Book Chapter
“Otaku” and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan
-
Published:December 2019
This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.
This content is only available as PDF.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aalgaard
, Scott W.
2016
. “Summertime Blues: Musical Critique in the Aftermaths of Japan’s ‘Dark Spring’
.” In Fukushima and the Arts: Negotiating Nuclear Disaster
, edited by Geilhorn
Barbara
and Iwata-Weickgenannt
Kristina
, 39
–57
. London
: Routledge
.Abe
, Shinzō
. 2007
. “Establishing Japan as a ‘Peaceful Nation of Cultural Exchange’
” Office of the Prime Minister
. http://japan.kantei.go.jp/policy/bunka/050711bunka_e.html
.Adelstein
, Jake
, and Kubo
Angela Erika
. 2014
. “Japan’s Kiddie Porn Empire: Bye-Bye?
” Daily Beast
, June
3
. .Adorno
, Theodor W.
1998
. Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords
. Translated by Pickford
Henry W.
. New York
: Columbia University Press
.Aera Dot
. 2017
. “Kitahara Minori: ‘Moe kyara wa seisabetsu!’
” April
14
. .Ahmed
, Sara
. 2010
. “Happy Objects
”. In The Affect Theory Reader
, edited by Gregg
Melissa
and Seigworth
Gregory J.
, 29
–51
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Aida
, Miho
. 2005
. “Komikku māketto no genzai: Sabukaruchā ni kan suru kōsatsu
.” Hiroshima shūdai ronshū jinbun hen
45
(2
): 149
–201
.Aida
, Miho
. 2006
. “Moeru kūkan: Meido kafe ni kan suru shakaigaku-teki kōsatsu
.” Hiroshima shūdai ronshū jinbun hen
47
(1
): 193
–219
.Akagi
, Akira
. 1993
. “Bishōjo shōkōgun: Rorikon to iu yokubō
.” Nyū feminizumu rebyū
3
: 230
–34
.Akamatsu
, Ken
. 2005
. “Watashi no kasetsu
”. July
18
. .Akatsuka
, Neil K.
2010
. “Uttering the Absurd, Revaluing the Abject: Femininity and the Disavowal of Homo sexuality in Transnational Boys’ Love Manga
”. In Boys’ Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre
, edited by Levi
Antonia
, McHarry
Mark
, and Pagliassotti
Dru
, 159
–76
. Jefferson, NC
: McFarland
.Akiba Blog
. 2008a
. “‘Akihabara no hokoten ga muhō jōtai’ masukomi (TV kyoku) darake
”. April
14
. .Akiba Blog
. 2008b
. “Sawamoto Asuka-san masukomi (TV kyoku) shuzai de ketsudashi yarase?
” April
21
. .Allison
, Anne
. 1994
. Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure, and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club
. Chicago, IL
: University of Chicago Press
.Allison
, Anne
. 2000
. Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Allison
, Anne
. 2006
. Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Allison
, Anne
. 2012
. “American Geishas and Oriental/ist Fantasies
”. In Media, Erotics, and Transnational Asia
, edited by Mankekar
Purnima
and Schein
Louisa
, 297
–321
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Allison
, Anne
. 2013
. Precarious Japan
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Amar
, Paul
. 2011
. “Middle East Masculinity Studies: Discourses of ‘Men in Crisis,’ Industries of Gender Revolution
.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies
7
(3
): 36
–70
.Anderson
, Ben
. 2012
. “Affect and Biopower: Towards a Politics of Life
.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
37
(1
): 28
–43
.Appadurai
, Arjun
. 1996
. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Atkins
, E. Taylor
2007
. “Popular Culture
”. In A Companion to Japanese History
, edited by Tsutsui
William M.
, 460
–76
. Hoboken, NJ
: Wiley-Blackwell
.Azuma
, Hideo
, and Naruyoshi
Kikichi
. 2012
. Posuto hi-riajū jidai no tame no Azuma Hideo
. Tokyo
: Kawade shobō shinsha
.Azuma
, Hideo
, and Tomoko
Yamada
. 2011
. “Azuma Hideo 2 man 5 sen ji rongu intabyū
”. In Azuma Hideo: Bishōjo, sf, fujōri, soshite shissō
, edited by Tōru
Nishiguchi
and Yūko
Anazawa
, 10
–44
. Tokyo
: Kawade shobō shinsha
.Azuma
, Hideo
, and Naoki
Yamamoto
. 2011
. “Risupekuto taidan
”. In Azuma Hideo: Bishōjo, sf, fujōri, soshite shissō
, edited by Tōru
Nishiguchi
and Yūko
Anazawa
, 138
–54
. Tokyo
: Kawade shobō shinsha
.Azuma
, Hiroki
. 2008
. “Naze Akihabara na no ka, naze keitai keijiban na no ka, naze musabetsu na no ka
”. Maru geki tōku on demando
, June
13
. .Azuma
, Hiroki
. [2001] 2009
. Otaku: Japan’s Database Animals
. Translated by Abel
Jonathan E.
and Kono
Shion
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Azuma
, Hiroki
, Tamaki
Saitō
, and Mari
Kotani
. 2003
. “Otaku, yaoi, dōbutsuka
”. In Mōjō genron F-kai: Posutomodan otaku sekushuariti
, edited by Hiroki
Azuma
, 168
–96
. Tokyo
: Seidōsha
.Becker
, Howard S.
1963
. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance
. New York
: Free Press
.Benedict
, Ruth
. [1946] 2006
. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture
. Boston, MA
: Mariner Books
.Berlant
, Lauren
. 2007
. “Nearly Utopian, Nearly Normal: Post-Fordist Affect” in La Promesse and Rosetta
.” Public Culture
19
(2
): 273
–301
.Berlant
, Lauren
, and Warner
Michael
. 1998
. “Sex in Public
.” Critical Inquiry
24
(2
): 547
–66
.Bessatsu Takarajima Henshūbu
. 1989
. “Introduction: Otaku wo shirazu shite 90 nendai wa katarenai
”. In Otaku no hon
, edited by Shinji
Ishi’i
, 2
–3
. Tokyo
: jicc shuppankyoku
.Boas
, Benjamin
, and Chika
Aoyagi
. 2015
. Nihon no koto wa, manga to gēmu de manabimashita
. Tokyo
: Shōgakukan.
Bourdain
, Anthony
. 2013
. “Tokyo
.” Parts Unknown
, November
3
. .Brennan
, Teresa
. 2004
. The Transmission of Affect
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Briel
, Holger
. 2010
. “The Roving Eye Meets Traveling Pictures: The Field of Vision and the Global Rise of Adult Manga
”. In Comics as a Nexus of Cultures: Essays on the Interplay of Media, Disciplines and International Perspectives
, edited by Berninger
Mark
, Ecke
Jochen
, and Haberkorn
Gideon
, 187
–210
. Jefferson, NC
: McFarland
.Brown
, Steven T.
2010
. Tokyo Cyberpunk: Posthumanism in Japanese Visual Culture
. New York
: Palgrave
.Buckley
, Sandra
. 1991
. “‘Penguin in Bondage’: A Graphic Tale of Japanese Comic Books
.” In Technoculture
, edited by Buckley
Sandra
and Ross
Andrew
, 163
–96
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Bukatman
, Scott
. 2012
. The Poetics of Slumberland: Animated Spirits and the Animating Spirit
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Butler
, Judith
. 1988
. “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory
.” Theater Journal
40
(4
): 519
–31
.Cather
, Kirsten
. 2012
. The Art of Censorship in Postwar Japan
. Honolulu
: University of Hawai‘i Press
.Clements
, Jonathan
. 2016
. “The Allure of Gravure
”. Schoolgirl Milky Crisis
, November
28
. .Clifford
, James
. 1986
. “Introduction: Partial Truths
”. In Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography
, edited by Clifford
James
and Marcus
George E.
