIBRARY, EAST CAROLINA MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION William Horner Collection: Frederick C. Douglass Papers

Library of Congress, Washington, DC Prints and Photo graphs Online Catalog

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC RECORD GROUP 15: RECORDS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, 1773–2007

Case Files of Attorneys, Agents, Pensioners, and Others Relating to the Prosecution of Pension Claims and the Investigation of Fraudulent Practices. Legal Records. Records of the Bureau of Pensions and Its Predecessors, 1805–1915.

Civil War Pension Index: General Index to Pension Files, 1861–1934.

Organization Index to Pension Files of Veterans Who Served between 1861 and 1900. National Archives Microfilm Series T-289.

Register of Appointments and Assignments, 1882–1905, vols. 1–3.

Special Examiners’ Division, July 1902–1904.

Special Schedules of the Eleventh Census (1890) Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Union Veterans of the Civil War. National Archives Microfilm Publication M123, 118 rolls.

Record Group 29: Records Of The Bureau Of The Census

RECORD GROUP 92: RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL, 1774–1985

RECORD GROUP 94: RECORDS OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL’S OFFICE, 1780s–1917

Compiled Military Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Belonging to the 31st through 35th Infantry Units, Organized for Service with the United States Colored Troops. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1992, 86 rolls.

Compiled Military Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Belonging to the 36th through 40th Infantry Units, Organized for Service with the United States Colored Troops. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1993, 116 rolls.

Compiled Military Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Belonging to the Artillery Units Organized for Service with the United States Colored Troops. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1818, 299 rolls.

RECORD GROUP 101: RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY Register of Signatures of Depositors in Branches of the Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company, 1865–1874. National Archives Microfilm Publication M816.

RECORD GROUP 105: RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF REFUGEES, FREEDMEN, AND ABANDONED LANDS, 1865–1870

Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of North Carolina, National Archives Microfilm Publication M843, 38 rolls.

RECORD GROUP 163: RECORDS OF THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM (WORLD WAR I)

RECORD GROUP 233: RECORDS OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Barred and Disallowed Case Files of the Southern Claims Commission, 1871–1880. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1407, 4,829 fiche.

New York Public Library, New York RARE BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPT DIVISION Charles Alexander Nelson Papers

