How did revolutionary literature become and remain popular? This is the question Cai takes up in this chapter, arguing that it was by drawing on already existing rural oral genres of heroes and legends that revolutionary literature embedded itself thoroughly in the aesthetics and reading lives of a mass audience. In its appropriation of existing genres, however, revolutionary literature had to transform those genres to serve a new present; thus, rather than promote timelessness and enduring values of hierarchy and individual revenge, the new socialist legends and heroes had to be transformed into generalized individual figures that became collective class...