, 1
–26
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Clifford
, James
. 1988
. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Coleman
, E. Gabriella
. 2013
. Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Comic Market Committee
. 2014
. “What Is Comic Market?
” The Official Comic Market Site
, January
. .Condry
, Ian
. 2006
. Hip-Hop Japan: Rap and the Paths of Cultural Globalization
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Condry
, Ian
. 2013
. The Soul of Anime: Collaborative Creativity and Japan’s Media Success Story
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Consalvo
, Mia
. 2016
. Atari to Zelda: Japan’s Videogames in Global Contexts
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
.Coombe
, Rosemary J.
1998
. “Contingent Articulations: A Critical Cultural Studies of Law
”. In Law in the Domains of Culture
, edited by Sarat
Austin
and Kearns
Thomas R.
, 21
–64
. Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan Press
.Craig
, Timothy J.
, ed. 2000
. Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture
. New York
: M. E. Sharpe.
Craig
, Timothy J.
, ed. 2017
. Cool Japan: Case Studies from Japan’s Cultural and Creative Industries
. Ashiya, Japan
: BlueSky.
Daliot-Bul
, Michal
. 2009
. “Japan Brand Strategy: The Taming of ‘Cool Japan’ and the Challenges of Cultural Planning in a Postmodern Age
.” Social Science Japan Journal
12
(2
): 247
–66
.Dasgupta
, Romit
. 2005
. “Salarymen Doing Straight: Heterosexual Men and the Dynamics of Gender Conformity
”. In Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
and Dasgupta
Romit
, 168
–82
. London
: Routledge
.Dave
, Naisargi N.
2010
. “Between Queer Ethics and Sexual Morality
”. In Ordinary Ethics: Anthropology, Language, and Action
, edited by Lambek
Michael
, 368
–75
. New York
: Fordham University Press
.De Certeau
, Michel
. 2005
. “Walking in the City
”. In Popular Culture: A Reader
, edited by Guins
Raiford
and Cruz
Omayra Zaragoza
, 449
–61
. London
: Sage
.Deleuze
, Gilles
, and Guattari
Félix
. 1987
. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia
. Translated by Massumi
Brian
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.D’Emilio
, John
. 2007
. “Capitalism and Gay Identity
”. In Culture, Society and Sexuality: A Reader
, edited by Parker
Richard
and Aggleton
Peter
, 250
–59
. London
: Routledge
.Design Boom
. 2008
. “GEISAI 11: Tokyo’s Artist Run Art Fair
.” August
20
. .Diamond
, Milton
, and Uchiyama
Ayako
. 1999
. “Pornography, Rape, and Sex Crimes
.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
22
(1
): 1
–22
.Dooley
, Stacey
. 2017
. “Stacey Dooley Investigates: Young Sex for Sale in Japan
”. BBC Three
, February
28
. .Eiland
, Murray Lee
. 2009
. “From Cartoon Art to Child Pornography
.” International Journal of Comic Art
11
(2
): 396
–409
.Eisenstein
, Sergei
. 1986
. Eisenstein on Disney
. Translated by Upchurch
Alan
, edited by Leyda
Jay
. New York
: Methuen Paperback
.Eng
, Lawrence
. 2006
. “Otaku Engagements: Subcultural Appropriation of Science and Technology
.” PhD diss.
, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
.Eng
, Lawrence
. 2012
. “Strategies of Engagement: Discovering, Defining, and Describing Otaku Culture in the United States
”. In Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World
, edited by Ito
Mizuko
, Okabe
Daisuke
, and Tsuji
Izumi
, 85
–104
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Fassin
, Didier
, and Rechtman
Richard
. 2009
. The Empire of Trauma: An Inquiry into the Condition of Victimhood
. Translated by Gomme
Rachel
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Flowers
, Amy
. 1998
. The Fantasy Factory: An Insider’s View of the Phone Sex Industry
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
.FNN
. 2008
. “Tōkyō Akihabara musabetsu sasshō jiken Katō Tomohiro yōgisha, jiken mikka mae ni shokuba de gekido, kisei hassuru
”. June
11
. .Freedman
, Alisa
. 2009
. “Train Man and the Gender Politics of Japanese ‘Otaku’ Culture: The Rise of New Media, Nerd Heroes and Consumer Communities
.” Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific
(20
). .Freedman
, Alisa
, and Slade
Toby
, eds. 2017
. Introducing Japanese Popular Culture
. London
: Routledge
.Freeman
, Elizabeth
. 2002
. The Wedding Complex: Forms of Belonging in Modern American Culture
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Frühstück
, Sabine
, and Walthall
Anne
. 2011
. “Introduction: Interrogating Men and Mascu-linities
”. In Recreating Japanese Men
, edited by Frühstück
Sabine
and Walthall
Anne
, 1
–24
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Fujie
, Kazuhisa
, and Foster
Martin
. 2004
. Neon Genesis Evangelion: The Unofficial Guide
. Tokyo
: dh Publishing
.Fujimoto
, Yukari
. 1998
. Watashi no ibasho wa doko ni aru no? Shōjo manga ga utsusu kokoro no katachi
. Tokyo
: Gakuyō shobō.
Fujimoto
, Yukari
. 2015
. “The Evolution of BL as ‘Playing with Gender’: Viewing the Genesis and Development of BL from a Con temporary Perspective
”. In Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
, Nagaike
Kazumi
, Suganuma
Katsuhiko
, and Welker
James
, 76
–92
. Jackson
: University Press of Mississippi
.Fujita
, Hisashi
. 1989
. “Kira kira omeme no hanran: Bōdāresu-ka suru shōjo manga to shōnen manga
”. In Otaku no hon
, edited by Shinji
Ishi’i
, 127
–30
. Tokyo
: jicc shuppankyoku
.Fujita
, Kuniko
, and Hill
Richard Child
. 2005
. “Innovative Tokyo
.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 3507, Social Science Research Network
. .Gagné
, Isaac
. 2008
. “Urban Princesses: Performance and ‘Women’s Language’ in Japan’s Gothic/Lolita Subculture
.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
18
(1
): 130
–50
.Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2009a
. “Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan
.” Electronic Journal of Con temporary Japanese Studies
. .Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2009b
. The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider’s Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan
. Tokyo
: Kodansha International
.Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2011
. “Maid in Japan: An Ethnographic Account of Alternative Intimacy
.” Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific
(25
). .Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2014
. The Moe Manifesto: An Insider’s Look at the Worlds of Manga, Anime, and Gaming
. North Clarendon, VT
: Tuttle
.Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2015a
. “Moe Talk: Affective Communication among Female Fans of Yaoi in Japan
.” In Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
, Nagaike
Kazumi
, Suganuma
Katsuhiko
, and Welker
James
, 153
–68
. Jackson
: University Press of Mississippi
.Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2015b
. “‘“Otaku” Research’ and Anxiety about Failed Men
”. In Debating Otaku in Con temporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons
, edited by Galbraith
Patrick W.
, Kam
Thiam Huat
, and Kamm
Björn-Ole
, 21
–34
. London
: Bloomsbury
.Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2015c
. “Otaku Sexuality in Japan
.” In Routledge Handbook of Sexuality Studies in East Asia
, edited by McLelland
Mark
and Mackie
Vera
, 205
–17
. London
: Routledge
.Galbraith
, Patrick W.
2017
. “RapeLay and the Return of the Sex Wars in Japan
.” Porn Studies
4
(1
): 105
–26
.Galbraith
, Patrick W.
, Kam
Thiam Huat
, and Kamm
Björn-Ole
, eds. 2015
. Debating Otaku in Contemporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons
. London
: Bloomsbury.
Galbraith
, Patrick W.