North Carolina State Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh

CRAVEN COUNTY RECORDS

Death Certificates, 1909–1976

Marriage Records, 1741–2011

Superior Court, Criminal Action Papers, 1778–1906

Wills and Probate Records

University of Mary land, College Park, Department of History

Freedmen and Southern Society Project

Other Sources
Adler
,
Jeffrey
. “ ‘
Bessie Done Cut Her Old Man’: Race, Common-Law Marriage, and Homicide in New Orleans, 1925–1945
.”
Journal of Social History
44
(
2010
):
123
43
.
Alexander
,
Leslie
. “
The Challenge of Race: Rethinking the Position of Black Women in the Field of Women’s History
.”
Journal of Women’s History
16
(Winter
2004
):
50
60
.
Alexander
,
Roberta Sue
.
North Carolina Faces the Freedmen: Race Relations during Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–67
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
,
1985
.
American Baptist Convention
.
American Baptist Year Book
.
Philadelphia
:
American Baptist Publication Society
,
1884
.
Amis
,
M. N.
,
comp.
North Carolina Criminal Code and Digest
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards, Broughton
,
1866
.
Amott
,
Teresa
. “
Black Women and AFDC: Making Entitlement out of Necessity
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
280
98
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Anderson
,
Eric
.
Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872–1901: The Black Second
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
1981
.
Anderson
,
Karen Tucker
. “
Last Hired, First Fired: Black Women Workers during World War II
.”
Journal of American History
69
(
1982
):
82
97
.
Annual Report of the Northern Baptist Convention, 1910
.
Philadelphia
:
American Baptist Publication Society
,
1910
.
Baber
,
George
, ed.
Cases Relating the Pension Claims, and to the Laws of the United States Granting and Governing Pensions
. Vol.
5
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1892
.
Baber
,
George, ed
.
Decisions of the Department of the Interior, in Cases Relating to Pension Claims, and to the Laws of the United States Granting and Governing Pensions
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1892
.
Baker
,
Paula
. “
The Domestication of American Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920
.”
American Historical Review
89
(
1984
):
620
47
.
Baldwin
,
Thomas
, and
Thomas
J.
.
A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States; Giving a Full and Comprehensive Review of the Present Condition, Industry, and Resources of the American Confederacy
.
Philadelphia
:
Lippincott, Grambo
,
1854
.
Baptist
,
Edward E.
‘Stol’ and Fetched Here’: Enslaved Migrations, Ex-Slave Narratives, and Vernacular History
.” In
New Studies in the History of American Slavery
, edited by
Baptist
Edward E.
and
Camp
Stephanie M. H.
,
243
74
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2006
.
Barber
,
Susan E.
, and
Ritter
Charles F.
. “
Dangerous Liaisons: Working Women and Sexual Justice in the American Civil War
.”
European Journal of American Studies
10
. no.
1
(
2015
). .
Barber
,
Susan E.
, and
Ritter
Charles F.
. “
‘Physical Abuse…and Rough Handling, Race, Gender, and Sexual Justice
.” In
Occupied Women: Gender, Military Occupation, and the American Civil War
, edited by
Whites
LeeAnn
and
Long
Alecia P.
,
49
64
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2009
.
Bardaglio
,
Peter W.
Reconstructing the House hold: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1995
.
Barrett
,
John G.
The Civil War in North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1963
.
Barton
,
Myers
.
Executing Daniel Bright: Race, Loyalty, and Guerrilla Violence in a Coastal Carolina County
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2009
.
Bassett
,
John Spencer
.
Slavery in the State of North Carolina
.
Baltimore, MD
:
Johns Hopkins University Press
,
1899
.
Bay
,
Mia
.
To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells
.
New York
:
Hill and Wang
,
2009
.
Beckel
,
Deborah
.
Radical Reform: Interracial Politics in Post-Emancipation North Carolina
.
Charlottesville
:
University of Virginia Press
,
2011
.
Bederman
,
Gail
.
Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
,
1995
.
Bentley
,
George R.
A History of the Freedmen’s Bureau
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
1955
.
Bercaw
,
Nancy
.
Gendered Freedoms: Race, Rights, and the Politics of the House hold in the Delta, 1861–1875
.
Gainesville
:
University of Florida Press
,
2003
.
Berkeley
,
Kathleen
. “
Colored Ladies Also Contributed: Black Women’s Activities from Benevolence to Society Welfare, 1866–1896
.” In
The Web of Southern Social Relations: Women, Family and Education
, edited by
Fraser
Walter J.
Jr.
,
Saunders
R. Frank
Jr.
, and
Wakelyn
Jon
,
181
203
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
1985
.
Berlin
,
Ira
.
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press
,
2000
.
Berlin
,
Ira
,
Miller
Steven F.
,
Reidy
Joseph P.
, and
Rowland
Leslie S.
, eds.
The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Upper South
.
Ser. 1, vol. 2 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1993
.
Berlin
,
Ira
,
Reidy
Joseph
, and
Rowland
Leslie
, eds.
The Black Military Experience. Ser. 2 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1982
.
Berry
,
Mary Frances
.
My Face Is Black Is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Slave Reparations
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
2005
.
Bishir
,
Catherine
.
Crafting Lives: African American Artisans in New Bern, North Carolina, 1770–1900
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2013
.
Blackmon
,
Douglas A.
Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
2008
.
Blight
,
David
.
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2000
.
Bloomfield
,
Maxwell
. “
From Deference to Confrontation: The Early Black Lawyers of Galveston, Texas, 1895–1920
.” In
The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post Civil War America
, edited by
Gawalt
Gerald
,
151
70
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
1984
.
Boris
,
Eileen
. “
On the Importance of Naming: Gender, Race, and the Writing of Policy History
.”
Journal of Policy History
17
, no.
1
(
2005
):
72
92
.
Boris
,
Eileen
. “
The Racialized Gender State: Conceptions of Citizenship in the United States
.”
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State, and Society
2
(
1995
):
160
80
.
Branson North Carolina Business Directory
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Branson
,
1884
.
Brimmer
,
Brandi
. “
Black Women’s Politics, Narratives of Sexual Immorality, and Pension Bureaucracy in Mary Lee’s North Carolina Neighborhood
”.
Journal of Southern History
80
(
2014
):
827
58
.
Brimmer
,
Brandi
. “
‘Her Claim for Pension Is Lawful and Just’: Representing Black Union Widows in Late-Nineteenth-Century North Carolina
.”
Journal of the Civil War Era
1
(
2011
):
207
36
.
Broadus
,
Thomas A.
The South and the Pension Bureau
”.
American Review of Reviews
23
(
1901
):
203
7
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
African-American Women’s Quilting: A Framework for Conceptualizing and Teaching African American Women’s History
.”
Signs
14
(
1989
):
921
29
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory
.” In
African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas
, edited by
Smitherman
Geneva
,
100
124
.
Detroit, MI
:
Wayne State University Press
,
1995
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African-American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom
.”
Public Culture
7
(
1994
):
107
46
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
‘What Has Happened Here’: The Politics of Difference in Women’s History and Feminist Politics
.”
Feminist Studies
18
(
1992
):
295
312
.
Brown
,
Kathleen
.
Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Brown
,
Leslie
. “
African American Women and Migration
.” In
The Practice of U.S. Women’s History
, edited by
Jay Kleinberg
Susan
,
Boris
Eileen
, and
Ruiz
Vicki L.
,
201
20
.
Piscataway, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
,
2007
.
Brown
,
Leslie
.
Upbuilding Black Durham: Gender, Class, and Black Community Development in the Jim Crow South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Browning
,
Judkin
. “
Removing the Mask of Nationality: Unionism, Racism, and Federal Military Occupation in North Carolina, 1862–1865
.”
Journal of Southern History
71
(
2005
):
589
620
.
Browning
,
Judkin
.
Shifting Loyalties: The Union Occupation of Eastern North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2011
.
Business Directory of the City of New Berne, N.C.: To which Is Added Historical and Statistical Matter of Interest
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards and Broughton
,
1893
.
Bynum
,
Victoria
.
Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1992
.
Canaday
,
Margot
. “
Building a Straight State: Sexuality and Social Citizenship under the 1944 GI Bill
.”
Journal of American History
90
(
2003
):
935
57
.
Carawan
,
Sandra S.
Hyde County’s Largest Plantation Owner of 1850 and 1860: John R. Donnell
.”
High Tides: Hyde County Historical Society Journal
, Spring
2000
,
36
41
.
Carby
,
Hazel V.
Policing Black Women’s Bodies in the Urban Context
”.
Critical Inquiry
18
(
1992
):
738
55
.
Carpenter
,
John A.
Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
1999
.
Cecelski
,
David
.
The Fire of Freedom: Abraham Galloway and the Slave’s Civil War
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2012
.
Cecelski
,
David
.
The Waterman’s Song: Slavery and Freedom in Maritime North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2001
.
Chesnutt
,
Charles W.
The Marrow of Tradition, 1901
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
,
1969
.
Clark-Lewis
,
Elizabeth
.
Living In, Living Out: African American Domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910–1940
.
Washington, DC
:
Smithsonian Institution Press
,
1994
.
Click
,
Patricia
.
Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen’s Colony, 1862–1867
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2001
.
Clinton
,
Catherine
. “
Reconstructing Freedwomen
.” In
Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War
, edited by
Clinton
Catherine
and
Silber
Nina
,
307
19
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1992
.
Clinton
,
Catherine
, and
Silber
Nina
, eds.
Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1992
.
Cohen
,
Cathy
. “
Deviance as Resistance: A New Research Agenda for the Study of Black Politics
.”
Du Bois Review
1
(
2004
):
27
45
.
Collins
,
Donald E.
Charles Henry Foster: A Unionist in Confederate North Carolina
.” In
The Human Tradition in the Civil War and Reconstruction
, edited by
Foster
Stephen
,
64
68
.
Wilmington, DE
:
Scholarly Resources
,
2000
.
Collins
,
Patricia Hill
.
Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment
.
New York
:
Routledge
,
1991
.
Colyer
,
Vincent
.
Report of the Services Rendered by the Freed People to the United States
.
New York
:
Vincent Colyer
,
1864
.
Cook-Bell
,
Karen
. “
Self-Emancipating Women, Civil War, and the Union Army in Southern Louisiana and Low Country Georgia
”.
Journal of African American History
101
(
2016
):
1
21
.
Cooper
,
Abigail
. “
‘Away I Goin’ to Find My Mama’: Self-Emancipation, Migration, and Kinship in Refugee Camps in the Civil War Era
.”
Journal of African American History
102
(
2017
):
444
67
.
Cooper
,
Brittney C.
Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
2017
.
Cott
,
Nancy
. “
Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830–1934
.”
American Historical Review
103
(
1998
):
1440
74
.
Cott
,
Nancy
.
Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2000
.
Cox-Richardson
,
Heather
.
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2001
.
Crocker
,
Ruth
. “
‘I Only Ask You Kindly to Divide Some of Your Fortune with Me’: Begging Letters and the Transformation of Charity in Late Nineteenth-Century America
.”
Social Politics
6
, no.
2
(
1999
):
131
60
.
Curtis
,
Frank B.
, and
Webster
William H.
, comps.
Digest of Laws of the United States Governing the Granting of Army and Navy Pensions and Bounty-Land Warrants; Decisions of the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, and Rulings and Orders of the Commissioner of Pensions Thereunder
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1885
.
Curwood
,
Anastasia
.
Stormy Weather: Middle-Class African American Marriages between the Two World Wars
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2010
.
Dabel
,
Jane
, and
Jenrich
Marissa
. “
Co-Opting Respectability: African American Women and Economic Redress in New York City, 1860–1910
.”
Journal of Urban History
43
(
2015
):
312
31
.
Dailey
,
Jane
. “
Deference and Violence in the Postbellum Urban South: Manners and Massacres in Danville, Virginia
.”
Journal of Southern History
63
(
1997
):
53
90
.
Delancy
,
Dayle B.
Vaccinating Freedom: Smallpox Prevention and the Discourses of African American Citizenship in Antebellum Philadelphia
.”
Journal of African American History
95
, nos.
3–4
(
2010
):
296
321
.
Dickerson
,
Dennis
. “
George A. Rue: Missionary Minister in New England and North Carolina
.”
AME Church Review
117
(
2001
):
46
54
.
Downs
,
Jim
.
Sick from Freedom: African American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2012
.
Du Bois
,
W. E. B.
Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay toward the Part which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
.
New York
:
Russell and Russell
,
1936
.
Du Bois
,
W. E. B.
Reconstruction and Its Benefits
.”
American Historical Association
15
(
1910
):
781
99
.
Du Bois
,
W. E. B.
The Souls of Black Folk
.
Chicago
:
McClurg
,
1903
.
Edmonds
,
Helen G.
The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894–1901
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1979
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
Captives of Wilmington: The Riot and Historical Memories of Political Conflict, 1865–1898
.” In
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and its Legacy
, edited by
Cecelski
David
and
Tyson
Timothy
,
113
42
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1998
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1997
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
‘The Marriage Covenant Is at the Foundation of All Our Rights’: The Politics of Slave Marriages in North Carolina after Emancipation
.”
Law and History Review
14
, no.
1
(
1996
):
81
124
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
Sexual Violence, Gender, Reconstruction, and the Extension of Patriarchy in Granville County, North Carolina
”.
North Carolina Historical Review
68
(
1991
):
237
60
.
Engels
,
Friedrich
.
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State
. Edited by
Leacock
Eleanor Burke
.
New York
:
International Publishers
,
1972
.
Escott
,
Paul D.
Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege North Carolina, 1850–1900
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1985
.
Evans
,
W. McKee
.
Ballots and Fence Rails: Reconstruction on the Lower Cape Fear
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1966
.
Farmer
,
Ashley
. “
Reframing African American Women’s Grassroots Organizing: Audley Moore and the Universal Association of Ethiopian Women, 1957–1963
.”
Journal of African American History
101
(
2016
):
69
96
.
Farmer-Kaiser
,
Mary
.
Freedwomen and the Freedmen’s Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
2010
.
Farnham
,
Thomas J.
, and
King
Francis P.
. “
‘The March of the Destroyer’: The New Bern Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1864
.”
North Carolina Historical Review
73
, no.
4
(
October
1996
):
435
83
.
Faust
,
Drew Gilpin
.
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
2008
.
Feimster
,
Crystal
. “
General Benjamin Butler and the Threat of Sexual Violence during the American Civil War
”.
Daedalus
138
, no.
2
(
2009
):
126
34
.
Feimster
,
Crystal
. “
The Impact of Racial and Sexual Politics on Women’s History
”.
Journal of American History
99
(
2012
):
822
26
.
Feimster
,
Crystal
.
Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2009
.
Fields
,
Barbara J.
Ideology and Race in American History
.” In
Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward
, edited by
Morgan Kousser
J.
and
McPherson
James
,
143
77
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1982
.
Finkelman
,
Paul
, ed.
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
. Vol.
2
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2006
.
Foner
,
Eric
.
Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1993
.
Foner
,
Eric
.
Give Me Liberty: An American History
. 5th ed.
New York
:
Norton
,
2017
.
Foner
,
Eric
.
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
.
New York
:
Harper and Row
,
1989
.
Forbes
,