, and Lamarre
Thomas
. 2010
. “Otakuology: A Dialogue
”. In Mechademia 5: Fanthropologies
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 360
–74
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Gallagher
, Sean
. 2016
. “Ghost in the Plexiglass Shell: The Holographic Anime ‘Robot’ That Will Keep House for Lonely Salarymen
”. Ars Technica
, December
18
. .Game Politics
. 2009
. “In Parliament, Suggestion of ‘Global Regulatory Future’ for Video Games
”. July
21
. .Gamson
, Joshua
. 1994
. Claims to Fame: Celebrity in Contemporary America
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Gilbert
, Ben
. 2018
. “Japan’s $2,700 Answer to the Amazon Echo Could Make the Country’s Sex Crisis Even Worse
.” Business Insider
, June
3
. .Grassmuck
, Volker
. 1990
. “‘I’m Alone, but Not Lonely’: Japanese Otaku-Kids Colonize the Realm of Information and Media: A Tale of Sex and Crime from a Faraway Place
.” .Greenwood
, Forrest
. 2014
. “The Girl at the Center of the World: Gender, Genre, and Remediation” in Bishōjo Media Works
.” In Mechademia 9: Origins
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 237
–53
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Gwern
. 2012
. “Interview with Hideaki Anno (English),
” February
22
. .Halberstam
, Judith
. 2011
. The Queer Art of Failure
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Hall
, Stuart
. 1987
. “Gramsci and Us
.” Marxism Today
, June
. .Hall
, Stuart
. 1998
. “Notes on Deconstructing ‘the Popular’
”. In Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader
, edited by Storey
John
, 442
–53
. Upper Saddle River, NJ
: Prentice Hall
.Hall
, Stuart
, Critcher
Chas
, Jefferson
Tony
, Clarke
John
, and Roberts
Brian
. 1978
. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order
. London
: Macmillan Press
.Hardt
, Michael
, and Negri
Antonio
. 2004
. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
. New York
: Penguin
.Harootunian
, Harry
, and Sakai
Naoki
. 1999
. “Japan Studies and Cultural Studies
.” positions: east asia cultures critique
7
(2
): 593
–647
.Harsin
, Jayson
, and Hayward
Mark
. 2013
. “Stuart Hall’s ‘Deconstructing the Popular’: Reconsiderations 30 Years Later
.” Communication, Culture and Critique
6
: 201
–7
.Hattori
, Michisato
. 2014
. “The Significance of ‘Kawaii’ as the Theme of the ‘Eshi 100 Vol. 4’ Exhibition, and Eyeing Overseas Expansion
.” In Eshi 100 ninten
, vol. 4
, edited by Taichi
Ishizaka
, 226
–27
. Tokyo
: Sankei shimbunsha
.Hattori
, Michisato
. 2015
. “Regarding the ‘Eshi 100 Exhibition 05
.” In Eshi 100 ninten
, vol. 5
, edited by Taichi
Ishizaka
, 217
–19
. Tokyo
: Sankei shimbunsha
.Haworth
, Abigail
. 2013
. “Why Have Young People in Japan Stopped Having Sex?
” Guardian
, October
20
. .Hayakawa
, Kiyoshi
, Ryū
Yamazaki
, Naohiro
Kimata
, Ginrei
Shimizu
, and Kaede
Satō
. 2008
. Meido kissa de aimashō
. Tokyo
: Āruzu shuppan.
Hebdige
, Dick
. 2005
. “Subculture
”. In Popular Culture: A Reader
, edited by Guins
Raiford
and Cruz
Omayra Zaragoza
, 355
–71
. London
: Sage
.Hills
, Matt
. 2002
. “Transcultural Otaku: Japanese Representations of Fandom and Representations of Japan in Anime/Manga Fan Cultures
.” MIT
. .Hinton
, Perry R.
2014
. “The Cultural Context and the Interpretation of Japanese ‘Lolita Complex’ Style Anime
.” Intercultural Communication Studies
23
(2
): 54
–68
.Hochschild
, Arlie Russell
. 1983
. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feelings
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Hofmann
, Jennifer-Naomi
. 2017
. “Translation as Activism: An Interview with Philip Boehm
”. Literary Hub
, March
6
. .Honda
, Masuko
. 2011
. “The Genealogy of Hirahira: The Liminality of the Girl
.” Translated by Aoyama
Tomoko
and Hartley
Barbara
. In Girl Reading Girl in Japan
, edited by Aoyama
Tomoko
and Hartley
Barbara
, 19
–37
. London
: Routledge
.Honda
, Tōru
, and Shunji
Hotta
. 2007
. Jisatsu suru nara, hikikomore: Mondai darake no gakkō kara mi wo mamoru hō
. Tokyo
: Kōbunsha
.Honda
, Tōru
, and Ki’ichirō
Yanashita
. 2008
. “Tokubetsu taidan: ‘Jiken wo okoshita koto igai, hotondo boku to issho nan desu’
”. In Akiba jiken wo dō yomu ka!?
, edited by Henshūbu
Yōsensha Mūku
, 68
–73
. Tokyo
: Yōsensha
.hooks
, bell
. 2000
. “Choosing the Margin as a Space of Radical Openness
”. In Gender Space Architecture: An Interdisciplinary Introduction
, edited by Rendell
Jane
, Penner
Barbara
, and Borden
Iain
, 203
–9
. London
: Routledge
.Horkheimer
, Max
, and Adorno
Theodor
. 2002
. “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception.” Translated by Edmund Jephcott
.” In Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments
, edited by Noerr
Gunzelin Schmid
, 94
–136
. Stanford, CA
: Stanford University Press
.Hyōdō
, Hiromi
, and Smith
Henry DeWitt
. 2006
. “Singing Tales of the Gishi: Naniwabushi and the Forty-Seven Rōnin in Late Meiji Japan
.” Monumenta Nipponica
61
(4
): 459
–508
.Inforest
. 2005
. Meido-san taizen
. Tokyo
: Inforest.
Inness
, Sherrie A.
1999
. Tough Girls: Women Warriors and Won der Women in Popular Culture
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
.Inoue
, Miyako
. 2006
. Vicarious Language: Gender and Linguistic Modernity in Japan
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Ishikawa
, Shin’ichi
, Sasagawa
Satoko
, and Essau
Cecilia A.
. 2012
. “The Prevalence and Nature of Child Abuse and Violence in Japan
.” In Violence and Abuse in Society: Understanding a Global Crisis
, edited by Browne-Miller
Angela
, 307
–22
. Santa Barbara, CA
: Praeger
.Isola
, Mark John
. 2010
. “Yaoi and Slash Fiction: Women Writing, Reading, and Getting Off?
” In Boys’ Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre
, edited by Levi
Antonia
, McHarry
Mark
, and Pagliassotti
Dru
, 84
–98
. Jefferson, NC
: McFarland
.Itō
, Gō
. 2006
. “Manga History Viewed through Proto-Characteristics
.” Translated by Tetsuro
Shimauchi
. In Tezuka: The Marvel of Manga
, edited by Brophy
Philip
, 107
–13
. Melbourne, Australia
: National Gallery of Victoria
.Itō
, Kimio
. 2005
. “An Introduction to Men’s Studies
”. In Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
and Dasgupta
Romit
, 145
–52
. London
: Routledge
.Itō
, Kimio
. 2010
. “When a ‘Male’ Reads Shōjo Manga.” Translated by Miyake Toshio
.” In Comics Worlds and the World of Comics: Toward Scholarship on a Global Scale
, edited by Berndt
Jaqueline
, 169
–75
. Kyoto
: International Manga Research Center
.Ito
, Mizuko
. 2008
. “Mobilizing the Imagination in Everyday Play: The Case of Japanese Media Mixes
”. In The International Handbook of Children, Media, and Culture
, edited by Drotner
Kirsten
and Livingstone
Sonia
, 397
–412
. London
: Sage Publications
.Ito
, Mizuko
. 2012
. Introduction to Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World
, edited by Ito
Mizuko
, Okabe
Daisuke
, and Tsuji
Izumi
, xi
–xxxi
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Ivy
, Marilyn
. 1993
. “Formations of Mass Culture
”. In Japan as Postwar History
, edited by Gordon
Andrew
, 239
–58
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Iwabuchi
, Koichi
. 2010
. “Undoing Inter-National Fandom in the Age of Brand Nationalism
”. In Mechademia 5: Fanthropologies
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 87
–96
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Jackson
, John L.