Ella
.
African American Women during the Civil War
.
New York
:
Garland
,
1998
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, An Introduction
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1990
.
Franke
,
Kathrine
. “
Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages
.”
Yale Journal of Law and Humanities
11
(
1999
):
251
309
.
Frankel
,
Noralee
.
Freedom’s Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
,
1999
.
Franklin
,
John Hope
.
The Free Negro in North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1943
.
Fraser
,
Nancy
. “
Struggle over Needs: Outline of a Socialist-Feminist Critical Theory of Late Capitalist Political Culture
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
199
225
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Fraser
,
Nancy
.
Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Con temporary Social Theory
.
Minneapolis
:
University of Minnesota Press
,
1993
.
Fraser
,
Nancy
, and
Gordon
Linda
. “
A Genealogy of Dependency: Tracing a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State
.”
Signs
19
(
1994
):
309
36
.
Fuentes
,
Marisa J.
Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
2016
.
Gaines
,
Kevin K.
Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Gilmore
,
Glenda Elizabeth
.
Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Gilmore
,
Glenda E.
Murder, Memory, and the Flight of the Incubus
.” In
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy
, edited by
Cecelski
David
and
Tyson
Timothy
,
73
94
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1998
.
Glasson
,
William H.
Federal Military Pensions in the United States
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1918
.
Glasson
,
William H.
History of Military Pension Legislation in the United States
.
New York
:
Columbia University Press
,
1900
.
Glasson
,
William H.
The National Pension System as Applied to the Civil War and the War with Spain
”.
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
19
(
1902
):
40
62
.
Glenn
,
Evelyn Nakano
.
Forced to Care: Coercion and Caregiving in America
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2010
.
Glenn
,
Evelyn Nakano
,
Chang
Grace
, and
Forcey
Linda Rennie
, eds.
Mothering: Ideology, Experience, and Agency
.
New York
:
Routledge
,
1993
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
. “
Du Bois’s Black Reconstruction and Slave Women’s War for Freedom
”.
South Atlantic Quarterly
112
(
2013
):
489
505
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
. “
‘Invisible Disabilities’: Black Women in War and Freedom
.”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
160
(
2016
):
237
46
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
.
Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation House hold
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2008
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
. “
Rose’s War and the Gendered Politics of a Slave Insurgency in the Civil War
”.
Journal of the Civil War Era
3
(
2013
):
501
32
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
.
The Women’s Fight: The Civil War’s Battle for Home, Freedom, and Nation
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2020
.
Goodwin
,
Joanne L.
‘Employable Mothers’ and ‘Suitable Work’: A Re-Evaluation of Welfare and Wage-Earning for Women in the Twentieth-Century United States
.”
Journal of Social History
29
(
1995
):
253
74
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Black and White Visions of Welfare Reform: Women’s Welfare Activism, 1890–1945
.”
Journal of American History
78
(
1991
):
539
50
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Family Violence, Feminism, and Social Control
”.
Feminist Studies
12
(
1986
):
453
78
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Gender, State and Society: A Debate with Theda Skocpol
.”
Contention
2
(
1993
):
139
56
.
Gordon
,
Linda
.
The Great Arizona Abduction
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1999
.
Gordon
,
Linda
.
Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence
.
New York
:
Viking
,
1998
.
Gordon
,
Linda
.
Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare
.
New York
:
Free Press
,
1994
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Response to Theda Skocpol
”.
Contention
2
(
1993
):
185
89
.
Gordon
,
Linda, ed
.
Women, the State, and Welfare
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Greenwood
,
Janette Thomas
.
Bittersweet Legacy: The Black and White “Better Classes” in Charlotte, 1850–1910
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1994
.
Greenwood
,
Janette Thomas
.
First Fruits of Freedom: The Migration of Former Slaves and Their Search for Equality in Worchester, Massachusetts, 1862–1900
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2009
.
Gross
,
Kali N.
African American Women, Mass Incarceration, and the Politics of Protection
”.
Journal of American History
102
(
June
2015
):
25
33
.
Gross
,
Kali N.
Colored Amazons: Crime, Violence, and Black Women in the City of Brotherly Love, 1880–1910
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
,
2006
.
Grossberg
,
Michael
.
Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1985
.
Gutman
,
Herbert
.
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1976
.
Hahn
,
Steven
.
A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
,
2003
.
Hahn
,
Steven
,
Miller
Steven F.
,
O’Donovan
Susan E.
,
Rodrigue
John C.
, and
Rowland
Leslie
, eds.
Land and Labor, 1865. Ser. 3, vol. 1 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Haines
,
Zenas
.
Letters from the Forty-Fourth Regiment M.V.M.: A Record of the Experience of a Nine Months’ Regiment in the Department of North Carolina in 1862–3
.
Boston
:
Herald Job Office
,
1863
.
Haley
,
Sarah
.
No Mercy Here: Gender, Punishment, and the Making of Jim Crow Modernity
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2016
.
Hall
,
Jacquelyn Dowd
. “
Ola Delight Smith’s Progressive Era: Labor, Feminism, and Reform in the Urban South
.” In
Visible Women: New Essays on American Activism
, edited by
Hewitt
Nancy A.
and
Lebsock
Suzanne
,
166
98
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1993
.
De Roulhac Hamilton
,
Joseph G.
. “
The Freedmen’s Bureau in North Carolina
”.
South Atlantic Quarterly
8
(
1909
):
53
67
, 154–63.
Hannigan
,
Charles Francis
.
New Bern: “The Athens of North Carolina”
.
New York
:
Whitehead
,
1927
.
Harley
,
Sharon
. “
For the Good of Family and Race: Gender, Work, and Domestic Roles in the Black Community, 1880–1930
.”
Signs
15
(
1990
):
336
49
.
Harris
,
Cheryl
. “
Whiteness as Property
”.
Harvard Law Review
106
(
1993
):
1709
91
.
Harris
,
M. Keith
. “
Slavery, Emancipation, and Veterans of the Union Cause: Commemorating Freedom in the Era of Reconciliation
.”
Civil War History
53
(
2007
):
264
90
.
Hartman
,
Saidiya
.
Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Social Upheaval
.
New York
:
Norton
,
2019
.
Hayden
,
René
,
Kaye
Anthony E.
,
Masur
Kate
,
Miller
Steven F.
,
O’Donovan
Susan E.
,
Rowland
Leslie
, and
West
Stephen A.
.
Land and Labor, 1866–67. Ser. 3., vol. 2 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2013
.
Heinegg
,
Paul
.
Free African Americans in North Carolina
. 2nd ed.
Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia
:
Heinegg
,
1991
.
Hickel
,
K. Walter
. “
Justice and the Highest Kind of Equality Require Discrimination: Citizenship, Dependency, and Conscription in the South, 1917–1919
.”
Journal of Southern History
66
(
2000
):
749
80
.
Hickel
,
K. Walter
. “
War, Region, and Social Welfare: Federal Aid to Servicemen’s Dependents in the South, 1917–1921
.”
Journal of American History
87
(
2001
):
1362
91
.
Hicks
,
Cheryl
.
Talk with You Like a Woman: African American Women, Justice, and Reform in New York, 1890–1935
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2010
.
Higginbotham
,
Evelyn B.
African-American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race
”.
Signs
17
(
1992
):
251
74
.
Higginbotham
,
Evelyn B.
Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1993
.
Hine
,
Darlene Clark
. “
Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West
”.
Signs
14
(
1989
):
912
20
.
Hodes
,
Martha
, ed.
Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History
.
New York
:
New York University Press
,
1999
.
Hodes
,
Martha
.
White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South
.
New Haven, CT
:
Yale University Press
,
1997
.
Holder
,
Anne
. “
What’s Sex Got to Do with It: Race, Power, Citizenship, and ‘Intermediate Identities’ in the Post-Emancipation South
.”
Journal of African American History
93
(
2008
):
153
73
.
Holt
,
Thomas
. “
‘An Empire over the Mind’: Emancipation, Race, and Ideology in the British West Indies and the American South
.” In
Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward
, edited by
Morgan Kousser
J.
and
McPherson
James M.
,
283
313
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1982
.
Hood
,
James Walker
.
One Hundred Years of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church; or, The Centennial of African Methodism
.
New York
:
AME Zion Book Concern
,
1895
.
Hunter
,
Tera
.
Bound in Wedlock: Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2017
.
Hunter
,
Tera
.
To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1997
.
Jackson
,
Ronald Vern
.
1890 North Carolina Census Index: Special Schedule of the Eleventh Census (1890) Enumerating Union Veterans and of Union Veterans of the Civil War
.
North Salt Lake, UT
:
Accelerated Indexing Systems
,
1984
.
James
,
Horace
.
Freedman’s Affairs, North Carolina, 1864–5: Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina, 1864, with an Appendix Containing the History and Management of the Freedmen in This Department up to June 1st, 1865
.
Boston
:
Brown
,
1865
.
Johnson
,
Guion Griffis
.
Ante-Bellum North Carolina: A Social History
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1937
.
Jones
,
Jacqueline
.
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1984
.
Jones
,
Martha
.
Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2018
.
Justesen
,
Benjamin R.
George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race of Life
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2001
.
Kaiser
,
John James
. “
‘Masters Determined to Be Masters’: The 1821 Insurrectionary Scare in Eastern North Carolina
.”
Master’s thesis
,
North Carolina State University
,
2006
.
Katznelson
,
Ira
.
When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial In equality in Twentieth-Century America
.
New York
:
Norton
,
2005
.
Kaye
,
Anthony
.
Joining Places: Slave Neighborhoods in the Old South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2007
.
Kelley
,
Robin D. G.
Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination
.
New York
:
Beacon
,
2002
.
Kelley
,
Robin D. G.
‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South
.”
Journal of American History
80
(
1993
):
75
112
.
Kenzer
,
Robert C.
The Uncertainty of Life: A Profile of Virginia’s Civil War Widows
.” In
The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War
, edited by
Cashin
Joan E.
,
112
35
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
,
2002
.
Kerber
,
Linda K.
No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship
.
New York
:
Hill and Wang
,
1998
.
Kessler-Harris
,
Alice
. “
Designing Women and Old Fools: The Construction of the Social Security Amendments of 1939
.” In
U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays
, edited by
K. Kerber
Linda
,
Kessler-Harris
Alice
, and
Sklar
Kathryn Kish
,
87
106
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1995
.
Kessler-Harris
,
Alice
.
In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in 20th-Century America
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2001
.
Kornbluh
,
Felicia Ann
.
The Battle for Welfare Rights
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
2007
.
Kornbluh
,
Felicia Ann
. “
To Fulfill Their ‘Rightly Needs’: Consumerism and the National Welfare Rights Movement
.”
Radical History Review
69
(
1997
):
76
113
.
Kretz
,
Dale
. “
Pensions and Protest: Former Slaves and the Reconstructed American State
.”
Journal of the Civil War Era
7
(
2017
):
425
45
.
Krowl
,
Michelle A.
African American Women and the United States Military in Civil War Virginia
.” In
Afro-Virginian History and Culture
, edited by
Saillant
John
,
173
210
.
New York
:
Garland
,
1999
.
Lebsock
,
Suzanne
.
The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784–1860
.
New York
:
Norton
,
1985
.
Lee
,
Chana Kai
.
For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1999
.
LeFlouria
,
Talitha
.
Chained in Silence: Black Women and Convict Labor in the New South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2015
.
Lemke-Santangelo
,
Gretchen
.
Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Levenstein
,
Lisa
.
A Movement without Marches: African American Women and the Politics of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2009
.
Lindsey
,
Treva B.
Colored No More: Reinventing Black Womanhood in Washington, D.C.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
2017
.
Litwack, Leon
.
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
1979
.
Logan
,
Frenise A.
The Negro in North Carolina, 1876–1894
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1964
.
Logan
,
Rayford
.
The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson
.
New York
:
Collier
,
1965
.
Long
,
Gretchen
.
Doctoring Freedom: The Politics of African American Medical Care in Slavery and Emancipation
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2012
.
Lowry
,
Thomas
.
Sexual Misbehavior in the Civil War: A Compendium
.
Bloomington, IN
:
Xlibris
,
2006
.
Magdol
,
Edward
.
A Right to the Land: Essays on the Freedmen’s Community
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
1977
.
Manning
,
Chandra
.
Troubled Refuge: Struggling for Freedom in the Civil War
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
2016
.
Martin
,
Jonathan
. “
Craven County (1705)
.”
North Carolina History Project
.
Raleigh, NC
:
John Locke Foundation
,
2016
. .
Martin
,
Michael T.
, and
Yaquinto
Marilyn
, eds.
Redress for Historical Injustices in the United States: On Reparations for Slavery, Jim Crow, and Their Legacies
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
,
2007
.
Masur
,
Kate
. “
‘A Rare Phenomenon of Philological Vegetation’: The Word ‘Contraband’ and the Meanings of Emancipation in the United States
.”
Journal of American History
93
(
2007
):
1050
84
.
McClintock
,
Megan
. “
Binding Up the Nation’s Wounds: Nationalism, Civil War Pensions, and American Families, 1861–1890
.”
Ph.D. diss.
,
Rutgers University
,
1994
.
McClintock
,
Megan
. “
Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families
”.
Journal of American History
83
(
1996
):
456
80
.
McClintock
,
Megan
. “
The Impact of the Civil War on 19th Century Marriages
.” In
Union Soldiers and the Northern Homefront: War time Experiences, Postwar Adjustments
, edited by
Cimbala
Paul
and
Miller
Randall M.
,
395
416
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
2002
.
McCrady
,
Edward
Jr.
, and
Ashe
Samuel
.
Cyclopedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas
. Vol.
2
.
Madison, WI
:
Brant and Fuller
,
1892
.
McCurry
,
Stephanie
.
Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2010
.
McGuire
,
Danielle
.
At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance— A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power
.
New York
:
Vintage Books
,
2010
.
Mills
,
Quincy T.
Cutting across the Color Line: Black Barbers and Barber Shops in America
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
2013
.
Mink
,
Gwendolyn
. “
The Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race, and the Origins of the American Welfare State
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
92
122
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Mink
,
Gwendolyn
.
The Wages of Motherhood: In equality in the Welfare State, 1917–1942
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
,
1995
.
Mitchell
,
Michelle
. “
Silences Broken, Silences Kept: Gender and Sexuality in African American History
.”
Gender and History
11
, no.
3
(
1999
):
433
44
.
Mobley
,
Joe A.
James City: A Black Community in North Carolina, 1863–1900
.
Raleigh
:
North Carolina State Archives
,
1981
.
Morrison
,
Toni, ed
.
Racing Justice, Engendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality
.
New York
:
Pantheon
,
1992
.
New Bern, N.C. Directory, 1880 and 1881
.
Richmond, VA
:
Hill Directory Company
,
1881
.
New England Freedmen’s Aid Society
.
Second Annual Report of the New England Freedmen’s Aid Society
.
Boston
:
New England Freedmen’s Aid Society
,
1864
.
North Carolina
.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, at Its Session of 1870–71
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Moore