2005
. Real Black: Adventures in Racial Sincerity
. Chicago, IL
: University of Chicago Press
.Jenkins
, Henry
. 1988
. “Star Trek Rerun, Reread, Rewritten: Fan Writing as Textual Poaching
.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication
5
(2
): 85
–107
.Jenkins
, Henry
. 2006a
. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide
. New York
: New York University Press
.Jenkins
, Henry
. 2006b
. Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers: Media Consumers in a Digital Age
. New York
: New York University Press
.JETRO
. 2005
. “Japan Animation Industry Trends
.” Japan Economic Monthly
, June
. .JNTO
. 2008a
. JNTO hōnichi gaikyaku jittai chōsa 2006–2007: Hōmonchi chōsa hen
. Tokyo
: International Tourism Center of Japan.
JNTO
. 2008b
. JNTO hōnichi gaikyaku jittai chōsa 2006–2007: Manzokudo chōsa hen
. Tokyo
: International Tourism Center of Japan.
JNTO
. 2010
. Official Guidebook (English): Visit Japan Year 2010 Winter Campaign
. Tokyo
: International Tourism Center of Japan
.Jones
, Matthew T.
2005a
. “The Impact of Telepresence on Cultural Transmission through Bishoujo Games
.” PsychNology Journal
3
(3
): 292
–311
.Jones
, Matthew T.
2005b
. “Reflexivity in Comic Art
.” International Journal of Comic Art
7
(1
): 270
–86
.Josephy-Hernández
, Daniel E.
2017
. “Fansubbing Hentai Anime: Users, Distribution, Censorship and Ethics
”. In Non-Professional Subtitling
, edited by Orrego-Carmona
David
and Lee
Yvonne
, 171
–97
. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
: Cambridge Scholars
.Kagami
, Hiroyuki
. 2010
. Hijitsuzai seishōnen ron: Otaku to shihonshugi
. Tokyo
: Ai’ikusha
.Kam
, Thiam Huat
. 2013a
. “The Anxieties That Make the ‘Otaku’: Capital and the Common Sense of Consumption in Contemporary Japan
.” Japanese Studies
33
(1
): 39
–61
.Kam
, Thiam Huat
. 2013b
. “The Common Sense That Makes the ‘Otaku’: Rules for Consuming Popular Culture in Contemporary Japan
.” Japan Forum
25
(2
): 151
–73
.Kam
, Thiam Huat
. 2015
. “‘Otaku’ as Label: Concerns over Productive Capacities in Contemporary Capitalist Japan
”. In Debating Otaku in Contemporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons
, edited by Galbraith
Patrick W.
, Kam
Thiam Huat
, and Kamm
Björn-Ole
, 179
–95
. London
: Bloomsbury
.Kang
, Nancy
. 2010
. “Dirty Pictures: The Metamorphosis of Erotic Art into Mass Art in Japanese Manga
”. In Manga and Philosophy
, edited by Steiff
Josef
and Barkman
Adam
, 111
–27
. Chicago, IL
: Open Court
.Katayama
, Lisa
. 2009a
. “Love in 2-D
,” New York Times Magazine
, July
21
. .Katayama
, Lisa
. 2009b
. “Man Marries Videogame Character in Japan (First-Ever Man/Game Wedding)
”. Boing Boing TV
, November
23
..Kelly
, William W.
, and White
Merry I.
2006
. “Students, Slackers, Singles, Seniors, and Strangers: Transforming a Family-Nation
”. In Beyond Japan: The Dynamics of East Asian Regionalism
, edited by Katzenstein
Peter J.
and Shiraishi
Takashi
, 63
–84
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Kelts
, Roland
. 2006
. Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the US
. New York
: Palgrave
.Kijima
, Yoshimasa
. 2012
. “Why Make E-moe-tional Attachments to Fictional Characters? The Cultural Sociology of the Post-Modern
.” Translated by Stickland
Leonie R.
. In Pop Culture and the Everyday in Japan: Sociological Perspectives
, edited by Minamida
Katsuya
and Tsuji
Izumi
, 149
–70
. Melbourne, Australia
: Trans Pacific Press
.Kikuchi
, Satoru
. 2008
. “‘Otaku’ sutereotaipu no hensen to Akihabara burando
.” Chi’iki burando kenkyū
4
: 47
–78
.Kikuchi
, Satoru
. 2015
. “The Transformation and Diffusion of ‘Otaku’ Stereotypes and the Establishment of ‘Akihabara’ as a Place-Brand
.” Translated by Nishimura
Keiko
and Kamm
Björn-Ole
. In Debating Otaku in Contemporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons
, edited by Galbraith
Patrick W.
, Kam
Thiam Huat
, and Kamm
Björn-Ole
, 147
–61
. London
: Bloomsbury
.Kimi
, Rito
. 2015
. Hentai Manga! A Brief History of Pornographic Comics in Japan
. Translated by Patrick W. Galbraith. Los Angeles
: Digital Manga.
Kinsella
, Sharon
. 1995
. “Cuties in Japan
”. In Women, Media, and Consumption in Japan
, edited by Skov
Lise
and Moeran
Brian
, 220
–54
. Honolulu
: University of Hawai‘i Press
.Kinsella
, Sharon
. 1998
. “Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement
.” Journal of Japanese Studies
24
(2
): 289
–316
.Kinsella
, Sharon
. 2000
. Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society
. Honolulu
: University of Hawai‘i Press
.Kinsella
, Sharon
. 2006
. “Minstrelized Girls: Male Performers of Japan’s Lolita Complex
.” Japan Forum
18
(1
): 65
–87
.Kitabayashi
, Ken
. 2004
. “The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers
.” Nomura Research Institute
. .Kotani
, Mari
. 2003
. “Otakuīn wa otakuia no yume wo mita wa
”. In Mōjō genron F-kai: Posutomodan otaku sekushuariti
, edited by Hiroki
Azuma
, 115
–27
. Tokyo
: Seidōsha
.International
KWR.
2004
. “Japan Regains Its Position as a Global Cultural and Trend Leader
”. February
14
. .Lah
, Kyung
. 2010
. “‘RapeLay’ Video Game Goes Viral amid Outrage
”. CNN
, March
31
. .Lamarre
, Thomas
. 2006
. “Otaku Movement
”. In Japan after Japan: Social and Cultural Life from the Recessionary 1990s to the Pre sent
, edited by Yoda
Tomiko
and Harootunian
Harry
, 358
–94
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Lamarre
, Thomas
. 2009a
. The Anime Machine: A Media Theory of Animation
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Lamarre
, Thomas
. 2009b
. “Platonic Sex: Perversion and Shōjo Anime (Part One)
.” Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal
1
(1
): 45
–59
.Lamarre
, Thomas
. 2011
. “Speciesism, Part III: Neoteny and the Politics of Life
.” In Mechademia 6: User Enhanced
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 110
–38
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Lamerichs
, Nicolle
. 2014
. “Embodied Fantasy: The Affective Space of Anime Conventions
”. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Fan Cultures
, edited by Duits
Linda
, Zwaan
Koos
, and Reijnders
Stijn
, 263
–74
. Surrey, UK
: Ashgate
.Laycock
, Joseph P.
2015
. Dangerous Games: What the Moral Panic over Role-Playing Games Says about Play, Religion, and Imagined Worlds
. Oakland
: University of California Press
.Leheny
, David
. 2006a
. “A Narrow Place to Cross Swords: ‘Soft Power’ and the Politics of Japanese Popular Culture in East Asia
”. In Beyond Japan: The Dynamics of East Asian Regionalism
, edited by Katzenstein
Peter J.
and Shiraishi
Takashi
, 211
–36
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Leheny
, David
. 2006b
. Think Global, Fear Local: Sex, Violence, and Anxiety in Contemporary Japan
. Ithaca, NY
: Cornell University Press
.Liberatore
, Stacy
. 2016
. “The $2500 Holographic ‘Girlfriend’ That Can Double as a Virtual pa (and Even Send ‘I Miss You’ Messages When You’re Away)
,” Daily Mail
, December
19
. .Lukács
, Gabriella
. 2010a
. “Iron Chef around the World: Japanese Food Television, Soft Power, and Cultural Globalization
.” International Journal of Cultural Studies
13
(4
): 409
–26
.Lukács
, Gabriella
. 2010b
. Scripted Affects, Branded Selves: Television, Subjectivity, and Capitalism in 1990s Japan
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Lukács
, Gabriella
. 2013
. “Dreamwork: Cell Phone Novelists, Labor, and Politics in Contemporary Japan
.” Cultural Anthropology
28
(1
): 44
–64
.Lunning
, Frenchy
, ed. 2006
. Mechademia 1: Emerging Worlds of Anime and Manga
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Macias
, Patrick
, and Machiyama
Tomohiro
. 2004
. Cruising the Anime City: An Otaku Guide to Neo Tokyo
. Berkeley, CA
: Stone Bridge Press.
Mackie
, Vera
. 2010
. “Reading Lolita in Japan
”. In Girl Reading Girl in Japan
, edited by Aoyama
Tomoko
and Hartley
Barbara
, 187
–201
. London
: Routledge
.Madill
, Anna
. 2015
. “Boys’ Love Manga for Girls: Paedophilic, Satirical, Queer Readings and English Law
.” In Children, Sexuality and Sexualization
, edited by Renold
Emma
, Ringrose
Jessica
, and Egan
R. Danielle
, 273
–88
. New York
: Palgrave
.Malaquais
, Laurent
. 2012
. Bronies: The Extremely Unexpected Adult Fans of My Little Pony
. New York
: Film Buff
.Malinowski
, Bronisław
. [1922] 2014
. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea
. London
: Routledge
.Marshall
, P. David
. 2014
. Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Martinez
, Dolores
, ed. 1998
. The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries, and Global Cultures
. Cambridge, UK
: Cambridge University Press
.McCarthy
, Helen
. 1999
. Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation
. Berkeley, CA
: Stone Bridge Press
.McCarthy
, Helen
. 2009a
. “And Tezuka Created Moe
”. Helen McCarthy: A Face Made for Radio Blog
, July
24
. .McCarthy
, Helen
. 2009b
. The Art of Osamu Tezuka: God of Manga
. New York
: Abrams Comic Arts
.McCloud
, Scott
. 1994
. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art
. New York
: Harper Perennial
.McCloud
, Scott
. 2000
. Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form
. New York
: Harper Perennial
.McGlotten
, Shaka
. 2013
. Virtual Intimacies: Media, Affect, and Queer Sociality
. Albany
: State University of New York Press
.McGray
, Douglas
. 2002
. “Japan’s Gross National Cool
.” Foreign Policy
130
: 44
–54
.McKnight
, Anne
. 2010
. “Frenchness and Transformation in Japanese Subculture, 1972–2004
.” In Mechademia 5: Fanthropologies
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 118
–37
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.McLaren
, Sally
, and Spies
Alwyn
. 2016
. “Risk and Potential: Establishing Critical Pedagogy in Japanese Popular Culture Courses
”. In Teaching Japanese Popular Culture
, edited by Shamoon
Deborah
and McMorran
Chris
, 19
–43
. Ann Arbor, MI
: Association for Asian Studies
.McLelland
, Mark
. 2005
. “Salarymen Doing Queer: Gay Men and the Heterosexual Public Sphere
”. In Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
and Dasgupta
Romit
, 96
–110
. London
: Routledge
.McLelland
, Mark
. 2011
. “Thought Policing or the Protection of Youth? Debate in Japan over the ‘Non-Existent Youth Bill’
.” International Journal of Comic Art
13
(1
): 348
–67
.McLelland
, Mark
. 2013
. “Ethical and Legal Issues in Teaching about Japanese Popular Culture to Undergraduate Students in Australia
.”Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
13
(2
). .McNicol
, Tony
. 2004
. “Does Comic Relief Hurt Kids? Is the Eroticization of Children in Japanese Anime a Serious Social Problem or Just a Form of Rebellion?
” Japan Times
, April
27
. .METI
. 2012
. “Dai 3 kai chi’iki ōpun mini shinpojiumu in Akihabara paneru disukasshon gijiroku
.” .Mihara
, Ryōtarō
. 2010
. Haruhi in USA: Nihon anime kokusaika no kenkyū
. Tokyo
: NTT shuppan.
Mihara
, Ryōtarō
. 2013
. “‘Character,’ ‘Format,’ ‘Cool Japan’
.” In Eshi 100 nin ten
, vol. 3
, edited by Taichi
Ishizaka
, 224
–25
. Tokyo
: Sankei shimbunsha
.Mihara
, Ryōtarō
. 2014
. Kūru Japan wa naze kirawareru no ka: “Nekkyō” to “reishō” wo koete
. Tokyo
: Chūō kōron shinsha
.Miller
, Laura
. 2004
. “You Are Doing Burikko! Censoring/Scrutinizing Artificers of Cute Femininity in Japanese
.” In Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People
, edited by Okamoto
Shigeko
and Smith
Janet S. Shibamoto
, 148
–65
. Oxford, UK
: Oxford University Press
.Miller
, Laura
. 2011
. “Cute Masquerade and the Pimping of Japan
.” International Journal of Japanese Sociology
20
(1
): 18
–29
.Minoru
, Matsutani
. 2010
. “Akihabara Gets Bank of Security Cameras
”. Japan Times
, January
27
. .Mitchell
, W. J. T.
2005
. What Do Pictures Want? The Lives and Loves of Images
. Chicago, IL
: University of Chicago Press
.Miyamoto
, Hirohito
. 2011
. “How Characters Stand Out.” Translated by Thomas Lamarre
.” In Mechademia 6: User Enhanced
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 84
–91
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Miyamura
, Noriko
. 2008
. “GEISAI#11 foto repōto
.” GEISAI
. .Miyazaki
, Hayao
. 2009
. Starting Point: 1979–1996
. Translated by Cary
Beth
and Schodt
Frederik L.
. San Francisco, CA
: Viz Media.
Morikawa
, Ka’ichirō
. 2004
. “OTAKU: persona = space = city: The Birth of a Personapolis
”. In Otaku: Jinkaku = kūkan = toshi
, edited by Ka’ichirō
Morikawa
, 18
–37
. Tokyo
: Gentōsha
.Morikawa
, Ka’ichirō
. 2008
. Zōho shuto no tanjō: Moeru toshi Akihabara
. Tokyo
: Gentōsha.
Morikawa
, Ka’ichirō
. 2011a
. “Azuma Hideo wa ika ni shite ‘otaku bunka no so’ ni natta ka
”. In Azuma Hideo: Bishōjo, sf, fujōri, soshite shissō
, edited by Tōru
Nishiguchi
and Yūko
Anazawa
, 179
–86
. Tokyo
: Kawade shobō shinsha
.Morikawa
, Ka’ichirō
. 2011b
. “Bishōjo hyōgen no hattatsu shi
”. Lecture held at the Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library of Manga and Subcultures
, March
19
.Morikawa
, Ka’ichirō
. 2012
. “Otaku and the City: The Rebirth of Akihabara
”. In Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World
, edited by Ito
Mizuko
, Okabe
Daisuke
, and Tsuji
Izumi
, 133
–57
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Morris
, David Z.