,
1871
.
North Carolina
.
Public Laws of the State of North Carolina, Passed by the General Assembly at the Sessions of 1866 ’67
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Pell
,
1867
.
North Carolina
.
Revised Code of North Carolina, Enacted by the General Assembly at the Session of 1854; Together with Other Acts of Public and General Nature, Passed at the Same Session
.
Boston
:
Little, Brown
,
1855
.
North Carolina, Constitutional Convention
.
Executive Documents: Convention, Session 1865: Constitution of North Carolina, with Amendments, and Ordinances and Resolutions Passed by the Convention, Session, 1865
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Cannon and Holden
,
1865
.
Norwood
,
Arlisha
. “
Single Women without Men: Single African-American Women in Civil War and Post Civil War Virginia
.”
Ph.D. diss.
,
Howard University
,
2019
.
O’Brien
,
Gail Williams
.
The Color of the Law: Race, Violence, and Justice in the Post–World War II South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1999
.
O’Donovan
,
Susan
.
Becoming Free in the Cotton South
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2007
.
O’Leary
,
Cecilia Elizabeth
.
To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
,
1999
.
Oliver
,
John William
.
History of the Civil War Military Pensions, 1861–1885
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1917
.
Orleck
,
Annelise
.
Storming Caesar’s Palace: How Black Mothers Fought Their Own War on Poverty
.
Boston
:
Beacon
,
2006
.
Outland
,
Robert B.
III
. “
Slavery, Work, and Geography of North Carolina Naval Stores Industry, 1835–1860
.”
Journal of Southern History
62
(
1996
):
27
56
.
Parramore
,
T. C.
Foster, Charles Henry
.” In
Dictionary of North Carolina Biography
, edited by
Powell
William S.
,
2
:
227
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2000
.
Patterson Green
,
John
.
Fact Stranger than Fiction: Seventy-Five Years of a Busy Life with Reminiscences of Many Great and Good Men and Women
.
Cleveland, OH
:
Riehl
,
1920
.
Penningroth
,
Dylan C.
The Claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2003
.
Plant
,
Rebecca Jo
, and
Clarke
Frances M.
. “
‘The Crowning Insult’: Federal Segregation and the Gold Star Mother and Widow Pilgrimages of the Early 1930s
.”
Journal of American History
102
(
2015
):
406
32
.
Prather
,
H. Leon
.
We Have Taken a City: Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898
.
Cranbury, NJ
:
Associated University Presses
,
1984
.
Quadagno
,
Jill
.
The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1994
.
Quarles
,
Benjamin
.
The Negro in the Civil War
. Introduction by
McFeely
William
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Da Capo
,
1989
.
Randolph
,
Sherie M.
Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, the Metalanguage of Race, and the Genealogy of Black Feminist Legal Theory
.”
Signs
42
(
2017
):
621
28
.
Randolph
,
Thomas P.
, and
Hall
Edward
, comps.
The Pension Attorney’s Guide: A Ready Reference to the Laws of States Relating to Pensions, the Standard Decisions upon All Matters
.
Washington, DC
:
Sheiry
,
1892
.
Redkey
,
Edwin S.
, ed.
A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861–1865
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1992
.
Regosin
,
Elizabeth A.
Freedom’s Promise: Ex-Slave Families and Citizenship in the Age of Emancipation
.
Charlottesville
:
University Press of Virginia
,
2002
.
Regosin
,
Elizabeth A.
, and
Shaffer
Donald
, eds.
Voices of Emancipation: Understanding Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction through the U.S. Pension Bureau Files
.
New York
:
New York University Press
,
2008
.
Reid
,
George W.
Four in Black: North Carolina’s Black Congressmen, 1874–1901
.”
Journal of Negro History
64
(
1979
):
229
43
.
Reid
,
Richard
.
Freedom for Themselves: North Carolina’s Black Soldiers in the Civil War Era
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Reid
,
Richard
. “
Government Policy, Prejudice, and the Experience of Black Civil War Soldiers and Their Families
.”
Journal of Family Histor y
27
(
2002
):
374
98
.
Reid
,
Richard
. “
Raising the African Brigade: Early Black Recruitment in Civil War North Carolina
.”
North Carolina Historical Review
70
(
1993
):
266
301
.
Reiff
,
Janice L.
,
Dahlin
Michel R.
, and
Smith
Daniel Scott
. “
Rural Push and Urban Pull: Work and Family Experiences of Older Black Women in Southern Cities, 1880–1900
.”
Journal of Social History
16
(
1983
):
39
48
.
Roberts
,
Dorothy
.
Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty
.
New York
:
Pantheon
,
1997
.
Robinson
,
Armstead L.
Plans Dat Comed from God: Institution Building and the Emergence of Black Leadership in Reconstruction Memphis
.” In
Toward a New South? Studies in Post–Civil War Southern Communities
, edited by
Burton
Orville Vernon
and
McMath
Robert C.
Jr.
,
71
102
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
1982
.
Rodrigue
,
John C.
Black Agency after Slavery
.” In
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States
, edited by
Brown
Thomas
,
40
65
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2006
.
Romeo
,
Sharon
.
Gender and Jubilee: Black Freedom and the Reconstruction of Citizenship in Civil War Missouri
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2016
.
Rose
,
Nancy E.
Gender, Race, and the Welfare State: Government Work Programs from the 1930s to the Present
.”
Feminist Studies
19
(
1993
):
318
42
.
Rosen
,
Hannah
. “
‘Not that Sort of Woman’: Race, Gender, and Sexual Violence in the Memphis Riots of 1866
.” In
Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History
, edited by
Hodes
Martha
,
267
93
.
New York
:
New York University Press
,
1999
.
Rosen
,
Hannah
.
Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Rothman
,
Joshua D.
Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2003
.
Sapiro
,
Virginia
. “
The Gender Basis of American Social Policy
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
36
54
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Scarborough
,
William Kauffman
.
Masters of the Big House: Elite Slaveholders of the Mid-Nineteenth-Century South
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2003
.
Schecter
,
Patricia A.
‘All the Intensity of My Nature’: Ida B. Wells, Anger, and Politics
.”
Radical History Review
70
(
1998
):
48
77
.
Schultz
,
Jane E.
Race, Gender, and Bureaucracy: Civil War Army Nurses and the Pension Bureau
.”
Journal of Women’s History
6
(
1994
):
45
69
.
Schwalm
,
Leslie
.
A Hard Fight for We: Women’s Transitions from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1997
.
Schwartzberg
,
Beverly
. “
‘Lots of Them Did That’: Desertion, Bigamy, and Marital Fluidity in Late-Nineteenth-Century America
.”
Journal of Social History
37
(
2004
):
573
600
.
Schweninger
,
Loren
. “
Black-Owned Businesses in the South, 1790–1880
.”
Business History Review
63
(
1989
):
22
60
.
Schweninger
,
Loren
. “
John Carruthers Stanly and the Anomaly of Black Slaveholding
”.
North Carolina Historical Review
67
(
1990
):
159
92
.
Schweninger
,
Loren
. “
Property Owning Free African-American Women in the South, 1800–1870
.”
Journal of Women’s History
1
(
1990
):
13
44
.
Scott
,
Rebecca J.
The Battle over the Child: Child Apprenticeship and the Freedman’s Bureau in North Carolina
.”
Prologue
10
(
1978
):
101
13
.
Sefton
,
James
.
The United States Army and Reconstruction, 1865–1877
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
1967
.
Shaffer
,
Donald
.
After the Glory: The Struggles of Black Civil War Veterans
.
Lawrence
:
University Press of Kansas
,
2004
.
Shaffer
,
Donald
. “
‘I Do Not Suppose that Uncle Sam Looks at the Skin’: African Americans and the Civil War Pension System, 1865–1934
.”
Civil War History
46
(
2000
):
132
47
.
Shaw
,
Stephanie
. “
Black Club Women and the Creation of the National Association of Colored Women
”.
Journal of Women’s History
3
(
1991
):
10
25
.
Shotwell
,
R. A.
New Bern Mercantile and Manufacturer’s Business Directory and North Carolina Farmers Reference Book
.
New Bern, NC
:
W. E. Vestal
,
1866
.
Silkenat
,
David
.
Driven from Home: North Carolina’s Civil War Refugee Crisis
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2016
.
Simpson
,
Brooks D.
,
Graf
LeRoy P.
, and
Muldowny
John
eds.
Advice after Appomattox: Letters to Andrew Johnson, 1865–1866
.
Knoxville
:
University of Tennessee Press
,
1987
.
Sims
,
Anastatia
.
The Power of Femininity in the New South
.
Columbia
:
University of South Carolina Press
,
1997
.
Singleton
,
William Henry
.
Recollection of the Slavery Days
.
Introduction and annotations by Katherine Mellen Charron and David Cecelski
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2007
.
Skocpol
,
Theda
. “
America’s First Social Security System: The Expansion of Benefits for Civil War Veterans
.”
Political Science Quarterly
108
(
1993
):
85
116
.
Skocpol
,
Theda
.
Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1992
.
Slap
,
Andrew L.
‘No Regular Marriage’: African American Veterans and Marriage Practices during Reconstruction
.” In
This Distracted and Anarchical People: New Answers for Old Questions about the Civil War Era North
, edited by
Slap
Andrew L.
and
Smith
Michael T.
,
171
83
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
2013
.
Smith
,
Jessie Carnie
, ed.
Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture
.
Vols. 1–4
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
2011
.
Smith
,
Suzanne E.
,
To Serve the Living: Funeral Directors and the African American Way of Death
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2010
.
Sommerville
,
Dianne
. “
The Rape Myth in the Old South Reconsidered
”.
Journal of Southern History
61
(
1995
):
481
518
.
Stanley
,
Amy Dru
. “
Conjugal Bonds and Wage Labor: Rights of Contract in the Age of Emancipation
.”
Journal of American History
75
(
1988
):
471
500
.
Stansell
,
Christine
.
City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
1986
.
Stevenson
,
Brenda
.
Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1996
.
Stevenson
,
Brenda
. “
What’s Love Got to Do with It?: Concubinage and Enslaved Black Women and Girls in the Antebellum South
.”
Journal of African American History
98
(
2013
):
99
124
.
Stoler
,
Ann Laura
.
Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate Colonial Rule
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
,
2010
.
Stowell
,
Daniel W.
Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1998
.
Taylor
,
Amy Murrell
.
Embattled Freedom: Journeys through the Civil War’s Slave Refugee Camps
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2018
.
Taylor
,
Keenga-Yamahtta
.
From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation
.
Chicago
:
Haymarket Books
,
2016
.
Taylor
,
Susie King
.
Reminiscences of My Life in Camp: An African American Woman’s Civil War Memoir
.
Introduction by Catherine Clinton
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2006
.
Thompson
,
E. P.
The Making of the English Working Class
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1990
.
Turner’s North Carolina Almanac
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards and Broughton
,
1873
.
U.S. Congress
.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865–66. House Report no. 30
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1866
.
U.S. Congress. House
.
House Documents, Otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2nd Session–49th Congress, 1st Session
.
U.S. Congressional Serials Set
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1871
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898
.
Washington DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1898
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1901
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1901
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1910
. Vol.
1
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1911
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Decisions of the Department of the Interior, Pensions and Bounty-Land Claims, 1887–1930
.
22 vols.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
n.d.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Laws of the United States Governing the Granting of Army and Navy Pensions Together with Regulations Relating Thereto
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1916
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1898
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
General Instructions to Special Examiners of the United States Pension Office, August 16, 1881
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1881
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
List of Pensioners on the Roll January 1, 1883; Giving the Names of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Which Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance, as Called for by Senate Resolution of December 8, 1882
.
1883
.
Baltimore, MD
:
Genealogical Publishing
,
1970
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
A Treatise on the Practice of the Pension Bureau, Governing the Adjudication of Army and Navy Pensions: Being the Unwritten Practice Formulated by Calvin B. Walker
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1882
.
U.S. War Department
.
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
.
128 vols
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1880–1901
.
Vass
,
Lachlan Cumming
.
History of the Presbyterian Church in New Bern, N.C., with a Resumé of Early Ecclesiastical Affairs in Eastern North Carolina and a Sketch of the Early Days of New Bern, N.C.
Richmond, VA
:
Whittet and Shepperson
,
1886
.
Vinovskis
,
Maris, ed
.
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1990
.
Vogel
,
Jeffrey E.
Redefining Reconciliation: Confederate Veterans and the Southern Reponses to Federal Civil War Pensions
.”
Civil War History
51
(
2005
):
67
93
.
Walbert
,
David
. “
Distribution of Land and Slaves
.” In
Antebellum North Carolina, North Carolina Digital History
.
Chapel Hill
:
Learn NC, University of North Carolina
,
2009
. .
Walker
,
Juliet E. K.
The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2009
.
Walkowitz
,
Judith R.
City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
,
1992
.
Watson
,
Alan
.
History of New Bern and Craven County
.
New Bern, NC
:
Tryon Palace Commission
,
1987
.
Watson
,
Irving A.
, ed. and comp.
Physicians and Surgeons of America
.
Concord, NH
:
Republican Press Association
,
1896
.
Weber
,
Gustavus Adolphus
.
The Bureau of Pensions: Its History, Activities and Organization
.
Baltimore, MD
:
Johns Hopkins University Press
,
1923
.
Welke
,
Barbara Y.
When All Women Were White, and All Blacks Were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855–1914
.”
Law and History Review
13
(
1995
):
261
316
.
White
,
Deborah Gray
.
Arn’t I A Woman: Female Slaves in the Plantation South
.
New York
:
Norton
,
2011
.
White
,
Deborah Gray
. “
Mining the Forgotten: Manuscript Sources for Black Women’s History
.”
Journal of American History
74
(
1987
):
237
42
.
White
,
George H.
Defense of the Negro Race—Charges Answered: Speech of Hon. George H. White, of North Carolina, in the House of Representatives, January 29, 1901
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1901
.
Whitted
,
Rev. J. A.
A History of Negro Baptist in Eastern North Carolina
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards and Broughton
,
1908
.
Williams
,
Heather
.
Help Me Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2012
.
Williams
,
Heather
.
Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2007
.
Williams
,
Linda
.
Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America
.
University Park
:
Pennsylvania State University Press
,
2004
.
Wilson
,
James Grant
, and
Fiske
John
.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography
.
6 vols
.
New York
:
Appleton
,
1900
.
Wolfram
,
Walt
, and
Thomas
Erik
.
The Development of African American English
.
Hoboken, NJ
:
Wiley-Blackwell
,
2002
.
Wood
,
Kirsten
.
Masterful Women: Slaveholding Widows from the American Revolution through the Civil War
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2004
.
Woodward
,
C. Vann
.
The Strange Career of Jim Crow
. 3rd rev. ed.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1974
.
Works Projects Administration
.
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves
. Vol.
11
, part
2
.
Washington, DC
:
Library of Congress
,
1941
.
Wright
,
Richard
.
Black Boy: A Recollection of Childhood and Youth
.
New York
:
Harper and Row
,
1945
.
Zipf
,
Karin
.
Labor of Innocents: Forced Apprenticeship in North Carolina, 1715–1919
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2005
.
Zipf
,
Karin
. “
Promises of Opportunity: The Freedmen’s Savings and Trust Company Bank in New Bern, North Carolina
.”
Master’s thesis
,
University of Georgia
,
1994
.