2016
. “The Creepy Virtual Assistant That Embodies Japan’s Biggest Problems
.” Fortune
, December
18
. .Murakami
, Takashi
. 2005
. “Earth in My Window
”. In Little Boy: The Arts of Japan’s Exploding Subculture
, edited by Takashi
Murakami
, 98
–149
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Nagaike
, Kazumi
. 2003
. “Perverse Sexualities, Perversive Desires: Representations of Female Fantasies and Yaoi Manga as Pornography Directed at Women
.” U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal
25
: 76
–103
.Nagaike
, Kazumi
. 2015
. “Do Heterosexual Men Dream of Homosexual Men? bl Fudanshi and Discourse on Male Feminization
.” In Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
, Nagaike
Kazumi
, Suganuma
Katsuhiko
, and Welker
James
, 189
–209
. Jackson
: University Press of Mississippi
.Nagaoka
, Yoshiyuki
. 2010
. Manga wa naze kisei sareru no ka? “Yūgai” wo meguru hanseiki no kōbō
. Tokyo
: Heibonsha
.Nagayama
, Kaoru
. 2003
. “Sekushuariti no henyō
”. In Mōjō genron F-kai: Posutomodan otaku sekushuariti
, edited by Hiroki
Azuma
, 39
–58
. Tokyo
: Seidōsha
.Nagayama
, Kaoru
. 2014
. Zōho eromanga sutadīzu: “Kairaku sōchi” toshite no manga nyūmon
. Tokyo
: Chikuma bunko.
Nakamori
, Akio
. 1989
. “Boku ga ‘otaku’ no nazukeoya ni natta jijō
”. In Otaku no hon
, edited by Shinji
Ishi’i
, 89
–100
. Tokyo
: JICC shuppankyoku
.Napier
, Susan J.
2001
. Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation
. New York
: Palgrave
.Napier
, Susan J.
2007
. From Impressionism to Anime: Japan as Fantasy and Fan Cult in the Mind of the West
. New York
: Palgrave
.Negri
, Antonio
. 1999
. “Value and Affect
.” Translated by Hardt
Michael
. boundary 2
26
(2
): 77
–88
.Newitz
, Annalee
. 1995
. “Magical Girls and Atomic Bomb Sperm: Japanese Animation in America
.” Film Quarterly
49
(1
): 2
–15
.Newtype
. 2010
. “NT Research
.” March
.NHK
. 2007
. COOL JAPAN ~ Hakkutsu! Kakko ii Nippon
. August
30
.Nikkei Net
. 2007
. “Shunjū
”. September
1
. .Nishimura
, Yukiko
. 2012
. “Puns in Japanese Computer Mediated Communication: Observations from Misconversion Phenomena
.” AAAI Technical Report
, 38
–45
.Norma
, Caroline
. 2015
. “Catharine MacKinnon in Japanese: Toward a Radical Feminist Theory of Translation
”. In Multiple Translation Communities in Contemporary Japan
, edited by Curran
Beverley
, Sato-Rossberg
Nana
, and Tanabe
Kikuko
, 79
–98
. London
: Routledge
.Novak
, David
. 2013
. Japanoise: Music at the Edge of Circulation
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.NTV
. 2010
. “Kyō wa nan no hi: 1998 nen 6 gatsu 28 nichi ‘Harajuku no hokoten no saishūbi’
.” June
28
. .Okabe
, Daisuke
. 2012
. “Cosplay, Learning, and Cultural Practice
”. In Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World
, edited by Ito
Mizuko
, Okabe
Daisuke
, and Tsuji
Izumi
, 225
–48
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Okada
, Toshio
. [1996] 2015a
. “Introduction to Otakuology
.” Translated by Nishimura
Keiko
. In Debating Otaku in Contemporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons
, edited by Galbraith
Patrick W.
, Kam
Thiam Huat
, and Kamm
Björn-Ole
, 89
–101
. London
: Bloomsbury
.Okada
, Toshio
. [2008] 2015b
. “The Transition of Otaku and Otaku
.” Translated by Kamm
Björn-Ole
. In Debating Otaku in Contemporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons
, edited by Galbraith
Patrick W.
, Kam
Thiam Huat
, and Kamm
Björn-Ole
, 163
–78
. London
: Bloomsbury
.Okada
, Toshio
, Ka’ichirō
Morikawa
, and Takashi
Murakami
. 2005
. “Otaku Talk
.” In Little Boy: The Arts of Japan’s Exploding Subculture
, edited by Takashi
Murakami
, 165
–85
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Ortabasi
, Melek
. 2008
. “National History as Otaku Fantasy: Satoshi Kon’s Millennium Actress
.” In Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime
, edited by MacWilliams
Mark W.
, 274
–94
. Armonk, NY
: M. E. Sharpe
.Ortega
, Mariana
. 2007
. “My Father, He Killed Me; My Mother, She Ate Me: Self, Desire, Engendering, and the Mother” in Neon Genesis Evangelion
.” In Mechademia 2: Networks of Desire
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 216
–32
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Ortega-Brena
, Mariana
. 2009
. “Peek-A-Boo, I See You: Watching Japanese Hard-Core Animation
.” Sexuality and Culture
13
: 17
–31
.Ostrovsky
, Simon
. 2015
. “Schoolgirls for Sale in Japan
”. Vice News
, July
20
. .Ōtsuka
, Eiji
. 1991
. Tasogaredoki ni mitsuketa mono: “Ribon” no furoku to sono jidai
. Tokyo
: Ōta shuppan.
Ōtsuka
, Eiji
. 2004
. “Otaku” no seishin shi: 1980 nendai ron
. Tokyo
: Kōdansha gendai shinsho.
Ōtsuka
, Eiji
. 2008
. “Disarming Atom: Tezuka Osamu’s Manga at War and Peace.” Translated by Thomas Lamarre
.” In Mechademia 3: The Limits of the Human
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 111
–25
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Ōtsuka
, Eiji
. 2013
. “An Unholy Alliance of Eisenstein and Disney: The Fascist Origins of Otaku Culture.” Translated by Thomas Lamarre
.” In Mechademia 8: Tezuka’s Manga Life
, edited by Lunning
Frenchy
, 251
–77
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Ōtsuka
, Eiji
. 2015
. “Otaku Culture as ‘Conversion Literature’.” Translated by Patrick W. Galbraith
.” In Debating Otaku in Contemporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons
, edited by Galbraith
Patrick W.
, Kam
Thiam Huat
, and Kamm
Björn-Ole
, xii
–xxix
. London
: Bloomsbury
. Patten
, Fred
. 2004
. Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews
. Berkeley, CA
: Stone Bridge Press.
Pettman
, Dominic
. 2009
. “Love in the Time of Tamagotchi
.” Theory, Culture and Society
26
(2–3
): 189
–208
.Pizzino
, Christopher
. 2016
. Arresting Development: Comics at the Boundaries of Literature
. Austin
: University of Texas Press
.Puar
, Jasbir K.
2007
. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Raku Job
. 2008
. “Nyūsu: Akiba otaku matsuri no goannai
”. May
2
. .Randall
, Bill
. 2005
. “Behold Japan’s God of Manga: An Introduction to the Work of Osamu Tezuka
.” Comics Journal
5
: 46
–57
.Rani
, Anita
. 2013
. “The Japanese Men Who Prefer Virtual Girlfriends to Sex
.” BBC News Magazine
, October
24
. .Right Stuf
. 1998
. “History of Anime in the U.S., Part 2
.” .Ripley
, Will
, Whiteman
Hilary
, and Henry
Edmund
. 2014
. “Sexually Explicit Japan Manga Evades New Laws on Child Pornography
”. CNN
, June
18
. .Roberson
, James E.