Figures & Tables

Contents

Advertisement

References

Bibliography

Archival Records

Duke University, Durham, North Carolina DAVID M. RUBENSTEIN RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY John Heritage Bryan Papers, 1735–1956

East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina J. Y. JOYNER LIBRARY, EAST CAROLINA MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION William Horner Collection: Frederick C. Douglass Papers

Library of Congress, Washington, DC Prints and Photo graphs Online Catalog

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC RECORD GROUP 15: RECORDS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, 1773–2007

Case Files of Attorneys, Agents, Pensioners, and Others Relating to the Prosecution of Pension Claims and the Investigation of Fraudulent Practices. Legal Records. Records of the Bureau of Pensions and Its Predecessors, 1805–1915.

Civil War Pension Index: General Index to Pension Files, 1861–1934.

Organization Index to Pension Files of Veterans Who Served between 1861 and 1900. National Archives Microfilm Series T-289.

Register of Appointments and Assignments, 1882–1905, vols. 1–3.

Special Examiners’ Division, July 1902–1904.

Special Schedules of the Eleventh Census (1890) Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Union Veterans of the Civil War. National Archives Microfilm Publication M123, 118 rolls.

Record Group 29: Records Of The Bureau Of The Census

RECORD GROUP 92: RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL, 1774–1985

RECORD GROUP 94: RECORDS OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL’S OFFICE, 1780s–1917

Compiled Military Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Belonging to the 31st through 35th Infantry Units, Organized for Service with the United States Colored Troops. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1992, 86 rolls.

Compiled Military Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Belonging to the 36th through 40th Infantry Units, Organized for Service with the United States Colored Troops. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1993, 116 rolls.

Compiled Military Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Belonging to the Artillery Units Organized for Service with the United States Colored Troops. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1818, 299 rolls.

RECORD GROUP 101: RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY Register of Signatures of Depositors in Branches of the Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company, 1865–1874. National Archives Microfilm Publication M816.

RECORD GROUP 105: RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF REFUGEES, FREEDMEN, AND ABANDONED LANDS, 1865–1870

Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of North Carolina, National Archives Microfilm Publication M843, 38 rolls.

RECORD GROUP 163: RECORDS OF THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM (WORLD WAR I)

RECORD GROUP 233: RECORDS OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Barred and Disallowed Case Files of the Southern Claims Commission, 1871–1880. National Archives Microfilm Publication M1407, 4,829 fiche.

New York Public Library, New York RARE BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPT DIVISION Charles Alexander Nelson Papers