, and Suzuki
Nobue
. 2003
. Introduction to Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa
, edited by Roberson
James E.
and Suzuki
Nobue
, 1
–19
. London
: Routledge
.Rubin
, Gayle S.
2011
. Deviations: A Gayle Rubin Reader
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Saitō
, Tamaki
. 2007
. “Otaku Sexuality
.” Translated by Bolton
Christopher
. In Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams: Japanese Science Fiction from Origins to Anime
, edited by Bolton
Christopher
, Csiscery-Ronay
Stan
Jr., and Tatsumi
Takayuki
, 222
–49
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Saitō
, Tamaki
. [2000] 2011
. Beautiful Fighting Girl
. Translated by Vincent
J. Keith
and Lawson
Dawn
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Sakata
, Fumihiko
. 2015
. “The Transition and Lineage of Beauty
.” In Eshi 100 nin ten
, vol. 5
, edited by Taichi
Ishizaka
, 222
–23
. Tokyo
: Sankei shimbunsha
.Sakurai
, Tetsuo
. 2006
. “Tezuka: An Artist Who Confronted His Era.” Translated by Philip Brophy
.” In Tezuka: The Marvel of Manga
, edited by Brophy
Philip
, 67
–76
. Melbourne, Australia
: National Gallery of Victoria
.Sand
, Jordan
. 2013
. Tokyo Vernacular: Common Spaces, Local Histories, Found Objects
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Sankei Shimbun
. 2013
. Introduction to Eshi 100 ninten
, vol. 3
, edited by Taichi
Ishizaka
, 3
. Tokyo
: Sankei shimbunsha.
Sankei Shimbun
. 2014
. Introduction to Eshi 100 ninten
, vol. 4
, edited by Taichi
Ishizaka
, 3
. Tokyo
: Sankei shimbunsha.
Sasakibara
, Gō
. 2003
. “Kizu tsukeru sei, dankai no sedai kara otaku sedai e: Gyarugē-teki sekushariti no kigen
.” In Shingenjitsu
, vol. 2
, edited by Eiji
Ōtsuka
, 101
–28
. Tokyo
: Kadokawa shoten
.Sasakibara
, Gō
. 2004
. “Bishōjo” no gendai shi: “Moe” to kyarakutā
. Tokyo
: Kōdansha gendai shinsho.
Schodt
, Frederik L.
1983
. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics
. Tokyo
: Kodansha International
.Schodt
, Frederik L.
1996
. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga
. Berkeley, CA
: Stone Bridge Press.
Schodt
, Frederik L.
2007
. The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka, Mighty Atom, and the Manga/Anime Revolution
. Berkeley, CA
: Stone Bridge Press
.Schodt
, Frederik L.
2009
. Foreword to The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider’s Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan
, by Galbraith
Patrick W.
, 6
–7
. Tokyo
: Kodansha International
.Schoenberger
, Karl
. 1989
. “Sordid Serial-Killing Case Exposes the Other Side of Innocence in Japan
.” Los Angeles Times
, September
9
. .Screech
, Timon
. 1999
. Sex and the Floating World: Erotic Images in Japan, 1700–1820
. London
: Reaktion Books
.Sedgwick
, Eve Kosofsky
. 1993
. Tendencies
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Sedgwick
, Eve Kosofsky
. 2003
. Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Shamoon
, Deborah
. 2012
. Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girls’ Culture in Japan
. Honolulu
: University of Hawai‘i Press
.Sharp
, Luke
. 2011
. “Maid Meets Mammal: The ‘Animalized’ Body of the Cosplay Maid Character in Japan
.” Intertexts
15
(1
): 60
–78
.Shigematsu
, Setsu
. 1999
. “Dimensions of Desire: Sex, Fantasy, and Fetish in Japanese Comics
”. In Themes in Asian Cartooning: Cute, Cheap, Mad, and Sexy
, edited by Lent
John A.
, 127
–63
. Bowling Green, OH
: Bowling Green State University Popular Press
.Shiokawa
, Kanako
. 1999
. “Cute but Deadly: Women and Violence in Japanese Comics
”. In Themes in Asian Cartooning: Cute, Cheap, Mad, and Sexy
, edited by Lent
John A.
, 93
–125
. Bowling Green, OH
: Bowling Green State University Popular Press
.Siciliano
, Leon
. 2016
. “Japan’s Version of Amazon Echo Is a Female Hologram That Wants You to Be Her ‘Master’
”. Business Insider UK
, December
20
. .Silvio
, Teri
. 2010
. “Animation: The New Performance
.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
20
(2
): 422
–38
.Slater
, David H.
, and Galbraith
Patrick W.
2011
. “Re-Narrating Social Class and Masculinity in Neoliberal Japan: An Examination of the Media Coverage of the ‘Akihabara Incident’ of 2008
.” Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
. .Smith
, Catharine
. 2010
. “‘Love Plus’ Resort Caters to Men with Virtual Girlfriends
”. Huffington Post
, September
1
. .Smith
, Henry
. 1996
. “Overcoming the Modern History of Edo ‘Shunga’
”. In Imaging/Reading Eros: Proceedings for the Conference Sexuality and Edo Culture, 1750–1850
, edited by Jones
Sumie
, 26
–34
. Bloomington, IN
: East Asian Studies Center
.Steinberg
, Marc
. 2004
. “Otaku Consumption, Superflat Art and the Return to Edo
.” Japan Forum
16
(3
): 449
–71
.Steinberg
, Marc
. 2012
. Anime’s Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Stewart
, Kathleen
. 2007
. Ordinary Affects
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Storey
, John
. 1997
. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction
. New York
: Pearson Educational Limited
.Strategy
, Johnny
. 2012
. “Takashi Murakami Rips Apart Cool Japan and Everyone Involved
”. Spoon and Tamago
, January
6
. .Sugimoto
, Arata
. 2013
. “Will a Government-Made ‘Cool Japan’ Attract More Japan Fans?
” Institute for International Studies and Training
, July
31
. .Sugiura
, Yumiko
. 2006a
. Fujoshi-ka suru sekai: Higashi Ikebukuro no otaku onna-tachi
. Tokyo
: Chūōkōron shinsha
.Suzuki
, CJ (Shige)
. 2011
. “Envisioning Alternative Communities through a Popular Medium: Speculative Imagination in Hagio Moto’s Girls’ Comics
.” International Journal of Comic Art
13
(2
): 57
–74
.Szondy
, David
. 2016
. “Gatebox Reimagines Amazon Alexa as Fawning Anime Girlfriend
”. New Atlas
, December
18
. .Taga
, Futoshi
. 2005
. “Rethinking Japanese Masculinities: Recent Research Trends
”. In Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
and Dasgupta
Romit
, 153
–67
. London
: Routledge
.Takahashi
, Mizuki
. 2008
. “Opening the Closed World of Shōjo Manga
.” In Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime
, edited by MacWilliams
Mark W.
, 114
–36
. Armonk, NY
: M. E. Sharpe
.Takahata
, Isao
. 2009
. “Afterword: The Fireworks of Eros
.” Translated by Cary
Beth
and Schodt
Frederik L.
. In Starting Point: 1979–1996
, written by Hayao
Miyazaki
, 451
–61
. San Francisco, CA
: Viz Media
.Takatsuki
, Yasushi
. 2010
. Rorikon: Nihon no shōjo shikōshatachi to sono sekai
. Tokyo
: Basilico.
Takeda
, Yasuhiro
. 2005
. The Notenki Memoirs: Studio Gainax and the Men Who Created Evangelion
. Houston, TX
: A. D. Vision.