North Carolina State Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh

CRAVEN COUNTY RECORDS

Death Certificates, 1909–1976

Marriage Records, 1741–2011

Superior Court, Criminal Action Papers, 1778–1906

Wills and Probate Records

University of Mary land, College Park, Department of History

Freedmen and Southern Society Project

Other Sources
Adler
,
Jeffrey
. “ ‘
Bessie Done Cut Her Old Man’: Race, Common-Law Marriage, and Homicide in New Orleans, 1925–1945
.”
Journal of Social History
44
(
2010
):
123
43
.
Alexander
,
Leslie
. “
The Challenge of Race: Rethinking the Position of Black Women in the Field of Women’s History
.”
Journal of Women’s History
16
(Winter
2004
):
50
60
.
Alexander
,
Roberta Sue
.
North Carolina Faces the Freedmen: Race Relations during Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–67
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
,
1985
.
American Baptist Convention
.
American Baptist Year Book
.
Philadelphia
:
American Baptist Publication Society
,
1884
.
Amis
,
M. N.
,
comp.
North Carolina Criminal Code and Digest
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards, Broughton
,
1866
.
Amott
,
Teresa
. “
Black Women and AFDC: Making Entitlement out of Necessity
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
280
98
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Anderson
,
Eric
.
Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872–1901: The Black Second
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
1981
.
Anderson
,
Karen Tucker
. “
Last Hired, First Fired: Black Women Workers during World War II
.”
Journal of American History
69
(
1982
):
82
97
.
Annual Report of the Northern Baptist Convention, 1910
.
Philadelphia
:
American Baptist Publication Society
,
1910
.
Baber
,
George
, ed.
Cases Relating the Pension Claims, and to the Laws of the United States Granting and Governing Pensions
. Vol.
5
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1892
.
Baber
,
George, ed
.
Decisions of the Department of the Interior, in Cases Relating to Pension Claims, and to the Laws of the United States Granting and Governing Pensions
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1892
.
Baker
,
Paula
. “
The Domestication of American Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920
.”
American Historical Review
89
(
1984
):
620
47
.
Baldwin
,
Thomas
, and
Thomas
J.
.
A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States; Giving a Full and Comprehensive Review of the Present Condition, Industry, and Resources of the American Confederacy
.
Philadelphia
:
Lippincott, Grambo
,
1854
.
Baptist
,
Edward E.
‘Stol’ and Fetched Here’: Enslaved Migrations, Ex-Slave Narratives, and Vernacular History
.” In
New Studies in the History of American Slavery
, edited by
Baptist
Edward E.
and
Camp
Stephanie M. H.
,
243
74
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2006
.
Barber
,
Susan E.
, and
Ritter
Charles F.
. “
Dangerous Liaisons: Working Women and Sexual Justice in the American Civil War
.”
European Journal of American Studies
10
. no.
1
(
2015
). .
Barber
,
Susan E.
, and
Ritter
Charles F.
. “
‘Physical Abuse…and Rough Handling, Race, Gender, and Sexual Justice
.” In
Occupied Women: Gender, Military Occupation, and the American Civil War
, edited by
Whites
LeeAnn
and
Long
Alecia P.
,
49
64
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2009
.
Bardaglio
,
Peter W.
Reconstructing the House hold: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1995
.
Barrett
,
John G.
The Civil War in North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1963
.
Barton
,
Myers
.
Executing Daniel Bright: Race, Loyalty, and Guerrilla Violence in a Coastal Carolina County
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2009
.
Bassett
,
John Spencer
.
Slavery in the State of North Carolina
.
Baltimore, MD
:
Johns Hopkins University Press
,
1899
.
Bay
,
Mia
.
To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells
.
New York
:
Hill and Wang
,
2009
.
Beckel
,
Deborah
.
Radical Reform: Interracial Politics in Post-Emancipation North Carolina
.
Charlottesville
:
University of Virginia Press
,
2011
.
Bederman
,
Gail
.
Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
,
1995
.
Bentley
,
George R.
A History of the Freedmen’s Bureau
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
1955
.
Bercaw
,
Nancy
.
Gendered Freedoms: Race, Rights, and the Politics of the House hold in the Delta, 1861–1875
.
Gainesville
:
University of Florida Press
,
2003
.
Berkeley
,
Kathleen
. “
Colored Ladies Also Contributed: Black Women’s Activities from Benevolence to Society Welfare, 1866–1896
.” In
The Web of Southern Social Relations: Women, Family and Education
, edited by
Fraser
Walter J.
Jr.
,
Saunders
R. Frank
Jr.
, and
Wakelyn
Jon
,
181
203
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
1985
.
Berlin
,
Ira
.
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press
,
2000
.
Berlin
,
Ira
,
Miller
Steven F.
,
Reidy
Joseph P.
, and
Rowland
Leslie S.
, eds.
The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Upper South
.
Ser. 1, vol. 2 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1993
.
Berlin
,
Ira
,
Reidy
Joseph
, and
Rowland
Leslie
, eds.
The Black Military Experience. Ser. 2 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1982
.
Berry
,
Mary Frances
.
My Face Is Black Is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Slave Reparations
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
2005
.
Bishir
,
Catherine
.
Crafting Lives: African American Artisans in New Bern, North Carolina, 1770–1900
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2013
.
Blackmon
,
Douglas A.
Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
2008
.
Blight
,
David
.
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2000
.
Bloomfield
,
Maxwell
. “
From Deference to Confrontation: The Early Black Lawyers of Galveston, Texas, 1895–1920
.” In
The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post Civil War America
, edited by
Gawalt
Gerald
,
151
70
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
1984
.
Boris
,
Eileen
. “
On the Importance of Naming: Gender, Race, and the Writing of Policy History
.”
Journal of Policy History
17
, no.
1
(
2005
):
72
92
.
Boris
,
Eileen
. “
The Racialized Gender State: Conceptions of Citizenship in the United States
.”
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State, and Society
2
(
1995
):
160
80
.
Branson North Carolina Business Directory
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Branson
,
1884
.
Brimmer
,
Brandi
. “
Black Women’s Politics, Narratives of Sexual Immorality, and Pension Bureaucracy in Mary Lee’s North Carolina Neighborhood
”.
Journal of Southern History
80
(
2014
):
827
58
.
Brimmer
,
Brandi
. “
‘Her Claim for Pension Is Lawful and Just’: Representing Black Union Widows in Late-Nineteenth-Century North Carolina
.”
Journal of the Civil War Era
1
(
2011
):
207
36
.
Broadus
,
Thomas A.
The South and the Pension Bureau
”.
American Review of Reviews
23
(
1901
):
203
7
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
African-American Women’s Quilting: A Framework for Conceptualizing and Teaching African American Women’s History
.”
Signs
14
(
1989
):
921
29
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory
.” In
African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas
, edited by
Smitherman
Geneva
,
100
124
.
Detroit, MI
:
Wayne State University Press
,
1995
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African-American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom
.”
Public Culture
7
(
1994
):
107
46
.
Brown
,
Elsa Barkley
. “
‘What Has Happened Here’: The Politics of Difference in Women’s History and Feminist Politics
.”
Feminist Studies
18
(
1992
):
295
312
.
Brown
,
Kathleen
.
Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Brown
,
Leslie
. “
African American Women and Migration
.” In
The Practice of U.S. Women’s History
, edited by
Jay Kleinberg
Susan
,
Boris
Eileen
, and
Ruiz
Vicki L.
,
201
20
.
Piscataway, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
,
2007
.
Brown
,
Leslie
.
Upbuilding Black Durham: Gender, Class, and Black Community Development in the Jim Crow South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Browning
,
Judkin
. “
Removing the Mask of Nationality: Unionism, Racism, and Federal Military Occupation in North Carolina, 1862–1865
.”
Journal of Southern History
71
(
2005
):
589
620
.
Browning
,
Judkin
.
Shifting Loyalties: The Union Occupation of Eastern North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2011
.
Business Directory of the City of New Berne, N.C.: To which Is Added Historical and Statistical Matter of Interest
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards and Broughton
,
1893
.
Bynum
,
Victoria
.
Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1992
.
Canaday
,
Margot
. “
Building a Straight State: Sexuality and Social Citizenship under the 1944 GI Bill
.”
Journal of American History
90
(
2003
):
935
57
.
Carawan
,
Sandra S.
Hyde County’s Largest Plantation Owner of 1850 and 1860: John R. Donnell
.”
High Tides: Hyde County Historical Society Journal
, Spring
2000
,
36
41
.
Carby
,
Hazel V.
Policing Black Women’s Bodies in the Urban Context
”.
Critical Inquiry
18
(
1992
):
738
55
.
Carpenter
,
John A.
Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
1999
.
Cecelski
,
David
.
The Fire of Freedom: Abraham Galloway and the Slave’s Civil War
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2012
.
Cecelski
,
David
.
The Waterman’s Song: Slavery and Freedom in Maritime North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2001
.
Chesnutt
,
Charles W.
The Marrow of Tradition, 1901
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
,
1969
.
Clark-Lewis
,
Elizabeth
.
Living In, Living Out: African American Domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910–1940
.
Washington, DC
:
Smithsonian Institution Press
,
1994
.
Click
,
Patricia
.
Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen’s Colony, 1862–1867
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2001
.
Clinton
,
Catherine
. “
Reconstructing Freedwomen
.” In
Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War
, edited by
Clinton
Catherine
and
Silber
Nina
,
307
19
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1992
.
Clinton
,
Catherine
, and
Silber
Nina
, eds.
Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1992
.
Cohen
,
Cathy
. “
Deviance as Resistance: A New Research Agenda for the Study of Black Politics
.”
Du Bois Review
1
(
2004
):
27
45
.
Collins
,
Donald E.
Charles Henry Foster: A Unionist in Confederate North Carolina
.” In
The Human Tradition in the Civil War and Reconstruction
, edited by
Foster
Stephen
,
64
68
.
Wilmington, DE
:
Scholarly Resources
,
2000
.
Collins
,
Patricia Hill
.
Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment
.
New York
:
Routledge
,
1991
.
Colyer
,
Vincent
.
Report of the Services Rendered by the Freed People to the United States
.
New York
:
Vincent Colyer
,
1864
.
Cook-Bell
,
Karen
. “
Self-Emancipating Women, Civil War, and the Union Army in Southern Louisiana and Low Country Georgia
”.
Journal of African American History
101
(
2016
):
1
21
.
Cooper
,
Abigail
. “
‘Away I Goin’ to Find My Mama’: Self-Emancipation, Migration, and Kinship in Refugee Camps in the Civil War Era
.”
Journal of African American History
102
(
2017
):
444
67
.
Cooper
,
Brittney C.
Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
2017
.
Cott
,
Nancy
. “
Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830–1934
.”
American Historical Review
103
(
1998
):
1440
74
.
Cott
,
Nancy
.
Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2000
.
Cox-Richardson
,
Heather
.
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2001
.
Crocker
,
Ruth
. “
‘I Only Ask You Kindly to Divide Some of Your Fortune with Me’: Begging Letters and the Transformation of Charity in Late Nineteenth-Century America
.”
Social Politics
6
, no.
2
(
1999
):
131
60
.
Curtis
,
Frank B.
, and
Webster
William H.
, comps.
Digest of Laws of the United States Governing the Granting of Army and Navy Pensions and Bounty-Land Warrants; Decisions of the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, and Rulings and Orders of the Commissioner of Pensions Thereunder
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1885
.
Curwood
,
Anastasia
.
Stormy Weather: Middle-Class African American Marriages between the Two World Wars
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2010
.
Dabel
,
Jane
, and
Jenrich
Marissa
. “
Co-Opting Respectability: African American Women and Economic Redress in New York City, 1860–1910
.”
Journal of Urban History
43
(
2015
):
312
31
.
Dailey
,
Jane
. “
Deference and Violence in the Postbellum Urban South: Manners and Massacres in Danville, Virginia
.”
Journal of Southern History
63
(
1997
):
53
90
.
Delancy
,
Dayle B.
Vaccinating Freedom: Smallpox Prevention and the Discourses of African American Citizenship in Antebellum Philadelphia
.”
Journal of African American History
95
, nos.
3–4
(
2010
):
296
321
.
Dickerson
,
Dennis
. “
George A. Rue: Missionary Minister in New England and North Carolina
.”
AME Church Review
117
(
2001
):
46
54
.
Downs
,
Jim
.
Sick from Freedom: African American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2012
.
Du Bois
,
W. E. B.
Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay toward the Part which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
.
New York
:
Russell and Russell
,
1936
.
Du Bois
,
W. E. B.
Reconstruction and Its Benefits
.”
American Historical Association
15
(
1910
):
781
99
.
Du Bois
,
W. E. B.
The Souls of Black Folk
.
Chicago
:
McClurg
,
1903
.
Edmonds
,
Helen G.
The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894–1901
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1979
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
Captives of Wilmington: The Riot and Historical Memories of Political Conflict, 1865–1898
.” In
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and its Legacy
, edited by
Cecelski
David
and
Tyson
Timothy
,
113
42
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1998
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1997
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
‘The Marriage Covenant Is at the Foundation of All Our Rights’: The Politics of Slave Marriages in North Carolina after Emancipation
.”
Law and History Review
14
, no.
1
(
1996
):
81
124
.
Edwards
,
Laura F.
Sexual Violence, Gender, Reconstruction, and the Extension of Patriarchy in Granville County, North Carolina
”.
North Carolina Historical Review
68
(
1991
):
237
60
.
Engels
,
Friedrich
.
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State
. Edited by
Leacock
Eleanor Burke
.
New York
:
International Publishers
,
1972
.
Escott
,
Paul D.
Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege North Carolina, 1850–1900
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1985
.
Evans
,
W. McKee
.
Ballots and Fence Rails: Reconstruction on the Lower Cape Fear
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1966
.
Farmer
,
Ashley
. “
Reframing African American Women’s Grassroots Organizing: Audley Moore and the Universal Association of Ethiopian Women, 1957–1963
.”
Journal of African American History
101
(
2016
):
69
96
.
Farmer-Kaiser
,
Mary
.
Freedwomen and the Freedmen’s Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
2010
.
Farnham
,
Thomas J.
, and
King
Francis P.
. “
‘The March of the Destroyer’: The New Bern Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1864
.”
North Carolina Historical Review
73
, no.
4
(
October
1996
):
435
83
.
Faust
,
Drew Gilpin
.
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
2008
.
Feimster
,
Crystal
. “
General Benjamin Butler and the Threat of Sexual Violence during the American Civil War
”.
Daedalus
138
, no.
2
(
2009
):
126
34
.
Feimster
,
Crystal
. “
The Impact of Racial and Sexual Politics on Women’s History
”.
Journal of American History
99
(
2012
):
822
26
.
Feimster
,
Crystal
.
Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2009
.
Fields
,
Barbara J.
Ideology and Race in American History
.” In
Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward
, edited by
Morgan Kousser
J.
and
McPherson
James
,
143
77
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1982
.
Finkelman
,
Paul
, ed.
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
. Vol.
2
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2006
.
Foner
,
Eric
.
Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1993
.
Foner
,
Eric
.
Give Me Liberty: An American History
. 5th ed.
New York
:
Norton
,
2017
.
Foner
,
Eric
.
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
.
New York
:
Harper and Row
,
1989
.
Forbes
,
Ella
.