Takekuma
, Ken’tarō
. 2003
. “Otaku no dai-ichi sedai no jiko bunseki: Akumade kojin-teki na tachiba kara
”. In Mōjō genron F-kai: Posutomodan otaku sekushuariti
, edited by Hiroki
Azuma
, 101
–14
. Tokyo
: Seidōsha
.Takeuchi
, Cory Lyn
. 2015
. “Regulating Lolicon: Toward Japanese Compliance with Its International Legal Obligations to Ban Virtual Child Pornography
.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law
44
: 195
–236
.Takeuchi
, Ichiro
. 2006
. “Tezuka and the Origin of Story Manga
”. Translated by Brophy
Philip
. In Tezuka: The Marvel of Manga
, edited by Brophy
Philip
, 87
–93
. Melbourne, Australia
: National Gallery of Victoria
.Takeyama
, Akiko
. 2005
. “Commodified Romance in a Tokyo Host Club
”. In Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan
, edited by McLelland
Mark
and Dasgupta
Romit
, 200
–215
. London
: Routledge
.Takeyama
, Akiko
. 2010
. “Intimacy for Sale: Masculinity, Entrepreneurship, and Commodity Self in Japan’s Neoliberal Situation
.” Japanese Studies
30
(2
): 231
–46
.Tamagawa
, Hiroaki
. 2012
. “Comic Market as Space for Self-Expression in Otaku Culture
”. In Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World
, edited by Ito
Mizuko
, Okabe
Daisuke
, and Tsuji
Izumi
, 107
–32
. New Haven, CT
: Yale University Press
.Tanimura
, Kaname
. 2012
. “‘Anime seichi’ ni okeru shumi no hyōshutsu: ‘Shuto’ to ‘anime seichi’ no hikaku kara
”. In Kankō shigen toshite no kontentsu wo kangaeru
, edited by Cultural Resource Management Research Team
, 105
–20
. Hokkaidō, Japan
: Center for Advanced Tourism Studies
.Tantei File News Watch
. 2007
. “Jimin sōsenkyō Akiba de Asō shi ‘2ch ni odoroita’
.” September
17
. .Teshigawara
, Mihoko
, and Satoshi
Kinsui
. 2011
. “Modern Japanese ‘Role Language’ (Yakuwarigo): Fictionalised Orality in Japanese Literature and Popular Culture
.” Sociolinguistic Studies
5
(1
): 37
–58
.Tezuka
, Makoto
. 2011
. “Nihon no sabukaruchā wo michibiita karuto no paionia
”. In Azuma Hideo: Bishōjo, sf, fujōri, soshite shissō
, edited by Tōru
Nishiguchi
and Yūko
Anazawa
, 170
–73
. Tokyo
: Kawade shobō shinsha
.Tezuka
, Osamu
. 1996
. Garasu no chikyū wo sukue: 21 seiki no kimi-tachi e
. Tokyo
: Kōbunsha
.Tezuka
, Osamu
. 2010a
. Tezuka Osamu erosu 1,000 pēji (ge)
. Selected by Rumiko
Tezuka
. Tokyo
: INFAS Publications.
Tezuka
, Osamu
. 2010b
. Tezuka Osamu erosu 1,000 pēji (jō)
. Selected by Rumiko
Tezuka
. Tokyo
: INFAS Publications.
Thorn
, Matthew
. 2001
. “Shōjo Manga— Something for Girls
.” Japan Quarterly
48
(3
): 43
–50
.Thorn
, Matthew
. 2004
. “Girls and Women Getting Out of Hand: The Pleasure and Politics of Japan’s Amateur Comics Community
”. In Fanning the Flames: Fans and Consumer Culture in Contemporary Japan
, edited by Kelly
William
, 169
–87
. Albany
: State University of New York Press
.Time
. 2013
. “The 100 Most Influential People Who Never Lived
.” September
17
.Toivonen
, Tuukka
, and Imoto
Yuki
. 2013
. “Transcending Labels and Panics: The Logic of Japanese Youth Problems
.” Contemporary Japan
25
(1
): 61
–86
.Tokyo Otaku Mode
. 2013
. “‘Eshi 100 Exhibit’ Showcases 100 Artists’ Beautiful Interpretations of Japan’s Seasons
.” May
22
. .Treat
, John Whittier
. 1993
. “Yoshimoto Banana Writes Home: Shōjo Culture and the Nostalgic Subject
.” Journal of Japanese Studies
19
(2
): 353
–87
.Treat
, John Whittier
, ed. 1996
. Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture
. Honolulu
: University of Hawai‘i Press
.Tsing
, Anna Lowenhaupt
. 2015
. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins
. Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press
.Tsuchimoto
, Ariko
. 1989
. “Rorikon, nijikon, ningyō-ai: Kakū no bishōjo ni taku sareta kyōdō gensō
”. In Otaku no hon
, edited by Shinji
Ishi’i
, 102
–15
. Tokyo
: jicc shuppankyoku
.Tsutsui
, William M.
2010
. Japanese Popular Culture and Globalization
. Ann Arbor, MI
: Association for Asian Studies.
TV Takkuru
. 2014
. “Rorikon bōryoku anime kisei wa hitsuyō?
” September
1
. .TV Tropes
. 2017a
. “Girlish Pigtails aka: Twintails
.” .TV Tropes
. 2017b
. “Little Sister Heroine
.” .Ueno
, Chizuko
. 1989
. “Rorikon to yaoi-zoku ni mirai wa aru ka!? 90 nendai no sekkusu reboryūshon
”. In Otaku no hon
, edited by Shinji
Ishi’i
, 131
–36
. Tokyo
: JICC shuppankyoku
.Vlastos
, Stephen
, ed. 1998
. Mirror of Modernity: In vented Traditions of Modern Japan
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Warner
, Michael
. 2000
. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life
. Cambridge, MA
: Harvard University Press
.Weiss
, Margot
. 2011
. Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.White
, Daniel
. 2015
. “How the Center Holds: Administering Soft Power and Cute Culture in Japan
”. In Reframing Diversity in the Anthropology of Japan
, edited by Ertl
John
, Mock
John
, McCreery
John
, and Poole
Gregory
, 99
–120
. Kanazawa, Japan
: Kanazawa University Center for Cultural Resource Studies
.Williams
, Linda
. 1989
. Hard Core: Power, Pleasure, and the “Frenzy of the Visible”
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Yamanaka
, Tomomi
. 2009
. “‘Otaku’ tanjō: ‘Manga burikko’ no gensetsurikigaku wo chūshin ni
.” Kokugo kenkyū
27
: 16
–34
.Yamanaka
, Tomomi
. 2010
. “‘Otaku’ shi wo kaitaku suru: 1980 nendai no ‘kūhaku no rokunenkan’ wo megutte
.” Kokugo kenkyū
28
: 10
–26
.Yano
, Christine R.
2013
. Pink Globalization: Hello Kitty’s Trek across the Pacific
. Durham, NC
: Duke University Press
.Yiu
, Wai-hung
, and Chan
Alex Ching-shing
. 2013
. “‘Kawaii’ and ‘Moe’: Gazes, Geeks (Otaku), and Glocalization of Beautiful Girls (Bishōjo) in Hong Kong Youth Culture
.” positions: asia critique
21
(4
): 853
–84
.Yonezawa
, Yoshihiro
. 1989
. “Komiketto: Sekai saidai no manga no saiten
”. In Otaku no hon
, edited by Shinji
Ishi’i
, 75
–88
. Tokyo
: JICC shuppankyoku
.Yonezawa
, Yoshihiro
. 2004
. “Dōjinshi as Otaku Expression: The State of Japanese Fan-zinedoms
”. In Otaku: Jinkaku = kūkan = toshi
, edited by Ka’ichirō
Morikawa
, 44
–49
. Tokyo
: Gentōsha
.Zanghellini
, Aleardo
. 2009
. “Underage Sex and Romance in Japanese Homoerotic Manga and Anime
.” Social and Legal Studies
18
(2
): 159
–77
.Žižek
, Slavoj
. 1991
. Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture
. Cambridge, MA
: MIT Press
.Žižek
, Slavoj
. 2012
. “Slavoj Žižek on The Avengers
.” CBC Radio
, May
29
. .