African American Women during the Civil War
.
New York
:
Garland
,
1998
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, An Introduction
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1990
.
Franke
,
Kathrine
. “
Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages
.”
Yale Journal of Law and Humanities
11
(
1999
):
251
309
.
Frankel
,
Noralee
.
Freedom’s Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
,
1999
.
Franklin
,
John Hope
.
The Free Negro in North Carolina
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1943
.
Fraser
,
Nancy
. “
Struggle over Needs: Outline of a Socialist-Feminist Critical Theory of Late Capitalist Political Culture
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
199
225
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Fraser
,
Nancy
.
Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Con temporary Social Theory
.
Minneapolis
:
University of Minnesota Press
,
1993
.
Fraser
,
Nancy
, and
Gordon
Linda
. “
A Genealogy of Dependency: Tracing a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State
.”
Signs
19
(
1994
):
309
36
.
Fuentes
,
Marisa J.
Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
2016
.
Gaines
,
Kevin K.
Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Gilmore
,
Glenda Elizabeth
.
Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Gilmore
,
Glenda E.
Murder, Memory, and the Flight of the Incubus
.” In
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy
, edited by
Cecelski
David
and
Tyson
Timothy
,
73
94
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1998
.
Glasson
,
William H.
Federal Military Pensions in the United States
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1918
.
Glasson
,
William H.
History of Military Pension Legislation in the United States
.
New York
:
Columbia University Press
,
1900
.
Glasson
,
William H.
The National Pension System as Applied to the Civil War and the War with Spain
”.
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
19
(
1902
):
40
62
.
Glenn
,
Evelyn Nakano
.
Forced to Care: Coercion and Caregiving in America
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2010
.
Glenn
,
Evelyn Nakano
,
Chang
Grace
, and
Forcey
Linda Rennie
, eds.
Mothering: Ideology, Experience, and Agency
.
New York
:
Routledge
,
1993
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
. “
Du Bois’s Black Reconstruction and Slave Women’s War for Freedom
”.
South Atlantic Quarterly
112
(
2013
):
489
505
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
. “
‘Invisible Disabilities’: Black Women in War and Freedom
.”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
160
(
2016
):
237
46
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
.
Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation House hold
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2008
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
. “
Rose’s War and the Gendered Politics of a Slave Insurgency in the Civil War
”.
Journal of the Civil War Era
3
(
2013
):
501
32
.
Glymph
,
Thavolia
.
The Women’s Fight: The Civil War’s Battle for Home, Freedom, and Nation
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2020
.
Goodwin
,
Joanne L.
‘Employable Mothers’ and ‘Suitable Work’: A Re-Evaluation of Welfare and Wage-Earning for Women in the Twentieth-Century United States
.”
Journal of Social History
29
(
1995
):
253
74
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Black and White Visions of Welfare Reform: Women’s Welfare Activism, 1890–1945
.”
Journal of American History
78
(
1991
):
539
50
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Family Violence, Feminism, and Social Control
”.
Feminist Studies
12
(
1986
):
453
78
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Gender, State and Society: A Debate with Theda Skocpol
.”
Contention
2
(
1993
):
139
56
.
Gordon
,
Linda
.
The Great Arizona Abduction
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1999
.
Gordon
,
Linda
.
Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence
.
New York
:
Viking
,
1998
.
Gordon
,
Linda
.
Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare
.
New York
:
Free Press
,
1994
.
Gordon
,
Linda
. “
Response to Theda Skocpol
”.
Contention
2
(
1993
):
185
89
.
Gordon
,
Linda, ed
.
Women, the State, and Welfare
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Greenwood
,
Janette Thomas
.
Bittersweet Legacy: The Black and White “Better Classes” in Charlotte, 1850–1910
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1994
.
Greenwood
,
Janette Thomas
.
First Fruits of Freedom: The Migration of Former Slaves and Their Search for Equality in Worchester, Massachusetts, 1862–1900
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2009
.
Gross
,
Kali N.
African American Women, Mass Incarceration, and the Politics of Protection
”.
Journal of American History
102
(
June
2015
):
25
33
.
Gross
,
Kali N.
Colored Amazons: Crime, Violence, and Black Women in the City of Brotherly Love, 1880–1910
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
,
2006
.
Grossberg
,
Michael
.
Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1985
.
Gutman
,
Herbert
.
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1976
.
Hahn
,
Steven
.
A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
,
2003
.
Hahn
,
Steven
,
Miller
Steven F.
,
O’Donovan
Susan E.
,
Rodrigue
John C.
, and
Rowland
Leslie
, eds.
Land and Labor, 1865. Ser. 3, vol. 1 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Haines
,
Zenas
.
Letters from the Forty-Fourth Regiment M.V.M.: A Record of the Experience of a Nine Months’ Regiment in the Department of North Carolina in 1862–3
.
Boston
:
Herald Job Office
,
1863
.
Haley
,
Sarah
.
No Mercy Here: Gender, Punishment, and the Making of Jim Crow Modernity
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2016
.
Hall
,
Jacquelyn Dowd
. “
Ola Delight Smith’s Progressive Era: Labor, Feminism, and Reform in the Urban South
.” In
Visible Women: New Essays on American Activism
, edited by
Hewitt
Nancy A.
and
Lebsock
Suzanne
,
166
98
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1993
.
De Roulhac Hamilton
,
Joseph G.
. “
The Freedmen’s Bureau in North Carolina
”.
South Atlantic Quarterly
8
(
1909
):
53
67
, 154–63.
Hannigan
,
Charles Francis
.
New Bern: “The Athens of North Carolina”
.
New York
:
Whitehead
,
1927
.
Harley
,
Sharon
. “
For the Good of Family and Race: Gender, Work, and Domestic Roles in the Black Community, 1880–1930
.”
Signs
15
(
1990
):
336
49
.
Harris
,
Cheryl
. “
Whiteness as Property
”.
Harvard Law Review
106
(
1993
):
1709
91
.
Harris
,
M. Keith
. “
Slavery, Emancipation, and Veterans of the Union Cause: Commemorating Freedom in the Era of Reconciliation
.”
Civil War History
53
(
2007
):
264
90
.
Hartman
,
Saidiya
.
Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Social Upheaval
.
New York
:
Norton
,
2019
.
Hayden
,
René
,
Kaye
Anthony E.
,
Masur
Kate
,
Miller
Steven F.
,
O’Donovan
Susan E.
,
Rowland
Leslie
, and
West
Stephen A.
.
Land and Labor, 1866–67. Ser. 3., vol. 2 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2013
.
Heinegg
,
Paul
.
Free African Americans in North Carolina
. 2nd ed.
Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia
:
Heinegg
,
1991
.
Hickel
,
K. Walter
. “
Justice and the Highest Kind of Equality Require Discrimination: Citizenship, Dependency, and Conscription in the South, 1917–1919
.”
Journal of Southern History
66
(
2000
):
749
80
.
Hickel
,
K. Walter
. “
War, Region, and Social Welfare: Federal Aid to Servicemen’s Dependents in the South, 1917–1921
.”
Journal of American History
87
(
2001
):
1362
91
.
Hicks
,
Cheryl
.
Talk with You Like a Woman: African American Women, Justice, and Reform in New York, 1890–1935
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2010
.
Higginbotham
,
Evelyn B.
African-American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race
”.
Signs
17
(
1992
):
251
74
.
Higginbotham
,
Evelyn B.
Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1993
.
Hine
,
Darlene Clark
. “
Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West
”.
Signs
14
(
1989
):
912
20
.
Hodes
,
Martha
, ed.
Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History
.
New York
:
New York University Press
,
1999
.
Hodes
,
Martha
.
White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South
.
New Haven, CT
:
Yale University Press
,
1997
.
Holder
,
Anne
. “
What’s Sex Got to Do with It: Race, Power, Citizenship, and ‘Intermediate Identities’ in the Post-Emancipation South
.”
Journal of African American History
93
(
2008
):
153
73
.
Holt
,
Thomas
. “
‘An Empire over the Mind’: Emancipation, Race, and Ideology in the British West Indies and the American South
.” In
Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward
, edited by
Morgan Kousser
J.
and
McPherson
James M.
,
283
313
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1982
.
Hood
,
James Walker
.
One Hundred Years of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church; or, The Centennial of African Methodism
.
New York
:
AME Zion Book Concern
,
1895
.
Hunter
,
Tera
.
Bound in Wedlock: Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2017
.
Hunter
,
Tera
.
To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1997
.
Jackson
,
Ronald Vern
.
1890 North Carolina Census Index: Special Schedule of the Eleventh Census (1890) Enumerating Union Veterans and of Union Veterans of the Civil War
.
North Salt Lake, UT
:
Accelerated Indexing Systems
,
1984
.
James
,
Horace
.
Freedman’s Affairs, North Carolina, 1864–5: Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina, 1864, with an Appendix Containing the History and Management of the Freedmen in This Department up to June 1st, 1865
.
Boston
:
Brown
,
1865
.
Johnson
,
Guion Griffis
.
Ante-Bellum North Carolina: A Social History
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1937
.
Jones
,
Jacqueline
.
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1984
.
Jones
,
Martha
.
Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2018
.
Justesen
,
Benjamin R.
George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race of Life
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2001
.
Kaiser
,
John James
. “
‘Masters Determined to Be Masters’: The 1821 Insurrectionary Scare in Eastern North Carolina
.”
Master’s thesis
,
North Carolina State University
,
2006
.
Katznelson
,
Ira
.
When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial In equality in Twentieth-Century America
.
New York
:
Norton
,
2005
.
Kaye
,
Anthony
.
Joining Places: Slave Neighborhoods in the Old South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2007
.
Kelley
,
Robin D. G.
Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination
.
New York
:
Beacon
,
2002
.
Kelley
,
Robin D. G.
‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South
.”
Journal of American History
80
(
1993
):
75
112
.
Kenzer
,
Robert C.
The Uncertainty of Life: A Profile of Virginia’s Civil War Widows
.” In
The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War
, edited by
Cashin
Joan E.
,
112
35
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
,
2002
.
Kerber
,
Linda K.
No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship
.
New York
:
Hill and Wang
,
1998
.
Kessler-Harris
,
Alice
. “
Designing Women and Old Fools: The Construction of the Social Security Amendments of 1939
.” In
U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays
, edited by
K. Kerber
Linda
,
Kessler-Harris
Alice
, and
Sklar
Kathryn Kish
,
87
106
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1995
.
Kessler-Harris
,
Alice
.
In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in 20th-Century America
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2001
.
Kornbluh
,
Felicia Ann
.
The Battle for Welfare Rights
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
2007
.
Kornbluh
,
Felicia Ann
. “
To Fulfill Their ‘Rightly Needs’: Consumerism and the National Welfare Rights Movement
.”
Radical History Review
69
(
1997
):
76
113
.
Kretz
,
Dale
. “
Pensions and Protest: Former Slaves and the Reconstructed American State
.”
Journal of the Civil War Era
7
(
2017
):
425
45
.
Krowl
,
Michelle A.
African American Women and the United States Military in Civil War Virginia
.” In
Afro-Virginian History and Culture
, edited by
Saillant
John
,
173
210
.
New York
:
Garland
,
1999
.
Lebsock
,
Suzanne
.
The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784–1860
.
New York
:
Norton
,
1985
.
Lee
,
Chana Kai
.
For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1999
.
LeFlouria
,
Talitha
.
Chained in Silence: Black Women and Convict Labor in the New South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2015
.
Lemke-Santangelo
,
Gretchen
.
Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1996
.
Levenstein
,
Lisa
.
A Movement without Marches: African American Women and the Politics of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2009
.
Lindsey
,
Treva B.
Colored No More: Reinventing Black Womanhood in Washington, D.C.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
2017
.
Litwack, Leon
.
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
1979
.
Logan
,
Frenise A.
The Negro in North Carolina, 1876–1894
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1964
.
Logan
,
Rayford
.
The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson
.
New York
:
Collier
,
1965
.
Long
,
Gretchen
.
Doctoring Freedom: The Politics of African American Medical Care in Slavery and Emancipation
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2012
.
Lowry
,
Thomas
.
Sexual Misbehavior in the Civil War: A Compendium
.
Bloomington, IN
:
Xlibris
,
2006
.
Magdol
,
Edward
.
A Right to the Land: Essays on the Freedmen’s Community
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
1977
.
Manning
,
Chandra
.
Troubled Refuge: Struggling for Freedom in the Civil War
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
2016
.
Martin
,
Jonathan
. “
Craven County (1705)
.”
North Carolina History Project
.
Raleigh, NC
:
John Locke Foundation
,
2016
. .
Martin
,
Michael T.
, and
Yaquinto
Marilyn
, eds.
Redress for Historical Injustices in the United States: On Reparations for Slavery, Jim Crow, and Their Legacies
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
,
2007
.
Masur
,
Kate
. “
‘A Rare Phenomenon of Philological Vegetation’: The Word ‘Contraband’ and the Meanings of Emancipation in the United States
.”
Journal of American History
93
(
2007
):
1050
84
.
McClintock
,
Megan
. “
Binding Up the Nation’s Wounds: Nationalism, Civil War Pensions, and American Families, 1861–1890
.”
Ph.D. diss.
,
Rutgers University
,
1994
.
McClintock
,
Megan
. “
Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families
”.
Journal of American History
83
(
1996
):
456
80
.
McClintock
,
Megan
. “
The Impact of the Civil War on 19th Century Marriages
.” In
Union Soldiers and the Northern Homefront: War time Experiences, Postwar Adjustments
, edited by
Cimbala
Paul
and
Miller
Randall M.
,
395
416
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
2002
.
McCrady
,
Edward
Jr.
, and
Ashe
Samuel
.
Cyclopedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas
. Vol.
2
.
Madison, WI
:
Brant and Fuller
,
1892
.
McCurry
,
Stephanie
.
Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2010
.
McGuire
,
Danielle
.
At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance— A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power
.
New York
:
Vintage Books
,
2010
.
Mills
,
Quincy T.
Cutting across the Color Line: Black Barbers and Barber Shops in America
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
,
2013
.
Mink
,
Gwendolyn
. “
The Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race, and the Origins of the American Welfare State
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
92
122
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Mink
,
Gwendolyn
.
The Wages of Motherhood: In equality in the Welfare State, 1917–1942
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
,
1995
.
Mitchell
,
Michelle
. “
Silences Broken, Silences Kept: Gender and Sexuality in African American History
.”
Gender and History
11
, no.
3
(
1999
):
433
44
.
Mobley
,
Joe A.
James City: A Black Community in North Carolina, 1863–1900
.
Raleigh
:
North Carolina State Archives
,
1981
.
Morrison
,
Toni, ed
.
Racing Justice, Engendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality
.
New York
:
Pantheon
,
1992
.
New Bern, N.C. Directory, 1880 and 1881
.
Richmond, VA
:
Hill Directory Company
,
1881
.
New England Freedmen’s Aid Society
.
Second Annual Report of the New England Freedmen’s Aid Society
.
Boston
:
New England Freedmen’s Aid Society
,
1864
.
North Carolina
.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, at Its Session of 1870–71
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Moore
,
1871
.
North Carolina
.
Public Laws of the State of North Carolina, Passed by the General Assembly at the Sessions of 1866 ’67
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Pell
,
1867
.
North Carolina
.
Revised Code of North Carolina, Enacted by the General Assembly at the Session of 1854; Together with Other Acts of Public and General Nature, Passed at the Same Session
.
Boston
:
Little, Brown
,
1855
.
North Carolina, Constitutional Convention
.
Executive Documents: Convention, Session 1865: Constitution of North Carolina, with Amendments, and Ordinances and Resolutions Passed by the Convention, Session, 1865
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Cannon and Holden
,
1865
.
Norwood
,
Arlisha
. “
Single Women without Men: Single African-American Women in Civil War and Post Civil War Virginia
.”
Ph.D. diss.
,
Howard University
,
2019
.
O’Brien
,
Gail Williams
.
The Color of the Law: Race, Violence, and Justice in the Post–World War II South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
1999
.
O’Donovan
,
Susan
.
Becoming Free in the Cotton South
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2007
.
O’Leary
,
Cecilia Elizabeth
.
To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
,
1999
.
Oliver
,
John William
.
History of the Civil War Military Pensions, 1861–1885
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1917
.
Orleck
,
Annelise
.
Storming Caesar’s Palace: How Black Mothers Fought Their Own War on Poverty
.
Boston
:
Beacon
,
2006
.
Outland
,
Robert B.
III
. “
Slavery, Work, and Geography of North Carolina Naval Stores Industry, 1835–1860
.”
Journal of Southern History
62
(
1996
):
27
56
.
Parramore
,
T. C.
Foster, Charles Henry
.” In
Dictionary of North Carolina Biography
, edited by
Powell
William S.
,
2
:
227
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2000
.
Patterson Green
,
John
.
Fact Stranger than Fiction: Seventy-Five Years of a Busy Life with Reminiscences of Many Great and Good Men and Women
.
Cleveland, OH
:
Riehl
,
1920
.
Penningroth
,
Dylan C.
The Claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2003
.
Plant
,
Rebecca Jo
, and
Clarke
Frances M.
. “
‘The Crowning Insult’: Federal Segregation and the Gold Star Mother and Widow Pilgrimages of the Early 1930s
.”
Journal of American History
102
(
2015
):
406
32
.
Prather
,
H. Leon
.
We Have Taken a City: Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898
.
Cranbury, NJ
:
Associated University Presses
,
1984
.
Quadagno
,
Jill
.
The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1994
.
Quarles
,
Benjamin
.
The Negro in the Civil War
. Introduction by
McFeely
William
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Da Capo
,
1989
.
Randolph
,
Sherie M.
Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, the Metalanguage of Race, and the Genealogy of Black Feminist Legal Theory
.”
Signs
42
(
2017
):
621
28
.
Randolph
,
Thomas P.
, and
Hall
Edward
, comps.
The Pension Attorney’s Guide: A Ready Reference to the Laws of States Relating to Pensions, the Standard Decisions upon All Matters
.
Washington, DC
:
Sheiry
,
1892
.
Redkey
,
Edwin S.
, ed.
A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861–1865
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1992
.
Regosin
,
Elizabeth A.
Freedom’s Promise: Ex-Slave Families and Citizenship in the Age of Emancipation
.
Charlottesville
:
University Press of Virginia
,
2002
.
Regosin
,
Elizabeth A.
, and
Shaffer
Donald
, eds.
Voices of Emancipation: Understanding Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction through the U.S. Pension Bureau Files
.
New York
:
New York University Press
,
2008
.
Reid
,
George W.
Four in Black: North Carolina’s Black Congressmen, 1874–1901
.”
Journal of Negro History
64
(
1979
):
229
43
.
Reid
,
Richard
.
Freedom for Themselves: North Carolina’s Black Soldiers in the Civil War Era
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Reid
,
Richard
. “
Government Policy, Prejudice, and the Experience of Black Civil War Soldiers and Their Families
.”
Journal of Family Histor y
27
(
2002
):
374
98
.
Reid
,
Richard
. “
Raising the African Brigade: Early Black Recruitment in Civil War North Carolina
.”
North Carolina Historical Review
70
(
1993
):
266
301
.
Reiff
,
Janice L.
,
Dahlin
Michel R.
, and
Smith
Daniel Scott
. “
Rural Push and Urban Pull: Work and Family Experiences of Older Black Women in Southern Cities, 1880–1900
.”
Journal of Social History
16
(
1983
):
39
48
.
Roberts
,
Dorothy
.
Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty
.
New York
:
Pantheon
,
1997
.
Robinson
,
Armstead L.
Plans Dat Comed from God: Institution Building and the Emergence of Black Leadership in Reconstruction Memphis
.” In
Toward a New South? Studies in Post–Civil War Southern Communities
, edited by
Burton
Orville Vernon
and
McMath
Robert C.
Jr.
,
71
102
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
1982
.
Rodrigue
,
John C.
Black Agency after Slavery
.” In
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States
, edited by
Brown
Thomas
,
40
65
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2006
.
Romeo
,
Sharon
.
Gender and Jubilee: Black Freedom and the Reconstruction of Citizenship in Civil War Missouri
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2016
.
Rose
,
Nancy E.
Gender, Race, and the Welfare State: Government Work Programs from the 1930s to the Present
.”
Feminist Studies
19
(
1993
):
318
42
.
Rosen
,
Hannah
. “
‘Not that Sort of Woman’: Race, Gender, and Sexual Violence in the Memphis Riots of 1866
.” In
Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History
, edited by
Hodes
Martha
,
267
93
.
New York
:
New York University Press
,
1999
.
Rosen
,
Hannah
.
Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2008
.
Rothman
,
Joshua D.
Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2003
.
Sapiro
,
Virginia
. “
The Gender Basis of American Social Policy
.” In
Women, the State, and Welfare
, edited by
Gordon
Linda
,
36
54
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
,
1990
.
Scarborough
,
William Kauffman
.
Masters of the Big House: Elite Slaveholders of the Mid-Nineteenth-Century South
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2003
.
Schecter
,
Patricia A.
‘All the Intensity of My Nature’: Ida B. Wells, Anger, and Politics
.”
Radical History Review
70
(
1998
):
48
77
.
Schultz
,
Jane E.
Race, Gender, and Bureaucracy: Civil War Army Nurses and the Pension Bureau
.”
Journal of Women’s History
6
(
1994
):
45
69
.
Schwalm
,
Leslie
.
A Hard Fight for We: Women’s Transitions from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
,
1997
.
Schwartzberg
,
Beverly
. “
‘Lots of Them Did That’: Desertion, Bigamy, and Marital Fluidity in Late-Nineteenth-Century America
.”
Journal of Social History
37
(
2004
):
573
600
.
Schweninger
,
Loren
. “
Black-Owned Businesses in the South, 1790–1880
.”
Business History Review
63
(
1989
):
22
60
.
Schweninger
,
Loren
. “
John Carruthers Stanly and the Anomaly of Black Slaveholding
”.
North Carolina Historical Review
67
(
1990
):
159
92
.
Schweninger
,
Loren
. “
Property Owning Free African-American Women in the South, 1800–1870
.”
Journal of Women’s History
1
(
1990
):
13
44
.
Scott
,
Rebecca J.
The Battle over the Child: Child Apprenticeship and the Freedman’s Bureau in North Carolina
.”
Prologue
10
(
1978
):
101
13
.
Sefton
,
James
.
The United States Army and Reconstruction, 1865–1877
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
1967
.
Shaffer
,
Donald
.
After the Glory: The Struggles of Black Civil War Veterans
.
Lawrence
:
University Press of Kansas
,
2004
.
Shaffer
,
Donald
. “
‘I Do Not Suppose that Uncle Sam Looks at the Skin’: African Americans and the Civil War Pension System, 1865–1934
.”
Civil War History
46
(
2000
):
132
47
.
Shaw
,
Stephanie
. “
Black Club Women and the Creation of the National Association of Colored Women
”.
Journal of Women’s History
3
(
1991
):
10
25
.
Shotwell
,
R. A.
New Bern Mercantile and Manufacturer’s Business Directory and North Carolina Farmers Reference Book
.
New Bern, NC
:
W. E. Vestal
,
1866
.
Silkenat
,
David
.
Driven from Home: North Carolina’s Civil War Refugee Crisis
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2016
.
Simpson
,
Brooks D.
,
Graf
LeRoy P.
, and
Muldowny
John
eds.
Advice after Appomattox: Letters to Andrew Johnson, 1865–1866
.
Knoxville
:
University of Tennessee Press
,
1987
.
Sims
,
Anastatia
.
The Power of Femininity in the New South
.
Columbia
:
University of South Carolina Press
,
1997
.
Singleton
,
William Henry
.
Recollection of the Slavery Days
.
Introduction and annotations by Katherine Mellen Charron and David Cecelski
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2007
.
Skocpol
,
Theda
. “
America’s First Social Security System: The Expansion of Benefits for Civil War Veterans
.”
Political Science Quarterly
108
(
1993
):
85
116
.
Skocpol
,
Theda
.
Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1992
.
Slap
,
Andrew L.
‘No Regular Marriage’: African American Veterans and Marriage Practices during Reconstruction
.” In
This Distracted and Anarchical People: New Answers for Old Questions about the Civil War Era North
, edited by
Slap
Andrew L.
and
Smith
Michael T.
,
171
83
.
New York
:
Fordham University Press
,
2013
.
Smith
,
Jessie Carnie
, ed.
Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture
.
Vols. 1–4
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
,
2011
.
Smith
,
Suzanne E.
,
To Serve the Living: Funeral Directors and the African American Way of Death
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
2010
.
Sommerville
,
Dianne
. “
The Rape Myth in the Old South Reconsidered
”.
Journal of Southern History
61
(
1995
):
481
518
.
Stanley
,
Amy Dru
. “
Conjugal Bonds and Wage Labor: Rights of Contract in the Age of Emancipation
.”
Journal of American History
75
(
1988
):
471
500
.
Stansell
,
Christine
.
City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860
.
New York
:
Knopf
,
1986
.
Stevenson
,
Brenda
.
Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1996
.
Stevenson
,
Brenda
. “
What’s Love Got to Do with It?: Concubinage and Enslaved Black Women and Girls in the Antebellum South
.”
Journal of African American History
98
(
2013
):
99
124
.
Stoler
,
Ann Laura
.
Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate Colonial Rule
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
,
2010
.
Stowell
,
Daniel W.
Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1998
.
Taylor
,
Amy Murrell
.
Embattled Freedom: Journeys through the Civil War’s Slave Refugee Camps
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2018
.
Taylor
,
Keenga-Yamahtta
.
From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation
.
Chicago
:
Haymarket Books
,
2016
.
Taylor
,
Susie King
.
Reminiscences of My Life in Camp: An African American Woman’s Civil War Memoir
.
Introduction by Catherine Clinton
.
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
,
2006
.
Thompson
,
E. P.
The Making of the English Working Class
.
New York
:
Vintage
,
1990
.
Turner’s North Carolina Almanac
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards and Broughton
,
1873
.
U.S. Congress
.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865–66. House Report no. 30
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1866
.
U.S. Congress. House
.
House Documents, Otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2nd Session–49th Congress, 1st Session
.
U.S. Congressional Serials Set
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1871
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898
.
Washington DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1898
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1901
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1901
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1910
. Vol.
1
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1911
.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Decisions of the Department of the Interior, Pensions and Bounty-Land Claims, 1887–1930
.
22 vols.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
n.d.
U.S. Department of the Interior
.
Laws of the United States Governing the Granting of Army and Navy Pensions Together with Regulations Relating Thereto
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1916
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1898
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
General Instructions to Special Examiners of the United States Pension Office, August 16, 1881
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1881
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
List of Pensioners on the Roll January 1, 1883; Giving the Names of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Which Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance, as Called for by Senate Resolution of December 8, 1882
.
1883
.
Baltimore, MD
:
Genealogical Publishing
,
1970
.
U.S. Pension Bureau
.
A Treatise on the Practice of the Pension Bureau, Governing the Adjudication of Army and Navy Pensions: Being the Unwritten Practice Formulated by Calvin B. Walker
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1882
.
U.S. War Department
.
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
.
128 vols
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1880–1901
.
Vass
,
Lachlan Cumming
.
History of the Presbyterian Church in New Bern, N.C., with a Resumé of Early Ecclesiastical Affairs in Eastern North Carolina and a Sketch of the Early Days of New Bern, N.C.
Richmond, VA
:
Whittet and Shepperson
,
1886
.
Vinovskis
,
Maris, ed
.
Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1990
.
Vogel
,
Jeffrey E.
Redefining Reconciliation: Confederate Veterans and the Southern Reponses to Federal Civil War Pensions
.”
Civil War History
51
(
2005
):
67
93
.
Walbert
,
David
. “
Distribution of Land and Slaves
.” In
Antebellum North Carolina, North Carolina Digital History
.
Chapel Hill
:
Learn NC, University of North Carolina
,
2009
. .
Walker
,
Juliet E. K.
The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2009
.
Walkowitz
,
Judith R.
City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
,
1992
.
Watson
,
Alan
.
History of New Bern and Craven County
.
New Bern, NC
:
Tryon Palace Commission
,
1987
.
Watson
,
Irving A.
, ed. and comp.
Physicians and Surgeons of America
.
Concord, NH
:
Republican Press Association
,
1896
.
Weber
,
Gustavus Adolphus
.
The Bureau of Pensions: Its History, Activities and Organization
.
Baltimore, MD
:
Johns Hopkins University Press
,
1923
.
Welke
,
Barbara Y.
When All Women Were White, and All Blacks Were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855–1914
.”
Law and History Review
13
(
1995
):
261
316
.
White
,
Deborah Gray
.
Arn’t I A Woman: Female Slaves in the Plantation South
.
New York
:
Norton
,
2011
.
White
,
Deborah Gray
. “
Mining the Forgotten: Manuscript Sources for Black Women’s History
.”
Journal of American History
74
(
1987
):
237
42
.
White
,
George H.
Defense of the Negro Race—Charges Answered: Speech of Hon. George H. White, of North Carolina, in the House of Representatives, January 29, 1901
.
Washington, DC
:
Government Printing Office
,
1901
.
Whitted
,
Rev. J. A.
A History of Negro Baptist in Eastern North Carolina
.
Raleigh, NC
:
Edwards and Broughton
,
1908
.
Williams
,
Heather
.
Help Me Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2012
.
Williams
,
Heather
.
Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2007
.
Williams
,
Linda
.
Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America
.
University Park
:
Pennsylvania State University Press
,
2004
.
Wilson
,
James Grant
, and
Fiske
John
.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography
.
6 vols
.
New York
:
Appleton
,
1900
.
Wolfram
,
Walt
, and
Thomas
Erik
.
The Development of African American English
.
Hoboken, NJ
:
Wiley-Blackwell
,
2002
.
Wood
,
Kirsten
.
Masterful Women: Slaveholding Widows from the American Revolution through the Civil War
.
Chapel Hill
:
University of North Carolina Press
,
2004
.
Woodward
,
C. Vann
.
The Strange Career of Jim Crow
. 3rd rev. ed.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
1974
.
Works Projects Administration
.
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves
. Vol.
11
, part
2
.
Washington, DC
:
Library of Congress
,
1941
.
Wright
,
Richard
.
Black Boy: A Recollection of Childhood and Youth
.
New York
:
Harper and Row
,
1945
.
Zipf
,
Karin
.
Labor of Innocents: Forced Apprenticeship in North Carolina, 1715–1919
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
,
2005
.
Zipf
,
Karin
. “
Promises of Opportunity: The Freedmen’s Savings and Trust Company Bank in New Bern, North Carolina
.”
Master’s thesis
,
University of Georgia
,
1994
.
Close Modal

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal