Skip to Main Content

Skip Nav Destination

This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.

The introduction frames the book’s main argument: that as ideas shift about what sex is, so do the interventions required to change it and the logic of medical practices intended to do so. The introduction outlines the book’s ethnographic and conceptual support of that argument and details how critical engagements with trans- history, economic shifts in American medicine, and influential ideas in gender theory have informed the project. Trans- therapeutics is offered as a framework for thinking about the assumptions, aims, and ends of trans- medicine, and it is argued that facial feminization is emblematic of a shift away from genital-centric conceptualizations of trans- subjectivity and therefore the kinds of intervention recognized as good trans- medicine.

facial feminization surgery, trans- therapeutics, gender theory, clinical history

This content is only available as PDF.

References

Adams

,

Vincanne

,

Murphy

Michelle

, and

Clark

Adele

.

2009

.

Anticipation: Technoscience, Life, Affect, Temporality

.

Subjectivity

28

(

1

):

246

–

65

.

Agarwal

,

Anurag

,

Gracely

Edward

, and

Silver

William E.

.

2007

.

Realistic Expectations: To Morph or Not to Morph?

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

119

(

4

):

1343

–

51

.

Alexander

,

T. L.

, and

Hitchcock

H. P.

.

1978

.

Cephalometric Standards for American Negro Children

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

74

(

3

):

298

–

304

.

Altemus

,

L. A.

1960

.

A Comparison of Cephalofacial Relationships

.

Angle Orthodontist

30

(

4

):

223

–

40

.

Altman

,

K.

2012

.

Facial Feminization Surgery: Current State of the Art

.

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

41

(

8

):

885

–

94

.

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS)

.

1997

.

ASAPS 1997 Statistics on Cosmetic Surgery

.

New York

:

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Inc

.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS)

.

2014

.

2014 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report

.

Arlington Heights, IL

:

ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics

.

Andreu

,

Y.

, and

Mollineda

R. A.

.

2008

.

On the Complementarity of Face Parts for Gender Recognition

. In

Ruiz-Shulcloper

J.

and

Kropatsch

W. G.

, eds.,

Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis and Applications

,

252

–

60

.

Berlin

:

Springer

.

Atkinson

,

Spencer

.

1963

.

An Unexplored Field of Communication

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

49

(

8

):

588

–

92

.

Aultman

,

B.

2014

.

Cisgender

.

Transgender Studies Quarterly

1

(

1–2

):

61

–

62

.

Austin

,

John L.

1962

.

How to Do Things with Words

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Balint

,

John

, and

Shelton

Wayne

.

1996

.

Regaining the Initiative: Forging a New Model of the Patient-Physician Relationship

.

Journal of the American Medical Association

275

(

11

):

887

–

91

.

Barad

,

Karen

.

2015

.

Transmaterialities: Trans*/Matter/Realities and Queer Political Imaginings

.

GLQ

21

(

2–3

):

387

–

422

.

Bauman

,

Richard

, and

Briggs

Charles L.

1990

.

Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life

.

Annual Review of Anthropology

19

:

59

–

88

.

Beauchamp

,

Toby

.

2009

.

Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies and US State Surveillance after 9/11

.

Surveillance and Society

6

(

4

):

356

–

66

.

Becking

,

A. G.

,

Tuinzing

D. B.

,

Hage

J. J.

, and

Gooren

L. J. G.

.

1996

.

Facial Corrections in Male to Female Transsexuals: A Preliminary Report on 16 Patients

.

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

54

:

413

–

18

.

Becking

,

A. G.

,

Tuinzing

D. B.

,

Hage

J. J.

, and

Gooren

L. J. G.

.

2007

.

Transgender Feminization of the Facial Skeleton

.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

34

(

3

):

557

–

64

.

Benedict

,

Ruth

.

1939

.

Sex in Primitive Society

.

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

9

:

570

–

73

.

Benjamin

,

Harry

.

1954

.

Transsexualism and Transvestism as Psycho-Somatic and Somato-Psychic Syndromes

.

American Journal of Psychotherapy

8

:

219

–

30

.

Benjamin

,

Harry

.

1966

.

The Transsexual Phenomenon

.

New York

:

Julian Press

.

Berger

,

Anne Emmanuelle

.

2014

.

The Queer Turn in Feminism: Identities, Sexualities, and the Theater of Gender

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Blakey

,

Michael L.

1987

.

Skull Doctors: Intrinsic Social and Political Bias in the History of American Physical Anthropology with a Special Reference to the Work of Ales Hrdlicka

.

Critique of Anthropology

7

(

2

):

7

–

35

.

Blum

,

Virginia L.

2003

.

Flesh Wounds: The Culture of Cosmetic Surgery

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Blum

,

Virginia L.

2005

.

Becoming the Other Woman: The Psychic Drama of Cosmetic Surgery

.

Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies

(

26

)

2

:

104

–

31

.

Bolin

,

Anne

.

1988

.

In Search of Eve: Transsexual Rites of Passage

.

South Hadley, MA

:

Bergin and Garvey

.

Bordo

,

Susan

.

1993

.

Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Bordo

,

Susan

.

1997

.

Twilight Zones: The Hidden Life of Cultural Images from Plato to OJ

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Bornstein

,

Kate

.

1994

.

Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us

.

New York

:

Vintage

.

Boswell

,

Holly

.

1997

.

The Transgender Paradigm Shift toward Free Expression

. In

Bullough

Bonnie

,

Bullough

Vern L.

, and

Elias

James

, eds.,

Gender Blending

,

53

–

57

.

Amherst, NY

:

Prometheus

.

Bourdieu

,

Pierre

.

1991

.

Language and Symbolic Power

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Bowman

,

C.

, and

Goldberg

J.

.

2006

.

Care of the Patient Undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery

.

Vancouver

:

Vancouver Coastal Health, Transcend Transgender Support and Education Society, and Canadian Rainbow Health Coalition

.

Bradley

,

S.

,

Blanchard

R.

,

Coates

S.

,

Green

R.

,

Levine

S.

,

Meyer-Bahlburg

H.

,

Pauly

I.

, and

Zucker

K.

.

1991

.

Interim Report of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders

.

Archives of Sexual Behavior

20

:

333

–

43

.

Braun

,

Virginia

.

2009

.

The Women Are Doing It for Themselves: The Rhetoric of Choice and Agency around Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery

.

Australian Feminist Studies

24

(

60

):

233

–

49

.

Briggs

,

Charles L.

, and

Hallin

Daniel C.

.

2007

.

Biocommunicability: The Neoliberal Subject and Its Contradictions in News Coverage of Health Issues

.

Social Text

25

(

4

):

43

–

66

.

Brock

,

Dan W.

, and

Buchanan

Allen E.

.

1987

.

The Profit Motive in Medicine

.

Journal of Medicine and Philosophy

12

(

1

):

1

–

35

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

1990

.

Gender Trouble

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

1993

.

Bodies That Matter

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

1999

.

Gender Trouble

. 2nd edition.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

2004

.

Undoing Gender

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

2005

.

Giving an Account of Oneself

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Califia

,

Pat

.

1997

.

Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism

.

San Francisco

:

Cleis

.

Cameron

,

Loren

.

1996

.

Body Alchemy

.

Berkeley, CA

:

Cleis

.

Cantú

,

Lionel

.

2009

.

The Sexuality of Migration: Border Crossings and Mexican Immigrant Men

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Chase

,

Cheryl

.

1998

.

Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism

.

GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies

7

(

4

):

621

–

36

.

Chen

,

Mel Y.

2012

.

Animacies: Biopolitics, Racial Mattering, and Queer Affect

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Cohen-Kettenis

,

P. T.

,

Delemarre-van de Waal

H. A.

and

Gooren

L. J.

.

2008

.

The Treatment of Adolescent Transsexuals: Changing Insights

.

Journal of Sexual Medicine

5

(

8

):

1892

–

97

.

Cohen-Kettenis

,

P. T.

, and

Gooren

L. J. G.

.

1999

.

Transsexualism: A Review of Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

.

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

46

(

4

):

351

–

33

.

Cohen-Kettenis

,

P. T.

,

Schagen

S. E.

,

Steensma

T. D.

,

de Vries

A. L.

, and

Delemarre-van de Waal

H. A.

.

2011

.

Puberty Suppression in a Gender-Dysphoric Adolescent: A 22-Year Follow-Up

.

Archives of Sexual Behavior

40

(

4

):

843

–

47

.

Colebrook

,

Claire

.

2008

.

On Not Becoming Man: The Materialist Politics of Unactualized Potential

. In

Alaimo

Stacy

and

Hekman

Susan

, eds.,

Material Feminisms

,

52

–

84

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Collins

,

H. M.

1994

.

Dissecting Surgery: Forms of Life Depersonalized

.

Social Studies of Science

24

(

2

):

311

–

33

.

Conn

,

Canary

.

1974

.

Canary: The Story of a Transsexual

.

Los Angeles

:

Nash

.

Coogan

,

Kelly

.

2006

.

Fleshy Specificity: (Re)Considering Transsexual Subjects in Lesbian Communities

. In

Aragón

Angela Pattatuci

, ed.,

Challenging Lesbian Norms: Intersex, Transgender, Intersectional, and Queer Perspectives

,

17

–

41

.

Binghamton, NY

:

Harrington Park

.

Cooley

,

D. R.

, and

Harrison

K.

, eds.

2012

.

Passing/Out: Sexual Identity Veiled and Revealed

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Cotton

,

W. N.

,

Takano

W. S.

, and

Wong

W. M. W.

.

1951

.

The Downs Analysis Applied to Three Other Ethnic Groups

.

Angle Orthodontist

21

(

4

):

213

–

20

.

Cromwell

,

Jason

.

1999

.

Transmen and FTMS: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities

.

Urbana

:

University of Illinois Press

.

Currah

,

Paisley

, and

Moore

Lisa Jean

.

2009

. “

We Won’t Know Who You Are”: Contesting Sex Designations in New York City Birth Certificates

.

Hypatia

24

(

3

):

113

–

35

.

Currah

,

Paisley

, and

Mulqueen

Tara

.

2011

.

Securitizing Gender: Identity, Biometrics, and Transgender Bodies at the Airport

.

Social Research

78

(

2

):

557

–

82

.

Daly

,

Mary

.

1978

.

Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

Davidmann

,

Sara

.

2014

.

Transsexual Experiences: Photography, Gender, and the Case of the Emperor’s New Clothes

. In

Zabus

Chantal

and

Coad

David

, eds.,

Transgender Experience: Place, Ethnicity, and Visibility

,

108

–

22

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Davidson

,

S. P.

,

Clifton

M. S.

,

Futrell

W.

,

Priore

R.

, and

Manders

E. K.

.

2000

.

Aesthetic Considerations in Secondary Procedures for Gender Reassignment

.

Aesthetic Surgery Journal

20

(

6

):

477

–

81

.

Davis

,

Kathy

.

2003a

.

Dubious Equalities and Embodied Differences: Cultural Studies on Cosmetic Surgery

.

Lanham, MD

:

Rowman and Littlefield

.

Davis

,

Kathy

.

2003b

.

Surgical Passing: Or Why Michael Jackson’s Nose Makes “Us” Uncomfortable

.

Feminist Theory

4

(

1

):

73

–

92

.

Davy

,

Zowie

.

2011

.

Recognizing Transsexuals: Personal, Political and Medicolegal Embodiment

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Dechant

,

Dorothy

.

2000

.

Our Best Kept Secret: The Spencer R. Atkinson Library of Applied Anatomy

.

Contact Point: The Alumni Magazine of the Dugoni School of Dentistry

80

(

3

):

15

–

19

.

de Lauretis

,

Teresa

.

1991

.

Queer Theory: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities. An Introduction

.

differences

3

(

2

):

iii

–

xviii

.

Dempf

,

Rupert

, and

Eckertet

Alexander W.

.

2010

.

Contouring the Forehead and Rhinoplasty in the Feminization of the Face in Male-to-Female Transsexuals

.

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

38

(

6

):

416

–

22

.

Denny

,

Dallas

.

1992

.

The Tijuana Experience

.

Alicia’s Girl Talk

4

(

9

):

18

.

Denny

,

Dallas

.

2002

.

A Selective Bibliography of Transsexualism

.

Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy

6

(

2

):

35

–

66

.

Derrida

,

Jacques

.

1988

.

Limited Inc

.

Evanston, IL

:

Northwestern University Press

.

Devor

,

Aaron H.

, and

Matte

Nicholas

.

2004

.

ONE Inc. and Reed Erickson: The Uneasy Collaboration of Gay and Trans Activism, 1964–2003

.

GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies

10

(

2

):

179

–

209

.

Devor

,

Aaron H.

, and

Matte

Nicholas

.

2007

.

Building a Better World for Transpeople: Reed Erickson and the Erickson Educational Foundation

.

International Journal of Transgenderism

10

(

1

):

47

–

68

.

Devor

,

Holly

.

2002

.

Reed Erickson (1917–1992): How One Transsexed Man Supported one

. In

Bullough

Vern

, ed.,

Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context

,

383

–

92

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Downing

,

Lisa

,

Morland

Iain

, and

Sullivan

Nikki

.

2015

.

Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Money’s Diagnostic Concepts

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Drummond

,

R. A.

1968

.

A Determination of Cephalometric Norms for the Negro Race

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

54

(

9

):

670

–

82

.

Edkins

,

Jenny

.

2015

.

Face Politics

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Edmonds

,

Alexander

.

2009

.

“Engineering the Erotic”: Aesthetic Medicine and Modernization in Brazil

. In

Heyes

Cressida

and

Jones

Meredith

, eds.,

Cosmetic Surgery: A Feminist Primer

,

152

–

69

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Edmonds

,

Alexander

.

2013

.

The Biological Subject of Aesthetic Medicine

.

Feminist Theory

14

(

1

):

65

–

82

.

Enke

,

A. Finn

.

2013

.

The Education of Little Cis: Cisgender and the Discipline of Opposing Bodies

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Aizura

Aren

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader 2

,

234

–

47

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Epstein

,

Steven

.

2007

.

Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Fabian

,

Anne

.

2010

.

The Skull Collectors: Race, Science, and America’s Unburied Dead

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Fausto-Sterling

Anne

.

2000

.

Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality

.

New York

:

Basic Books

.

Feinberg

,

Leslie

.

1992

.

Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come

.

New York

:

World View Forum

.

Feinberg

,

Leslie

.

1998

.

Trans Liberation: Beyond Pink or Blue

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

First

,

Michael B.

2010

.

Clinical Utility in the Revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

.

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

41

(

6

):

465

.

Foucault

,

Michel

.

1973

.

The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception

.

New York

:

Vintage

.

Frangos

,

Maria

.

2006

.

Embodied Subjectivity and the Quest for Self in Televised Narratives of Body Modification

. In

Chen

Nancy N.

and

Moglen

Helene

, eds.,

Bodies in the Making: Transgressions and Transformations

,

54

–

62

.

Santa Cruz, CA

:

New Pacific Press

.

Fraser

,

Suzanne

.

2003

.

Cosmetic Surgery: Gender and Culture

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Frost

,

Liz

.

2005

.

Theorizing the Young Woman in the Body

.

Body and Society

11

(

1

):

63

–

85

.

Gagné

,

Patricia

, and

McGaughey

Deanna

.

2002

.

Designing Women: Cultural Hegemony and the Exercise of Power among Women Who Have Undergone Elective Mammoplasty

.

Gender and Society

16

(

6

):

814

–

38

.

Garber

,

Marjorie

.

1991

.

Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Garfinkle

,

Harold

.

1967

.

Studies in Ethnomethodology

.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ

:

Prentice-Hall

.

Gehi

,

Pooja S.

, and

Arkles

Gabriel

.

2007

.

Unraveling Injustice: Race and Class Impact of Medicaid Exclusions of Transition-Related Health Care for Transgender People

.

Sexuality Research and Social Policy

4

(

4

):

7

–

35

.

Geller

,

Pamela L.

2005

.

Skeletal Analysis and Theoretical Complications

.

World Archaeology

37

(

4

):

597

–

609

.

Geller

,

Pamela L.

2008

.

Conceiving Sex Fomenting a Feminist Bioarchaeology

.

Journal of Social Archaeology

8

(

1

):

113

–

38

.

Geller

,

Pamela L.

2016

.

The Bioarchaeology of Socio-Sexual Lives: Queering Common Sense about Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

.

New York

:

Springer

.

Gere

,

Cathy

.

1999

.

Bones That Matter: Sex Determination in Paleodemography 1948–1995

.

Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences

3

(

4

):

455

–

71

.

Ghisleni

,

Lara

,

Jordan

Alexis M.

, and

Fioccoprile

Emily

.

2016

.

Introduction to “Binary Binds”:” Deconstructing Sex and Gender Dichotomies in Archaeological Practice

.

Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory

23

(

3

):

765

–

87

.

Giles

,

E.

1964

.

Sex Determination by Discriminant Function Analysis of the Mandible

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

22

(

2

):

129

–

35

.

Giles

,

E.

, and

Elliot

O.

.

1963

.

Sex Determination by Discriminant Function Analysis of Crania

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

21

(

1

):

53

–

68

.

Gilman

,

Sander

.

1998

.

Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Gilman

,

Sander

.

1999

.

Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Gimlin

,

Debra

.

2010

.

Imagining the Other in Cosmetic Surgery

.

Body and Society

16

(

4

):

57

–

76

.

Ginsberg

,

Elaine K.

1996

.

Passing and the Fictions of Identity

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Goffman

,

Erving

.

1961

.

Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction

.

Indianapolis, IN

:

Bobbs-Merrill

.

Goffman

,

Erving

.

1963

.

Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity

.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ

:

Prentice-Hall

.

Gooren

,

Louis

.

2006

.

The Biology of Human Psychosexual Differentiation

.

Hormones and Behavior

50

(

4

):

589

–

601

.

Gooren

,

Louis J. G.

, and

Doorn

Cornelis D.

.

1997

.

What Is Medically Necessary and What Is Needed in Some Other Sense? The Case of the Transsexual Operation

. In

Beaufort

Inez De

,

Hilhorst

Medard

, and

Holm

Søren

, eds.,

The Eye of the Beholder: Ethics and Medical Change of Appearance

,

15

–

25

.

Oslo

:

Scandinavian University Press

.

Gould

,

Stephen Jay

.

1981

.

The Mismeasure of Man

.

New York

:

Norton

Grant

,

J. M.

,

Mottet

L. A.

,

Tanis

J.

,

Harrison

L.

,

Herman

J.

, and

Keisling

M.

.

2010

.

National Transgender Discrimination Survey Report on Health and Health Care

.

Washington, DC

:

National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force

.

http://transequality.org/PDFs/NTDSReportonHealth_final.pdf. Accessed December 9, 2014

.

Green

,

Jamison

.

1999

.

Look! No, Don’t! The Visibility Dilemma for Transsexual Men

. In

More

Kate

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

Reclaiming Genders: Transsexual Grammars at the Fin de siècle

,

117

–

31

.

New York

:

Cassell

.

Habal

,

Mutaz B.

1990

.

Aesthetics of Feminizing the Male Face by Craniofacial Contouring of the Facial Bones

.

Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery

14

:

143

–

50

.

Hage

,

J. J.

,

Becking

A. G.

,

de Graaf

F. H.

, and

Tuinzing

B. D.

.

1997a

.

Gender-Confirming Facial Surgery: Considerations on the Masculinity and Femininity of Faces

.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

99

(

7

):

1799

–

807

.

Hage

,

J. J.

,

Vossen

M. K.

, and

Becking

A. G.

.

1997b

.

Rhinoplasty as Part of Gender Confirming Surgery in Male Transsexuals: Basic Considerations and Clinical Experience

.

Annals of Plastic Surgery

39

:

266

–

71

.

Haiken

,

Elizabeth

.

1997

.

Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery

.

Baltimore

:

Johns Hopkins University Press

.

Halberstam

,

Judith

.

1994

.

Skinflick: Posthuman Gender in Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the Lambs

.

Camera Obscura

, Fall:

37

–

54

.

Haraway

,

Donna

.

1989

.

Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Haraway

,

Donna

.

1997

.

[email protected]©_Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association

.

1979

.

Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons

.

Version 1

.

Galveston, TX

:

Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association

.

Hausman

,

Bernice

.

1995

.

Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Hayward

,

Eva

.

2010

.

Spider City Sex

.

Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory

20

(

3

):

225

–

51

.

Hayward

,

Eva

, and

Weinstein

Jami

.

2014

.

Introduction: Tranimalities in the Age of Trans* Life

.

Transgender Studies Quarterly

2

(

2

):

195

–

208

.

Helmreich

,

Stefan

.

2011

.

Nature/Culture/Seawater

.

American Anthropologist

113

(

1

):

132

–

44

.

Hirschauer

,

Stefan

.

1991

.

The Manufacture of Bodies in Surgery

.

Social Studies of Science

21

(

2

):

279

–

319

.

Hirschauer

,

Stefan

.

1998

.

Performing Sexes and Genders in Medical Practices

. In

Mol

Annemarie

and

Berg

Marc

, eds.,

Differences in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques, and Bodies

,

13

–

27

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Hobbs

,

Allyson

.

2014

.

A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Hochschild

,

Arlie Russell

.

1983

.

The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Hoenig

,

John

.

1985

.

Etiology of Transsexualism

. In

Steiner

Betty W.

, ed.,

Gender Dysphoria

,

33

–

73

.

New York

:

Springer

.

Hoenig

,

J. F.

2011

.

Frontal Bone Remodeling for Gender Reassignment of the Male Forehead: A Gender-Reassignment Surgery

.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

35

(

6

):

1043

–

49

.

Holliday

,

Ruth

, and

Taylor

Jacqueline Sanchez

.

2006

.

Aesthetic Surgery as False Beauty

.

Feminist Theory

7

(

2

):

179

–

95

.

Honneth

,

Axel

.

1995

.

The Struggle for Recognition

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Hrdlička

,

Alěs

.

1919

.

Physical Anthropology: Its Scope and Aims, Its History and Present Status in the United States

.

Philadelphia

:

Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology

.

Huss-Ashmore

Rebecca

.

2000

.

The Real Me: Therapeutic Narrative in Cosmetic Surgery

.

Expedition

42

(

3

).

http://penn.museum/sites/body_modification/index.html. Accessed November 15, 2010

.

Irvine

,

Janice

.

1990

.

Disorders of Desire: Sex and Gender in Modern American Sexology

.

Philadelphia

:

Temple University Press

.

Isin

,

Engin F.

2012

.

Citizens without Frontiers

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Jeffreys

,

Sheila

.

2014

.

Gender Hurts

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Jones

,

Meredith

.

2009

.

Pygmalion’s Many Faces

. In

Heyes

Cressida

and

Jones

Meredith

, eds.,

Cosmetic Surgery: A Feminist Primer

,

171

–

90

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Jordanova

,

Ludmilla

.

1989

.

Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries

.

London

:

Harvester Wheatsheaf

.

Joyce

,

Rosemary A.

2005

.

Archaeology of the Body

.

Annual Review of Anthropology

34

:

139

–

58

.

Joyce

,

Rosemary A.

2008

.

Ancient Bodies, Ancient Lives: Sex, Gender, and Archaeology

.

New York

:

Thames & Hudson

.

Karkazis

,

Katrina

.

2008

.

Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Katz

,

Pearl

.

1981

.

Ritual in the Operating Room

.

Ethnology

20

(

4

):

335

–

50

.

Kessler

,

Suzanne J.

, and

McKenna

Wendy

.

1978

.

Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Kirby

,

Vicky

.

1997

.

Telling Flesh: The Substance of the Corporeal

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Kosenko

,

Kami

,

Rintamaki

Lance

,

Raney

Stephanie

, and

Maness

Kathleen

.

2013

.

Transgender Patient Perceptions of Stigma in Health Care Contexts

.

Medical Care

51

(

9

):

819

–

22

.

Kotula

,

Dean

.

2002

.

The Phallus Palace: Female to Male Transsexuals

.

Los Angeles

:

Alyson

.

Kulick

,

Don

.

1998

.

Travesti

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Lam

,

Samuel M.

2005

.

Aesthetic Facial Surgery for the Asian Male

.

Facial Plastic Surgery

21

(

4

):

317

–

23

.

Lambda Legal

.

2010

.

When Health Care Isn’t Caring: Lambda Legal’s Survey of Discrimination against LGBT People and People with HIV

.

New York

:

Lambda Legal

.

Lambda Legal

.

2015

.

Changing Birth Certificate Sex Designations: State-by-State Guidelines

.

February

3

.

http://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/changing-birth-certificate-sex-designations-state-by-state-guidelines

.

Laqueur

,

Thomas

.

1990

.

Making Sex

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Levine

,

Stephen B.

1989

.

Gender Identity Disorders of Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood

. In

Kaplan

H.

and

Sadock

B.

, eds.,

Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry

, vol.

1

:

1061

–

69

. 5th edition.

Baltimore

:

Williams and Wilkins

.

Lindqvist

,

Sven

,

1997

.

The Skull Measurer’s Mistake: And Other Portraits of Men and Women Who Spoke Out against Racism

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Lorber

,

Judith

.

1975

.

Good Patients and Problem Patients: Conformity and Deviance in a General Hospital

.

Journal of Health and Social behavior

,

June

:

213

–

25

.

Lothstein

,

Leslie M.

1979

.

Group Therapy with Gender-Dysphoric Patients

.

American Journal of Psychotherapy

33

(

1

):

67

–

81

.

Lothstein

,

Leslie M.

1982

.

Sex Reassignment Surgery: Historical, Bioethical and Theoretical Issues

.

American Journal of Psychiatry

139

(

4

):

417

–

26

.

Lynch

,

Michael

.

1994

.

Collins, Hirschauer and Winch: Ethnography, Exoticism, Surgery, Antisepsis and Dehorsification

.

Social Studies of Science

24

(

2

):

354

–

69

.

MacKenzie

,

Gordene Olga

.

1994

.

Transgender Nation

.

Bowling Green, OH

:

Bowling Green State University Popular Press

.

Markowitz

,

Stephanie

.

2008

.

Change of Sex Designation on Transsexuals’ Birth Certificates: Public Policy and Equal Protection

.

Cardozo Journal of Law and Gender

14

:

705

–

30

.

Martin

,

Biddy

.

1994

.

Sexualities without Genders and Other Queer Utopias

.

diacritics

24

(

2/3

):

104

–

21

.

Martino

,

Mario

.

1977

.

Emergence: A Transsexual Autobiography

.

New York

:

Crown

.

May

,

William F.

1997

.

Money and the Medical Profession

.

Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal

7

(

1

):

1

–

13

.

McBride

,

Cillian

.

2013

.

Recognition

.

Cambridge

:

Polity

.

McQueen

,

Paddy

.

2015

.

Subjectivity, Gender and the Struggle for Recognition

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Mead

,

Margaret

. (

1935

)

2001

.

Sex and Temperament

.

New York

:

HarperCollins

.

Meadow

,

Tey

.

2010

.

“A Rose Is a Rose”: On Producing Legal Gender Classifications

.

Gender and Society

24

(

6

):

814

–

37

.

Meindl

,

R. S.

,

Lovejoy

C. O.

,

Mensforth

R. P.

, and

Barton

T. J.

.

1985

.

Multifactorial Determination of Skeletal Age at Death: A Method and Blind Tests of Its Accuracy

.

Journal of Physical Anthropology

68

(

1

):

1

–

14

.

Meyer

,

Jon K.

, and

Reter

Donna J.

.

1979

.

Sex Reassignment: Follow-Up

.

Archives of General Psychiatry

36

(

9

):

1010

–

15

.

Meyerowitz

,

Joanne

.

2002

.

How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Milligan

,

Christine

, and

Power

Andrew

.

2010

.

The Changing Geography of Care

. In

Brown

Tim

,

McLafferty

Sarah

, and

Moon

Graham

, eds.,

A Companion to Health and Medical Geography

,

567

–

86

.

New York

:

Wiley Blackwell

.

Miravel

,

Julien

.

2008

.

The Physical Examination in Cosmetic Surgery: Communication Strategies to Promote the Desirability of Surgery

.

Health Communication

23

:

153

–

70

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

.

2002

.

The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

.

2008

.

The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

, and

Berg

Marc

.

1994

.

Principles and Practices of Medicine

.

Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry

18

(

2

):

247

–

65

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

, and

Law

John

.

1994

.

Regions, Networks and Fluids: Anaemia and Social Topology

.

Social Studies of Science

24

(

4

):

641

–

71

.

Monstrey

,

S.

,

Vercruysse

H.

Jr., and

De Cuypere

G.

.

2009

.

Is Gender Reassignment Surgery Evidence Based? Recommendation for the Seventh Version of the WPATH Standards of Care

.

International Journal of Transgenderism

11

(

3

):

206

–

14

.

Montagu

,

M. Ashely

.

1944

.

Ales Hrdlicka, 1869–1943

.

American Anthropologist

46

(

1

):

113

–

17

.

Morgan

,

Kathryn Pauly

.

1991

.

Women and the Knife: Cosmetic Surgery and the Colonization of Women’s Bodies

.

Hypatia

6

(

2

):

25

–

53

.

Morreim

,

E. Haavi

.

1995

.

Balancing Act: The New Medical Ethics of Medicine’s New Economics

.

Washington, DC

:

Georgetown University Press

.

Morrison

,

S. D.

,

Vyas

K. S.

,

Motakef

S.

,

Gast

K. M.

,

Chung

M. T.

,

Rashidi

V.

,

Satterwhite

T.

,

Kuzon

W.

, and

Cederna

P. S.

.

2016

.

Facial Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature

.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

137

(

6

):

1759

–

70

.

Nangeroni

,

Nancy R.

1997

.

SRS Tomorrow: The Physical Continuum

. In

Bullough

Bonnie

,

Bullough

Vern L.

, and

Elias

James

, eds.,

Gender Blending

,

344

–

51

.

New York

:

Prometheus Books

.

Newton

,

Esther

.

1972

.

Mother Camp

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Newton

,

Esther

.

2000

.

Margaret Mead Made Me Gay: Personal Essays, Public Ideas

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

New York State Register

.

2014

.

Transgender Related Care and Services. ID No. HLT-50-14-00001-P

.

December

17

.

http://docs.dos.ny.gov/info/register/2014/dec17/pdf/rulemaking.pdf

.

Nouraei

,

S. A. Reza

,

Randhawa

Prem

,

Andrews

Peter J.

, and

Saleh

Hesham A.

.

2007

.

The Role of Nasal Feminization Rhinoplasty in Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment

.

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery

9

(

5

):

318

–

20

.

Obedin-Maliver

,

Juno

,

Goldsmith

Elizabeth S.

,

Stewart

Leslie

,

White

William

,

Tran

Eric

,

Brenman

Stephanie

,

Wells

Maggie

,

Fetterman

David M.

,

Garcia

Gabriel

, and

Lunn

Mitchell R.

.

2011

.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender-Related Content in Undergraduate Medical Education

.

Journal of the American Medical Association

306

(

9

):

971

–

77

.

O’Brien

,

Michelle

.

2013

.

Tracing This Body: Transsexuality, Pharmaceuticals, and Capitalism

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Aizura

Aren

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader 2

,

56

–

65

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Ochoa

,

Marcia

.

2014

.

Queen for a Day: Transformistas, Beauty Queens, and the Performance of Femininity in Venezuela

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Ohle

,

John M.

2004

.

Constructing the Trannie: Transgender People and the Law

.

Journal of Gender, Race and Justice

8

:

237

.

Ousterhout

,

Douglas K.

1987

.

Feminizing of the Forehead: Contour Changing to Improve Female Aesthetics

.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

79

(

5

):

701

–

13

.

Patton

,

Cindy

, ed.

2010

.

Rebirth of the Clinic: Places and Agents in Contemporary Health Care

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Pauly

,

Ira B.

1992

.

Terminology and Classification of Gender Identity Disorders

.

Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality

5

(

4

):

1

–

14

.

Peltier

,

Bruce

, and

Giusti

Lola

.

2008

.

Commerce and Care: The Irreconcilable Tension between Selling and Caring

.

McGeorge Law Review

39

:

785

.

Perpich

,

Diane

.

2005

.

Corpus Meum: Disintegrating Bodies and the Ideal of Integrity

.

Hypatia

20

(

3

):

75

–

91

.

Pitts

,

Victoria

.

2006

.

The Body, Beauty, and Psychosocial Power

. In

Chen

Nancy N.

and

Moglen

Helene

, eds.,

Bodies in the Making: Transgressions and Transformations

,

28

–

46

.

Santa Cruz, CA

:

New Pacific

.

Pitts-Taylor

Victoria

.

2007

.

Surgery Junkies: Wellness and Pathology in Cosmetic Culture

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Plemons

,

Eric

.

2014

.

Description of Sex Difference as Prescription for Sex Change: On the Origins of Facial Feminization Surgery

.

Social Studies of Science

44

(

5

):

657

–

79

.

Plemons

,

Eric

.

2015

.

Anatomical Authorities: On the Epistemological Exclusion of Trans-Surgical Patients

.

Medical Anthropology

34

(

5

):

425

–

41

.

Pollock

,

H. C.

1969

.

The Atkinson Library of Applied Anatomy

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

55

(

5

):

510

–

15

.

Poompruek

,

Panoopat

,

Boonmongkon

Pimpawun

, and

Guadamuz

Thomas E.

.

2014

. “

For Me … It’s a Miracle”: Injecting Beauty among Kathoeis in a Provincial Thai City

.

International Journal of Drug Policy

25

(

4

):

798

–

803

.

Povinelli

,

Elizabeth

.

2002

.

The Cunning of Recognition

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Prentice

,

R.

2012

.

Bodies in Formation: An Ethnography of Anatomy and Surgery Education

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Prosser

,

Jay

.

1995

.

No Place Like Home: The Transgendered Narrative of Leslie Feinberg’s Stone Butch Blues

.

MFS Modern Fiction Studies

41

(

3

):

483

–

514

.

Prosser

,

Jay

.

1998

.

Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Prosser

,

Jay

.

1999

.

Transsexual Travelogues

. In

More

Kate

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

Reclaiming Genders: Transsexual Grammars at the Fin de siècle

,

83

–

114

.

New York

:

Cassell

.

Rabinow

,

Paul

.

1996

.

Essays on the Anthropology of Reason

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Raymond

,

Janice

.

1979

.

The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

Reay

,

Barry

.

2014

.

The Transsexual Phenomenon: A Counter-History

.

Journal of Social History

47

(

4

):

1042

–

70

.

Restack

,

R. M.

1979

.

The Sex-Change Conspiracy

.

Psychology Today

13

:

20

–

24

.

Richardson

,

Elijah R.

1980

.

Racial Differences in Dimensional Traits of the Human Face

.

Angle Orthodontist

50

(

4

):

301

–

11

.

Riolo

,

Michael

,

Moyers

Robert E.

, and

McNamara

James A.

.

1974

.

An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth: Cephalometric Standards from the University School Growth Study

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Center for Human Growth and Development

.

Robinson

,

Amy

.

1994

.

It Takes One to Know One: Passing and Communities of Common Interest

.

Critical Inquiry

20

(

4

):

715

–

36

.

Roebuck

,

Christopher W.

2013

.

“Workin’ It”: Trans* Lives in the Age of Epidemic

.

PhD dissertation

,

University of California

,

Berkeley

.

Rose

,

Nicolas

.

2007

.

The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Rosenbaum

,

Sara

,

Frankford

D. M.

,

Moore

B.

, and

Borzi

P.

.

1999

.

Who Should Determine When Health Care Is Medically Necessary?

New England Journal of Medicine

340

(

3

):

229

–

32

.

Rosenthal

,

Stephen M.

2014

.

Approach to the Patient: Transgender Youth. Endocrine Considerations

.

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

99

(

12

):

4379

–

89

.

Rubin

,

Gayle

.

1975

.

The Traffic in Women: Notes on the “Political Economy” of Sex

. In

Reiter

Rayna

, ed.,

Toward an Anthropology of Women

,

157

–

210

.

New York

:

Monthly View

.

Rubin

,

Gayle

.

2002

.

Studying Sexual Subcultures: Excavating the Ethnography of Gay Communities in Urban North America

. In

Lewin

Ellen

and

Leap

William L.

, eds.,

Out in Theory: The Emergence of Lesbian and Gay Anthropology

,

17

–

68

.

Chicago

:

University of Illinois Press

.

Rubin

,

Henry

.

2003

.

Self-Made Men: Identity and Embodiment among Transsexual Men

.

Nashville, TN

:

Vanderbilt University Press

.

Rudacille

,

Deborah

.

2005

.

The Riddle of Gender: Science, Activism, and Transgender Rights

.

New York

:

Pantheon Books

.

Russett

,

Cynthia Eagle

.

1989

.

Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Sacks

,

Oliver

.

1990

.

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

.

New York

:

Harper

.

Sadjadi

,

Sahar

.

2013

.

The Endocrinologist’s Office — Puberty Suppression: Saving Children from a Natural Disaster?

Journal of Medical Humanities

34

(

2

):

255

–

60

.

Salamon

,

Gayle

.

2010

.

Assuming a Body: Transgender and Rhetorics of Materiality

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Schiebinger

,

Londa

.

1987

.

Skeletons in the Closet: The First Illustrations of the Female Skeleton in Eighteenth-Century Anatomy

. In

Gallagher

Catherine

and

Laqueur

Thomas

, eds.,

The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century

,

42

–

82

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Schiebinger

,

Londa

.

1989

.

The Mind Has No Sex: Women in the Origins of Modern Science

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Schiebinger

,

Londa

.

1993

.

Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

Schippers

,

Birgit

.

2014

.

The Political Philosophy of Judith Butler

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Serano

,

Julia

.

2007

.

Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity

.

Berkeley, CA

:

Seal

.

Serlin

,

David

.

2004

.

Replaceable You: Engineering the Body in Postwar America

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Shams

,

Mohammad Ghasem

, and

Motamedi

Mohammad Hosein Kalantar

.

2009

.

Case Report: Feminizing the Male Face

.

Journal of Plastic Surgery

9

:

8

–

14

.

Shilling

,

Chris

.

1993

.

The Body and Social Theory

. 2nd edition.

London

:

Sage

.

Shumer

,

Daniel E.

, and

Spack

Norman P.

.

2013

.

Current Management of Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence: Guidelines, Barriers and Areas of Controversy

.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity

20

(

1

):

69

–

73

.

Sinnott

,

Megan

.

2004

.

Toms and Dees: Transgender Identity and Female Same-Sex Relationships in Thailand

.

Honolulu

:

University of Hawai’i Press

.

Smith

,

Anna Marie

.

1997

.

The Good Homosexual and the Dangerous Queer: Resisting the “New Homophobia

.” In

Segal

Lynne

, ed.,

New Sexual Agendas

,

214

–

31

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Smith

,

William D.

2007

.

Multiculturalism, Identity, and the Articulation of Citizenship: The “Indian Question” Now

.

Latin American Research Review

42

(

1

):

238

–

51

.

Snow

,

C. C.

,

Gatliff

B. P.

, and

McWilliams

K. R.

.

1970

.

Reconstruction of Facial Features from the Skull: An Evaluation of Its Usefulness in Forensic Anthropology

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

33

(

2

):

221

–

27

.

Sofaer

,

Joanna

.

2006

.

The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology

.

New York

:

Cambridge University Press

Somerville

,

Siobhan

.

1994

.

Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body

.

Journal of the History of Sexuality

5

(

2

):

243

–

66

.

Somerville

,

Siobhan

.

2000

.

Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Spade

,

Dean

.

2003

.

Resisting Medicine, Re/Modeling Gender

.

Berkeley Women’s Law Journal

18

:

15

–

37

.

Spade

,

Dean

.

2015

.

Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Spiegel

,

Jeffrey H.

2011

.

Facial Determinants of Female Gender and Feminizing Forehead Cranioplasty

.

Laryngoscope

121

:

250

–

61

.

Spiegel

,

Jeffrey H.

, and

Ainsworth

Tiffiny A.

.

2010

.

Quality of Life of Individuals with and without Facial Feminization Surgery or Gender Reassignment Surgery

.

Quality of Life Research

19

:

1019

–

24

.

Starr

,

Paul

.

1982

.

The Social Transformation of American Medicine

.

New York

:

Basic Books

.

Stein

,

Howard F.

1983

.

Part 1: The Money Taboo in American Medicine

.

Medical Anthropology

7

(

4

):

1

–

15

.

Stepan

,

Nancy Leys

.

1986

.

Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science

.

Isis

77

(

2

):

261

–

77

.

Stevenson

,

Lisa

.

2014

.

Life beside Itself

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Stewart

,

T. D.

1954

.

Sex Determination of the Skeleton by Guess and by Measurement

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

12

(

3

):

385

–

92

.

Stewart

,

T. D.

1979

.

Essentials of Forensic Anthropology: Especially as Developed in the United States

.

Springfield, IL

:

Charles T. Thomas

.

St. Hoyme

,

Lucile E.

, and

İşcan

Mehmet Yaşar

.

1989

.

Determinations of Sex and Race: Accuracy and Assumptions

. In

İşcan

Mehmet Yaşar

and

Kennedy

Kenneth A. R.

, eds.,

Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton

,

53

–

93

.

New York

:

Alan R. Liss

.

Stone

,

Sandy

. (

1991

)

2006

.

The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader

,

221

–

35

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Stryker

,

Susan

.

1994

.

My Words to Dr. Frankenstein above the Village of Chamounix: Performing Transgender Rage

.

GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies

1

(

3

):

227

–

54

.

Stryker

,

Susan

.

1999

.

Portrait of a Transfag Drag Hag as a Young Man: The Activist Career of Louis G. Sullivan

. In

More

Kate

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

Reclaiming Genders: Transsexual Grammars at the Fin de siècle

,

62

–

82

.

New York

:

Cassell

.

Stryker

,

Susan

.

2008

.

Transgender History

.

Berkeley, CA

:

Seal

.

Stryker

,

Susan

, and

Currah

Paisley

.

2015

.

Introduction

.

Transgender Studies Quarterly

2

(

1

):

1

–

12

.

Stryker

,

Susan

,

Currah

Paisley

, and

Moore

Lisa Jean

.

2008

.

Introduction: Trans-, Trans, or Transgender?

WSG

36

(

3–4

):

11

–

22

.

Stryker

,

Susan

, and

Sullivan

Nicki

.

2009

.

King’s Member, Queen’s Body: Transsexual Surgery, Self-Demand Amputation and the Somatechnics of Sovereign Power

. In

Sullivan

Nicki

and

Murray

Samantha

, eds.,

Somatechnics: Queering the Technologisation of Bodies

,

49

–

64

.

New York

:

Ashgate

.

Sullivan

,

Deborah

.

2001

.

Cosmetic Surgery: The Cutting Edge of Commercial Medicine in America

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2005

.

Integrity, Mayhem, and the Question of Self-Demand Amputation

.

Continuum: Journal of Media and Culture Studies

19

(

3

):

325

–

33

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2006

.

Transmogrification: (Un)Becoming Others

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader

,

552

–

64

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2007

. “

The Price to Pay for Our Common Good”: Genital Modification and the Somatechnologies of Cultural (In)Difference

.

Social Semiotics

17

(

3

):

395

–

409

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2008

.

The Role of Medicine in the (Trans) Formation of “Wrong” Bodies

.

Body and Society

14

(

1

):

105

–

16

.

Talley

,

Heather Laine

.

2011

.

Facial Feminization Surgery: The Medical Transformation of Elective Intervention to Necessary Repair

. In

Fisher

Jill A.

, ed.,

Gender and the Science of Difference: Cultural Politics of Contemporary Science and Medicine

,

189

–

204

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Talley

,

Heather Laine

.

2014

.

Saving Face: Disfigurement and the Politics of Appearance

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Taylor

,

Charles

.

1994

.

Multiculturalism

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Thieme

,

F. P.

, and

Schull

W. J.

.

1957

.

Sex Determination from the Skeleton

.

Human Biology

29

(

3

):

242

–

73

.

Throsby

,

Karen

.

2008

.

Happy Re-Birthday: Weight Loss Surgery and the “New Me

.”

Body and Society

14

(

1

):

117

–

33

.

Towle

,

Evan B.

, and

Morgan

Lynn M.

.

2002

.

Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the “Third Gender” Concept

.

GLQ

8

(

4

):

469

–

97

.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

.

2014

.

Chapter 1: Coverage Determinations, Part 2, Section 140.3. Transsexual Surgery. Transmittal 169, June 27

. In

Medicare National Coverage Determination (NCD) Manual

.

https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Transmittals/Downloads/R169NCD.pdf

.

U.S. Government

.

2003

.

Medicare Program: Revised Process for Making National Coverage Determinations

.

Federal Register

68

(

107

).

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2003-09-26/pdf/03-24361.pdf

.

Valentine

,

David

.

2007

.

Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

van Anders

,

Siri M.

,

Caverly

N. L.

, and

Johns

M. M.

.

2014

.

Newborn Bio/Logics and US Legal Requirements for Changing Gender/Sex Designations on State Identity Documents

.

Feminism and Psychology

24

(

2

):

172

–

92

.

Vance

,

Stanley R.

Jr.,

Cohen-Kettenis

P. T.

,

Drescher

J.

,

Meyer-Bahlburg

H. F.

,

Pfäfflin

F.

, and

Zucker

K. J.

.

2010

.

Opinions about the DSM Gender Identity Disorder Diagnosis: Results from an International Survey Administered to Organizations Concerned with the Welfare of Transgender People

.

International Journal of Transgenderism

12

(

1

):

1

–

14

.

van de Ven

,

B. F. M. L.

2008

.

Facial Feminization, Why and How?

Sexologies

17

(

4

):

291

–

98

.

Van Wyhe

,

John

.

2004

.

Phrenology and the Origins of Victorian Scientific Naturalism

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Vázquez

,

I. M.

, and

Vila

P. M.

.

2006

.

La cirugía de reasignación sexual de hombre a mujer

.

Cuadernos de Medicina Psicosomatica y Psiquiatria de Enlace

78

:

30

–

39

.

Whitlock

,

Chuck

.

2001

.

Mediscams

.

New York

:

St. Martin’s

.

Wilchins

,

Rikki

.

1997

.

Read My Lips: Sexual Subversion and the End of Gender

.

Ithaca, NY

:

Firebrand Books

.

Wittgenstein

,

Ludwig

.

(1953) 2010

.

Philosophical Investigations

.

New York

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Young

,

Iris Marion

.

1990

.

Throwing Like a Girl

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Young

,

Katharine

.

1997

.

Presence in the Flesh: The Body in Medicine

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Zucker

,

K. J.

,

Cohen-Kettenis

P. T.

,

Drescher

J.

,

Meyer-Bahlburg

H. F.

,

Pfäfflin

F.

, and

Womack

W. M.

.

2013

.

Memo Outlining Evidence for Change for Gender Identity Disorder in the DSM-5

.

Archives of Sexual Behavior

42

(

5

):

901

–

14

.

Figures & Tables

The Look of a Woman: Facial Feminization Surgery and the Aims of Trans- Medicine

The Look of a Woman: Facial Feminization Surgery and the Aims of Trans- Medicine

By

Duke University Press

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372707

Copyright:

This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.

ISBN electronic:

978-0-8223-7270-7

Publication date:

2017

References

Adams

,

Vincanne

,

Murphy

Michelle

, and

Clark

Adele

.

2009

.

Anticipation: Technoscience, Life, Affect, Temporality

.

Subjectivity

28

(

1

):

246

–

65

.

Agarwal

,

Anurag

,

Gracely

Edward

, and

Silver

William E.

.

2007

.

Realistic Expectations: To Morph or Not to Morph?

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

119

(

4

):

1343

–

51

.

Alexander

,

T. L.

, and

Hitchcock

H. P.

.

1978

.

Cephalometric Standards for American Negro Children

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

74

(

3

):

298

–

304

.

Altemus

,

L. A.

1960

.

A Comparison of Cephalofacial Relationships

.

Angle Orthodontist

30

(

4

):

223

–

40

.

Altman

,

K.

2012

.

Facial Feminization Surgery: Current State of the Art

.

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

41

(

8

):

885

–

94

.

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS)

.

1997

.

ASAPS 1997 Statistics on Cosmetic Surgery

.

New York

:

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Inc

.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS)

.

2014

.

2014 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report

.

Arlington Heights, IL

:

ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics

.

Andreu

,

Y.

, and

Mollineda

R. A.

.

2008

.

On the Complementarity of Face Parts for Gender Recognition

. In

Ruiz-Shulcloper

J.

and

Kropatsch

W. G.

, eds.,

Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis and Applications

,

252

–

60

.

Berlin

:

Springer

.

Atkinson

,

Spencer

.

1963

.

An Unexplored Field of Communication

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

49

(

8

):

588

–

92

.

Aultman

,

B.

2014

.

Cisgender

.

Transgender Studies Quarterly

1

(

1–2

):

61

–

62

.

Austin

,

John L.

1962

.

How to Do Things with Words

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Balint

,

John

, and

Shelton

Wayne

.

1996

.

Regaining the Initiative: Forging a New Model of the Patient-Physician Relationship

.

Journal of the American Medical Association

275

(

11

):

887

–

91

.

Barad

,

Karen

.

2015

.

Transmaterialities: Trans*/Matter/Realities and Queer Political Imaginings

.

GLQ

21

(

2–3

):

387

–

422

.

Bauman

,

Richard

, and

Briggs

Charles L.

1990

.

Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life

.

Annual Review of Anthropology

19

:

59

–

88

.

Beauchamp

,

Toby

.

2009

.

Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies and US State Surveillance after 9/11

.

Surveillance and Society

6

(

4

):

356

–

66

.

Becking

,

A. G.

,

Tuinzing

D. B.

,

Hage

J. J.

, and

Gooren

L. J. G.

.

1996

.

Facial Corrections in Male to Female Transsexuals: A Preliminary Report on 16 Patients

.

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

54

:

413

–

18

.

Becking

,

A. G.

,

Tuinzing

D. B.

,

Hage

J. J.

, and

Gooren

L. J. G.

.

2007

.

Transgender Feminization of the Facial Skeleton

.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

34

(

3

):

557

–

64

.

Benedict

,

Ruth

.

1939

.

Sex in Primitive Society

.

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

9

:

570

–

73

.

Benjamin

,

Harry

.

1954

.

Transsexualism and Transvestism as Psycho-Somatic and Somato-Psychic Syndromes

.

American Journal of Psychotherapy

8

:

219

–

30

.

Benjamin

,

Harry

.

1966

.

The Transsexual Phenomenon

.

New York

:

Julian Press

.

Berger

,

Anne Emmanuelle

.

2014

.

The Queer Turn in Feminism: Identities, Sexualities, and the Theater of Gender

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Blakey

,

Michael L.

1987

.

Skull Doctors: Intrinsic Social and Political Bias in the History of American Physical Anthropology with a Special Reference to the Work of Ales Hrdlicka

.

Critique of Anthropology

7

(

2

):

7

–

35

.

Blum

,

Virginia L.

2003

.

Flesh Wounds: The Culture of Cosmetic Surgery

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Blum

,

Virginia L.

2005

.

Becoming the Other Woman: The Psychic Drama of Cosmetic Surgery

.

Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies

(

26

)

2

:

104

–

31

.

Bolin

,

Anne

.

1988

.

In Search of Eve: Transsexual Rites of Passage

.

South Hadley, MA

:

Bergin and Garvey

.

Bordo

,

Susan

.

1993

.

Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Bordo

,

Susan

.

1997

.

Twilight Zones: The Hidden Life of Cultural Images from Plato to OJ

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Bornstein

,

Kate

.

1994

.

Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us

.

New York

:

Vintage

.

Boswell

,

Holly

.

1997

.

The Transgender Paradigm Shift toward Free Expression

. In

Bullough

Bonnie

,

Bullough

Vern L.

, and

Elias

James

, eds.,

Gender Blending

,

53

–

57

.

Amherst, NY

:

Prometheus

.

Bourdieu

,

Pierre

.

1991

.

Language and Symbolic Power

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Bowman

,

C.

, and

Goldberg

J.

.

2006

.

Care of the Patient Undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery

.

Vancouver

:

Vancouver Coastal Health, Transcend Transgender Support and Education Society, and Canadian Rainbow Health Coalition

.

Bradley

,

S.

,

Blanchard

R.

,

Coates

S.

,

Green

R.

,

Levine

S.

,

Meyer-Bahlburg

H.

,

Pauly

I.

, and

Zucker

K.

.

1991

.

Interim Report of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders

.

Archives of Sexual Behavior

20

:

333

–

43

.

Braun

,

Virginia

.

2009

.

The Women Are Doing It for Themselves: The Rhetoric of Choice and Agency around Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery

.

Australian Feminist Studies

24

(

60

):

233

–

49

.

Briggs

,

Charles L.

, and

Hallin

Daniel C.

.

2007

.

Biocommunicability: The Neoliberal Subject and Its Contradictions in News Coverage of Health Issues

.

Social Text

25

(

4

):

43

–

66

.

Brock

,

Dan W.

, and

Buchanan

Allen E.

.

1987

.

The Profit Motive in Medicine

.

Journal of Medicine and Philosophy

12

(

1

):

1

–

35

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

1990

.

Gender Trouble

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

1993

.

Bodies That Matter

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

1999

.

Gender Trouble

. 2nd edition.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

2004

.

Undoing Gender

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Butler

,

Judith

.

2005

.

Giving an Account of Oneself

.

New York

:

Fordham University Press

.

Califia

,

Pat

.

1997

.

Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism

.

San Francisco

:

Cleis

.

Cameron

,

Loren

.

1996

.

Body Alchemy

.

Berkeley, CA

:

Cleis

.

Cantú

,

Lionel

.

2009

.

The Sexuality of Migration: Border Crossings and Mexican Immigrant Men

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Chase

,

Cheryl

.

1998

.

Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism

.

GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies

7

(

4

):

621

–

36

.

Chen

,

Mel Y.

2012

.

Animacies: Biopolitics, Racial Mattering, and Queer Affect

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Cohen-Kettenis

,

P. T.

,

Delemarre-van de Waal

H. A.

and

Gooren

L. J.

.

2008

.

The Treatment of Adolescent Transsexuals: Changing Insights

.

Journal of Sexual Medicine

5

(

8

):

1892

–

97

.

Cohen-Kettenis

,

P. T.

, and

Gooren

L. J. G.

.

1999

.

Transsexualism: A Review of Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

.

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

46

(

4

):

351

–

33

.

Cohen-Kettenis

,

P. T.

,

Schagen

S. E.

,

Steensma

T. D.

,

de Vries

A. L.

, and

Delemarre-van de Waal

H. A.

.

2011

.

Puberty Suppression in a Gender-Dysphoric Adolescent: A 22-Year Follow-Up

.

Archives of Sexual Behavior

40

(

4

):

843

–

47

.

Colebrook

,

Claire

.

2008

.

On Not Becoming Man: The Materialist Politics of Unactualized Potential

. In

Alaimo

Stacy

and

Hekman

Susan

, eds.,

Material Feminisms

,

52

–

84

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Collins

,

H. M.

1994

.

Dissecting Surgery: Forms of Life Depersonalized

.

Social Studies of Science

24

(

2

):

311

–

33

.

Conn

,

Canary

.

1974

.

Canary: The Story of a Transsexual

.

Los Angeles

:

Nash

.

Coogan

,

Kelly

.

2006

.

Fleshy Specificity: (Re)Considering Transsexual Subjects in Lesbian Communities

. In

Aragón

Angela Pattatuci

, ed.,

Challenging Lesbian Norms: Intersex, Transgender, Intersectional, and Queer Perspectives

,

17

–

41

.

Binghamton, NY

:

Harrington Park

.

Cooley

,

D. R.

, and

Harrison

K.

, eds.

2012

.

Passing/Out: Sexual Identity Veiled and Revealed

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Cotton

,

W. N.

,

Takano

W. S.

, and

Wong

W. M. W.

.

1951

.

The Downs Analysis Applied to Three Other Ethnic Groups

.

Angle Orthodontist

21

(

4

):

213

–

20

.

Cromwell

,

Jason

.

1999

.

Transmen and FTMS: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities

.

Urbana

:

University of Illinois Press

.

Currah

,

Paisley

, and

Moore

Lisa Jean

.

2009

. “

We Won’t Know Who You Are”: Contesting Sex Designations in New York City Birth Certificates

.

Hypatia

24

(

3

):

113

–

35

.

Currah

,

Paisley

, and

Mulqueen

Tara

.

2011

.

Securitizing Gender: Identity, Biometrics, and Transgender Bodies at the Airport

.

Social Research

78

(

2

):

557

–

82

.

Daly

,

Mary

.

1978

.

Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

Davidmann

,

Sara

.

2014

.

Transsexual Experiences: Photography, Gender, and the Case of the Emperor’s New Clothes

. In

Zabus

Chantal

and

Coad

David

, eds.,

Transgender Experience: Place, Ethnicity, and Visibility

,

108

–

22

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Davidson

,

S. P.

,

Clifton

M. S.

,

Futrell

W.

,

Priore

R.

, and

Manders

E. K.

.

2000

.

Aesthetic Considerations in Secondary Procedures for Gender Reassignment

.

Aesthetic Surgery Journal

20

(

6

):

477

–

81

.

Davis

,

Kathy

.

2003a

.

Dubious Equalities and Embodied Differences: Cultural Studies on Cosmetic Surgery

.

Lanham, MD

:

Rowman and Littlefield

.

Davis

,

Kathy

.

2003b

.

Surgical Passing: Or Why Michael Jackson’s Nose Makes “Us” Uncomfortable

.

Feminist Theory

4

(

1

):

73

–

92

.

Davy

,

Zowie

.

2011

.

Recognizing Transsexuals: Personal, Political and Medicolegal Embodiment

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Dechant

,

Dorothy

.

2000

.

Our Best Kept Secret: The Spencer R. Atkinson Library of Applied Anatomy

.

Contact Point: The Alumni Magazine of the Dugoni School of Dentistry

80

(

3

):

15

–

19

.

de Lauretis

,

Teresa

.

1991

.

Queer Theory: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities. An Introduction

.

differences

3

(

2

):

iii

–

xviii

.

Dempf

,

Rupert

, and

Eckertet

Alexander W.

.

2010

.

Contouring the Forehead and Rhinoplasty in the Feminization of the Face in Male-to-Female Transsexuals

.

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

38

(

6

):

416

–

22

.

Denny

,

Dallas

.

1992

.

The Tijuana Experience

.

Alicia’s Girl Talk

4

(

9

):

18

.

Denny

,

Dallas

.

2002

.

A Selective Bibliography of Transsexualism

.

Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy

6

(

2

):

35

–

66

.

Derrida

,

Jacques

.

1988

.

Limited Inc

.

Evanston, IL

:

Northwestern University Press

.

Devor

,

Aaron H.

, and

Matte

Nicholas

.

2004

.

ONE Inc. and Reed Erickson: The Uneasy Collaboration of Gay and Trans Activism, 1964–2003

.

GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies

10

(

2

):

179

–

209

.

Devor

,

Aaron H.

, and

Matte

Nicholas

.

2007

.

Building a Better World for Transpeople: Reed Erickson and the Erickson Educational Foundation

.

International Journal of Transgenderism

10

(

1

):

47

–

68

.

Devor

,

Holly

.

2002

.

Reed Erickson (1917–1992): How One Transsexed Man Supported one

. In

Bullough

Vern

, ed.,

Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context

,

383

–

92

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Downing

,

Lisa

,

Morland

Iain

, and

Sullivan

Nikki

.

2015

.

Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Money’s Diagnostic Concepts

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Drummond

,

R. A.

1968

.

A Determination of Cephalometric Norms for the Negro Race

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

54

(

9

):

670

–

82

.

Edkins

,

Jenny

.

2015

.

Face Politics

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Edmonds

,

Alexander

.

2009

.

“Engineering the Erotic”: Aesthetic Medicine and Modernization in Brazil

. In

Heyes

Cressida

and

Jones

Meredith

, eds.,

Cosmetic Surgery: A Feminist Primer

,

152

–

69

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Edmonds

,

Alexander

.

2013

.

The Biological Subject of Aesthetic Medicine

.

Feminist Theory

14

(

1

):

65

–

82

.

Enke

,

A. Finn

.

2013

.

The Education of Little Cis: Cisgender and the Discipline of Opposing Bodies

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Aizura

Aren

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader 2

,

234

–

47

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Epstein

,

Steven

.

2007

.

Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Fabian

,

Anne

.

2010

.

The Skull Collectors: Race, Science, and America’s Unburied Dead

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Fausto-Sterling

Anne

.

2000

.

Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality

.

New York

:

Basic Books

.

Feinberg

,

Leslie

.

1992

.

Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come

.

New York

:

World View Forum

.

Feinberg

,

Leslie

.

1998

.

Trans Liberation: Beyond Pink or Blue

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

First

,

Michael B.

2010

.

Clinical Utility in the Revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

.

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

41

(

6

):

465

.

Foucault

,

Michel

.

1973

.

The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception

.

New York

:

Vintage

.

Frangos

,

Maria

.

2006

.

Embodied Subjectivity and the Quest for Self in Televised Narratives of Body Modification

. In

Chen

Nancy N.

and

Moglen

Helene

, eds.,

Bodies in the Making: Transgressions and Transformations

,

54

–

62

.

Santa Cruz, CA

:

New Pacific Press

.

Fraser

,

Suzanne

.

2003

.

Cosmetic Surgery: Gender and Culture

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Frost

,

Liz

.

2005

.

Theorizing the Young Woman in the Body

.

Body and Society

11

(

1

):

63

–

85

.

Gagné

,

Patricia

, and

McGaughey

Deanna

.

2002

.

Designing Women: Cultural Hegemony and the Exercise of Power among Women Who Have Undergone Elective Mammoplasty

.

Gender and Society

16

(

6

):

814

–

38

.

Garber

,

Marjorie

.

1991

.

Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Garfinkle

,

Harold

.

1967

.

Studies in Ethnomethodology

.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ

:

Prentice-Hall

.

Gehi

,

Pooja S.

, and

Arkles

Gabriel

.

2007

.

Unraveling Injustice: Race and Class Impact of Medicaid Exclusions of Transition-Related Health Care for Transgender People

.

Sexuality Research and Social Policy

4

(

4

):

7

–

35

.

Geller

,

Pamela L.

2005

.

Skeletal Analysis and Theoretical Complications

.

World Archaeology

37

(

4

):

597

–

609

.

Geller

,

Pamela L.

2008

.

Conceiving Sex Fomenting a Feminist Bioarchaeology

.

Journal of Social Archaeology

8

(

1

):

113

–

38

.

Geller

,

Pamela L.

2016

.

The Bioarchaeology of Socio-Sexual Lives: Queering Common Sense about Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

.

New York

:

Springer

.

Gere

,

Cathy

.

1999

.

Bones That Matter: Sex Determination in Paleodemography 1948–1995

.

Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences

3

(

4

):

455

–

71

.

Ghisleni

,

Lara

,

Jordan

Alexis M.

, and

Fioccoprile

Emily

.

2016

.

Introduction to “Binary Binds”:” Deconstructing Sex and Gender Dichotomies in Archaeological Practice

.

Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory

23

(

3

):

765

–

87

.

Giles

,

E.

1964

.

Sex Determination by Discriminant Function Analysis of the Mandible

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

22

(

2

):

129

–

35

.

Giles

,

E.

, and

Elliot

O.

.

1963

.

Sex Determination by Discriminant Function Analysis of Crania

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

21

(

1

):

53

–

68

.

Gilman

,

Sander

.

1998

.

Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Gilman

,

Sander

.

1999

.

Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Gimlin

,

Debra

.

2010

.

Imagining the Other in Cosmetic Surgery

.

Body and Society

16

(

4

):

57

–

76

.

Ginsberg

,

Elaine K.

1996

.

Passing and the Fictions of Identity

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Goffman

,

Erving

.

1961

.

Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction

.

Indianapolis, IN

:

Bobbs-Merrill

.

Goffman

,

Erving

.

1963

.

Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity

.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ

:

Prentice-Hall

.

Gooren

,

Louis

.

2006

.

The Biology of Human Psychosexual Differentiation

.

Hormones and Behavior

50

(

4

):

589

–

601

.

Gooren

,

Louis J. G.

, and

Doorn

Cornelis D.

.

1997

.

What Is Medically Necessary and What Is Needed in Some Other Sense? The Case of the Transsexual Operation

. In

Beaufort

Inez De

,

Hilhorst

Medard

, and

Holm

Søren

, eds.,

The Eye of the Beholder: Ethics and Medical Change of Appearance

,

15

–

25

.

Oslo

:

Scandinavian University Press

.

Gould

,

Stephen Jay

.

1981

.

The Mismeasure of Man

.

New York

:

Norton

Grant

,

J. M.

,

Mottet

L. A.

,

Tanis

J.

,

Harrison

L.

,

Herman

J.

, and

Keisling

M.

.

2010

.

National Transgender Discrimination Survey Report on Health and Health Care

.

Washington, DC

:

National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force

.

http://transequality.org/PDFs/NTDSReportonHealth_final.pdf. Accessed December 9, 2014

.

Green

,

Jamison

.

1999

.

Look! No, Don’t! The Visibility Dilemma for Transsexual Men

. In

More

Kate

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

Reclaiming Genders: Transsexual Grammars at the Fin de siècle

,

117

–

31

.

New York

:

Cassell

.

Habal

,

Mutaz B.

1990

.

Aesthetics of Feminizing the Male Face by Craniofacial Contouring of the Facial Bones

.

Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery

14

:

143

–

50

.

Hage

,

J. J.

,

Becking

A. G.

,

de Graaf

F. H.

, and

Tuinzing

B. D.

.

1997a

.

Gender-Confirming Facial Surgery: Considerations on the Masculinity and Femininity of Faces

.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

99

(

7

):

1799

–

807

.

Hage

,

J. J.

,

Vossen

M. K.

, and

Becking

A. G.

.

1997b

.

Rhinoplasty as Part of Gender Confirming Surgery in Male Transsexuals: Basic Considerations and Clinical Experience

.

Annals of Plastic Surgery

39

:

266

–

71

.

Haiken

,

Elizabeth

.

1997

.

Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery

.

Baltimore

:

Johns Hopkins University Press

.

Halberstam

,

Judith

.

1994

.

Skinflick: Posthuman Gender in Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the Lambs

.

Camera Obscura

, Fall:

37

–

54

.

Haraway

,

Donna

.

1989

.

Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Haraway

,

Donna

.

1997

.

[email protected]©_Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association

.

1979

.

Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons

.

Version 1

.

Galveston, TX

:

Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association

.

Hausman

,

Bernice

.

1995

.

Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Hayward

,

Eva

.

2010

.

Spider City Sex

.

Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory

20

(

3

):

225

–

51

.

Hayward

,

Eva

, and

Weinstein

Jami

.

2014

.

Introduction: Tranimalities in the Age of Trans* Life

.

Transgender Studies Quarterly

2

(

2

):

195

–

208

.

Helmreich

,

Stefan

.

2011

.

Nature/Culture/Seawater

.

American Anthropologist

113

(

1

):

132

–

44

.

Hirschauer

,

Stefan

.

1991

.

The Manufacture of Bodies in Surgery

.

Social Studies of Science

21

(

2

):

279

–

319

.

Hirschauer

,

Stefan

.

1998

.

Performing Sexes and Genders in Medical Practices

. In

Mol

Annemarie

and

Berg

Marc

, eds.,

Differences in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques, and Bodies

,

13

–

27

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Hobbs

,

Allyson

.

2014

.

A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Hochschild

,

Arlie Russell

.

1983

.

The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Hoenig

,

John

.

1985

.

Etiology of Transsexualism

. In

Steiner

Betty W.

, ed.,

Gender Dysphoria

,

33

–

73

.

New York

:

Springer

.

Hoenig

,

J. F.

2011

.

Frontal Bone Remodeling for Gender Reassignment of the Male Forehead: A Gender-Reassignment Surgery

.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

35

(

6

):

1043

–

49

.

Holliday

,

Ruth

, and

Taylor

Jacqueline Sanchez

.

2006

.

Aesthetic Surgery as False Beauty

.

Feminist Theory

7

(

2

):

179

–

95

.

Honneth

,

Axel

.

1995

.

The Struggle for Recognition

.

Cambridge, MA

:

MIT Press

.

Hrdlička

,

Alěs

.

1919

.

Physical Anthropology: Its Scope and Aims, Its History and Present Status in the United States

.

Philadelphia

:

Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology

.

Huss-Ashmore

Rebecca

.

2000

.

The Real Me: Therapeutic Narrative in Cosmetic Surgery

.

Expedition

42

(

3

).

http://penn.museum/sites/body_modification/index.html. Accessed November 15, 2010

.

Irvine

,

Janice

.

1990

.

Disorders of Desire: Sex and Gender in Modern American Sexology

.

Philadelphia

:

Temple University Press

.

Isin

,

Engin F.

2012

.

Citizens without Frontiers

.

New York

:

Bloomsbury

.

Jeffreys

,

Sheila

.

2014

.

Gender Hurts

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Jones

,

Meredith

.

2009

.

Pygmalion’s Many Faces

. In

Heyes

Cressida

and

Jones

Meredith

, eds.,

Cosmetic Surgery: A Feminist Primer

,

171

–

90

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Jordanova

,

Ludmilla

.

1989

.

Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries

.

London

:

Harvester Wheatsheaf

.

Joyce

,

Rosemary A.

2005

.

Archaeology of the Body

.

Annual Review of Anthropology

34

:

139

–

58

.

Joyce

,

Rosemary A.

2008

.

Ancient Bodies, Ancient Lives: Sex, Gender, and Archaeology

.

New York

:

Thames & Hudson

.

Karkazis

,

Katrina

.

2008

.

Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Katz

,

Pearl

.

1981

.

Ritual in the Operating Room

.

Ethnology

20

(

4

):

335

–

50

.

Kessler

,

Suzanne J.

, and

McKenna

Wendy

.

1978

.

Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Kirby

,

Vicky

.

1997

.

Telling Flesh: The Substance of the Corporeal

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Kosenko

,

Kami

,

Rintamaki

Lance

,

Raney

Stephanie

, and

Maness

Kathleen

.

2013

.

Transgender Patient Perceptions of Stigma in Health Care Contexts

.

Medical Care

51

(

9

):

819

–

22

.

Kotula

,

Dean

.

2002

.

The Phallus Palace: Female to Male Transsexuals

.

Los Angeles

:

Alyson

.

Kulick

,

Don

.

1998

.

Travesti

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Lam

,

Samuel M.

2005

.

Aesthetic Facial Surgery for the Asian Male

.

Facial Plastic Surgery

21

(

4

):

317

–

23

.

Lambda Legal

.

2010

.

When Health Care Isn’t Caring: Lambda Legal’s Survey of Discrimination against LGBT People and People with HIV

.

New York

:

Lambda Legal

.

Lambda Legal

.

2015

.

Changing Birth Certificate Sex Designations: State-by-State Guidelines

.

February

3

.

http://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/changing-birth-certificate-sex-designations-state-by-state-guidelines

.

Laqueur

,

Thomas

.

1990

.

Making Sex

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Levine

,

Stephen B.

1989

.

Gender Identity Disorders of Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood

. In

Kaplan

H.

and

Sadock

B.

, eds.,

Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry

, vol.

1

:

1061

–

69

. 5th edition.

Baltimore

:

Williams and Wilkins

.

Lindqvist

,

Sven

,

1997

.

The Skull Measurer’s Mistake: And Other Portraits of Men and Women Who Spoke Out against Racism

.

New York

:

New Press

.

Lorber

,

Judith

.

1975

.

Good Patients and Problem Patients: Conformity and Deviance in a General Hospital

.

Journal of Health and Social behavior

,

June

:

213

–

25

.

Lothstein

,

Leslie M.

1979

.

Group Therapy with Gender-Dysphoric Patients

.

American Journal of Psychotherapy

33

(

1

):

67

–

81

.

Lothstein

,

Leslie M.

1982

.

Sex Reassignment Surgery: Historical, Bioethical and Theoretical Issues

.

American Journal of Psychiatry

139

(

4

):

417

–

26

.

Lynch

,

Michael

.

1994

.

Collins, Hirschauer and Winch: Ethnography, Exoticism, Surgery, Antisepsis and Dehorsification

.

Social Studies of Science

24

(

2

):

354

–

69

.

MacKenzie

,

Gordene Olga

.

1994

.

Transgender Nation

.

Bowling Green, OH

:

Bowling Green State University Popular Press

.

Markowitz

,

Stephanie

.

2008

.

Change of Sex Designation on Transsexuals’ Birth Certificates: Public Policy and Equal Protection

.

Cardozo Journal of Law and Gender

14

:

705

–

30

.

Martin

,

Biddy

.

1994

.

Sexualities without Genders and Other Queer Utopias

.

diacritics

24

(

2/3

):

104

–

21

.

Martino

,

Mario

.

1977

.

Emergence: A Transsexual Autobiography

.

New York

:

Crown

.

May

,

William F.

1997

.

Money and the Medical Profession

.

Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal

7

(

1

):

1

–

13

.

McBride

,

Cillian

.

2013

.

Recognition

.

Cambridge

:

Polity

.

McQueen

,

Paddy

.

2015

.

Subjectivity, Gender and the Struggle for Recognition

.

New York

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Mead

,

Margaret

. (

1935

)

2001

.

Sex and Temperament

.

New York

:

HarperCollins

.

Meadow

,

Tey

.

2010

.

“A Rose Is a Rose”: On Producing Legal Gender Classifications

.

Gender and Society

24

(

6

):

814

–

37

.

Meindl

,

R. S.

,

Lovejoy

C. O.

,

Mensforth

R. P.

, and

Barton

T. J.

.

1985

.

Multifactorial Determination of Skeletal Age at Death: A Method and Blind Tests of Its Accuracy

.

Journal of Physical Anthropology

68

(

1

):

1

–

14

.

Meyer

,

Jon K.

, and

Reter

Donna J.

.

1979

.

Sex Reassignment: Follow-Up

.

Archives of General Psychiatry

36

(

9

):

1010

–

15

.

Meyerowitz

,

Joanne

.

2002

.

How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Milligan

,

Christine

, and

Power

Andrew

.

2010

.

The Changing Geography of Care

. In

Brown

Tim

,

McLafferty

Sarah

, and

Moon

Graham

, eds.,

A Companion to Health and Medical Geography

,

567

–

86

.

New York

:

Wiley Blackwell

.

Miravel

,

Julien

.

2008

.

The Physical Examination in Cosmetic Surgery: Communication Strategies to Promote the Desirability of Surgery

.

Health Communication

23

:

153

–

70

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

.

2002

.

The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

.

2008

.

The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

, and

Berg

Marc

.

1994

.

Principles and Practices of Medicine

.

Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry

18

(

2

):

247

–

65

.

Mol

,

Annemarie

, and

Law

John

.

1994

.

Regions, Networks and Fluids: Anaemia and Social Topology

.

Social Studies of Science

24

(

4

):

641

–

71

.

Monstrey

,

S.

,

Vercruysse

H.

Jr., and

De Cuypere

G.

.

2009

.

Is Gender Reassignment Surgery Evidence Based? Recommendation for the Seventh Version of the WPATH Standards of Care

.

International Journal of Transgenderism

11

(

3

):

206

–

14

.

Montagu

,

M. Ashely

.

1944

.

Ales Hrdlicka, 1869–1943

.

American Anthropologist

46

(

1

):

113

–

17

.

Morgan

,

Kathryn Pauly

.

1991

.

Women and the Knife: Cosmetic Surgery and the Colonization of Women’s Bodies

.

Hypatia

6

(

2

):

25

–

53

.

Morreim

,

E. Haavi

.

1995

.

Balancing Act: The New Medical Ethics of Medicine’s New Economics

.

Washington, DC

:

Georgetown University Press

.

Morrison

,

S. D.

,

Vyas

K. S.

,

Motakef

S.

,

Gast

K. M.

,

Chung

M. T.

,

Rashidi

V.

,

Satterwhite

T.

,

Kuzon

W.

, and

Cederna

P. S.

.

2016

.

Facial Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature

.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

137

(

6

):

1759

–

70

.

Nangeroni

,

Nancy R.

1997

.

SRS Tomorrow: The Physical Continuum

. In

Bullough

Bonnie

,

Bullough

Vern L.

, and

Elias

James

, eds.,

Gender Blending

,

344

–

51

.

New York

:

Prometheus Books

.

Newton

,

Esther

.

1972

.

Mother Camp

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Newton

,

Esther

.

2000

.

Margaret Mead Made Me Gay: Personal Essays, Public Ideas

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

New York State Register

.

2014

.

Transgender Related Care and Services. ID No. HLT-50-14-00001-P

.

December

17

.

http://docs.dos.ny.gov/info/register/2014/dec17/pdf/rulemaking.pdf

.

Nouraei

,

S. A. Reza

,

Randhawa

Prem

,

Andrews

Peter J.

, and

Saleh

Hesham A.

.

2007

.

The Role of Nasal Feminization Rhinoplasty in Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment

.

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery

9

(

5

):

318

–

20

.

Obedin-Maliver

,

Juno

,

Goldsmith

Elizabeth S.

,

Stewart

Leslie

,

White

William

,

Tran

Eric

,

Brenman

Stephanie

,

Wells

Maggie

,

Fetterman

David M.

,

Garcia

Gabriel

, and

Lunn

Mitchell R.

.

2011

.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender-Related Content in Undergraduate Medical Education

.

Journal of the American Medical Association

306

(

9

):

971

–

77

.

O’Brien

,

Michelle

.

2013

.

Tracing This Body: Transsexuality, Pharmaceuticals, and Capitalism

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Aizura

Aren

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader 2

,

56

–

65

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Ochoa

,

Marcia

.

2014

.

Queen for a Day: Transformistas, Beauty Queens, and the Performance of Femininity in Venezuela

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Ohle

,

John M.

2004

.

Constructing the Trannie: Transgender People and the Law

.

Journal of Gender, Race and Justice

8

:

237

.

Ousterhout

,

Douglas K.

1987

.

Feminizing of the Forehead: Contour Changing to Improve Female Aesthetics

.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

79

(

5

):

701

–

13

.

Patton

,

Cindy

, ed.

2010

.

Rebirth of the Clinic: Places and Agents in Contemporary Health Care

.

Minneapolis

:

University of Minnesota Press

.

Pauly

,

Ira B.

1992

.

Terminology and Classification of Gender Identity Disorders

.

Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality

5

(

4

):

1

–

14

.

Peltier

,

Bruce

, and

Giusti

Lola

.

2008

.

Commerce and Care: The Irreconcilable Tension between Selling and Caring

.

McGeorge Law Review

39

:

785

.

Perpich

,

Diane

.

2005

.

Corpus Meum: Disintegrating Bodies and the Ideal of Integrity

.

Hypatia

20

(

3

):

75

–

91

.

Pitts

,

Victoria

.

2006

.

The Body, Beauty, and Psychosocial Power

. In

Chen

Nancy N.

and

Moglen

Helene

, eds.,

Bodies in the Making: Transgressions and Transformations

,

28

–

46

.

Santa Cruz, CA

:

New Pacific

.

Pitts-Taylor

Victoria

.

2007

.

Surgery Junkies: Wellness and Pathology in Cosmetic Culture

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Plemons

,

Eric

.

2014

.

Description of Sex Difference as Prescription for Sex Change: On the Origins of Facial Feminization Surgery

.

Social Studies of Science

44

(

5

):

657

–

79

.

Plemons

,

Eric

.

2015

.

Anatomical Authorities: On the Epistemological Exclusion of Trans-Surgical Patients

.

Medical Anthropology

34

(

5

):

425

–

41

.

Pollock

,

H. C.

1969

.

The Atkinson Library of Applied Anatomy

.

American Journal of Orthodontics

55

(

5

):

510

–

15

.

Poompruek

,

Panoopat

,

Boonmongkon

Pimpawun

, and

Guadamuz

Thomas E.

.

2014

. “

For Me … It’s a Miracle”: Injecting Beauty among Kathoeis in a Provincial Thai City

.

International Journal of Drug Policy

25

(

4

):

798

–

803

.

Povinelli

,

Elizabeth

.

2002

.

The Cunning of Recognition

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Prentice

,

R.

2012

.

Bodies in Formation: An Ethnography of Anatomy and Surgery Education

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Prosser

,

Jay

.

1995

.

No Place Like Home: The Transgendered Narrative of Leslie Feinberg’s Stone Butch Blues

.

MFS Modern Fiction Studies

41

(

3

):

483

–

514

.

Prosser

,

Jay

.

1998

.

Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Prosser

,

Jay

.

1999

.

Transsexual Travelogues

. In

More

Kate

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

Reclaiming Genders: Transsexual Grammars at the Fin de siècle

,

83

–

114

.

New York

:

Cassell

.

Rabinow

,

Paul

.

1996

.

Essays on the Anthropology of Reason

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Raymond

,

Janice

.

1979

.

The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

Reay

,

Barry

.

2014

.

The Transsexual Phenomenon: A Counter-History

.

Journal of Social History

47

(

4

):

1042

–

70

.

Restack

,

R. M.

1979

.

The Sex-Change Conspiracy

.

Psychology Today

13

:

20

–

24

.

Richardson

,

Elijah R.

1980

.

Racial Differences in Dimensional Traits of the Human Face

.

Angle Orthodontist

50

(

4

):

301

–

11

.

Riolo

,

Michael

,

Moyers

Robert E.

, and

McNamara

James A.

.

1974

.

An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth: Cephalometric Standards from the University School Growth Study

.

Ann Arbor

:

University of Michigan Center for Human Growth and Development

.

Robinson

,

Amy

.

1994

.

It Takes One to Know One: Passing and Communities of Common Interest

.

Critical Inquiry

20

(

4

):

715

–

36

.

Roebuck

,

Christopher W.

2013

.

“Workin’ It”: Trans* Lives in the Age of Epidemic

.

PhD dissertation

,

University of California

,

Berkeley

.

Rose

,

Nicolas

.

2007

.

The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Rosenbaum

,

Sara

,

Frankford

D. M.

,

Moore

B.

, and

Borzi

P.

.

1999

.

Who Should Determine When Health Care Is Medically Necessary?

New England Journal of Medicine

340

(

3

):

229

–

32

.

Rosenthal

,

Stephen M.

2014

.

Approach to the Patient: Transgender Youth. Endocrine Considerations

.

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

99

(

12

):

4379

–

89

.

Rubin

,

Gayle

.

1975

.

The Traffic in Women: Notes on the “Political Economy” of Sex

. In

Reiter

Rayna

, ed.,

Toward an Anthropology of Women

,

157

–

210

.

New York

:

Monthly View

.

Rubin

,

Gayle

.

2002

.

Studying Sexual Subcultures: Excavating the Ethnography of Gay Communities in Urban North America

. In

Lewin

Ellen

and

Leap

William L.

, eds.,

Out in Theory: The Emergence of Lesbian and Gay Anthropology

,

17

–

68

.

Chicago

:

University of Illinois Press

.

Rubin

,

Henry

.

2003

.

Self-Made Men: Identity and Embodiment among Transsexual Men

.

Nashville, TN

:

Vanderbilt University Press

.

Rudacille

,

Deborah

.

2005

.

The Riddle of Gender: Science, Activism, and Transgender Rights

.

New York

:

Pantheon Books

.

Russett

,

Cynthia Eagle

.

1989

.

Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Sacks

,

Oliver

.

1990

.

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

.

New York

:

Harper

.

Sadjadi

,

Sahar

.

2013

.

The Endocrinologist’s Office — Puberty Suppression: Saving Children from a Natural Disaster?

Journal of Medical Humanities

34

(

2

):

255

–

60

.

Salamon

,

Gayle

.

2010

.

Assuming a Body: Transgender and Rhetorics of Materiality

.

New York

:

Columbia University Press

.

Schiebinger

,

Londa

.

1987

.

Skeletons in the Closet: The First Illustrations of the Female Skeleton in Eighteenth-Century Anatomy

. In

Gallagher

Catherine

and

Laqueur

Thomas

, eds.,

The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century

,

42

–

82

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Schiebinger

,

Londa

.

1989

.

The Mind Has No Sex: Women in the Origins of Modern Science

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Schiebinger

,

Londa

.

1993

.

Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science

.

Boston

:

Beacon

.

Schippers

,

Birgit

.

2014

.

The Political Philosophy of Judith Butler

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Serano

,

Julia

.

2007

.

Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity

.

Berkeley, CA

:

Seal

.

Serlin

,

David

.

2004

.

Replaceable You: Engineering the Body in Postwar America

.

Chicago

:

University of Chicago Press

.

Shams

,

Mohammad Ghasem

, and

Motamedi

Mohammad Hosein Kalantar

.

2009

.

Case Report: Feminizing the Male Face

.

Journal of Plastic Surgery

9

:

8

–

14

.

Shilling

,

Chris

.

1993

.

The Body and Social Theory

. 2nd edition.

London

:

Sage

.

Shumer

,

Daniel E.

, and

Spack

Norman P.

.

2013

.

Current Management of Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence: Guidelines, Barriers and Areas of Controversy

.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity

20

(

1

):

69

–

73

.

Sinnott

,

Megan

.

2004

.

Toms and Dees: Transgender Identity and Female Same-Sex Relationships in Thailand

.

Honolulu

:

University of Hawai’i Press

.

Smith

,

Anna Marie

.

1997

.

The Good Homosexual and the Dangerous Queer: Resisting the “New Homophobia

.” In

Segal

Lynne

, ed.,

New Sexual Agendas

,

214

–

31

.

London

:

Palgrave Macmillan

.

Smith

,

William D.

2007

.

Multiculturalism, Identity, and the Articulation of Citizenship: The “Indian Question” Now

.

Latin American Research Review

42

(

1

):

238

–

51

.

Snow

,

C. C.

,

Gatliff

B. P.

, and

McWilliams

K. R.

.

1970

.

Reconstruction of Facial Features from the Skull: An Evaluation of Its Usefulness in Forensic Anthropology

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

33

(

2

):

221

–

27

.

Sofaer

,

Joanna

.

2006

.

The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology

.

New York

:

Cambridge University Press

Somerville

,

Siobhan

.

1994

.

Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body

.

Journal of the History of Sexuality

5

(

2

):

243

–

66

.

Somerville

,

Siobhan

.

2000

.

Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Spade

,

Dean

.

2003

.

Resisting Medicine, Re/Modeling Gender

.

Berkeley Women’s Law Journal

18

:

15

–

37

.

Spade

,

Dean

.

2015

.

Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

Spiegel

,

Jeffrey H.

2011

.

Facial Determinants of Female Gender and Feminizing Forehead Cranioplasty

.

Laryngoscope

121

:

250

–

61

.

Spiegel

,

Jeffrey H.

, and

Ainsworth

Tiffiny A.

.

2010

.

Quality of Life of Individuals with and without Facial Feminization Surgery or Gender Reassignment Surgery

.

Quality of Life Research

19

:

1019

–

24

.

Starr

,

Paul

.

1982

.

The Social Transformation of American Medicine

.

New York

:

Basic Books

.

Stein

,

Howard F.

1983

.

Part 1: The Money Taboo in American Medicine

.

Medical Anthropology

7

(

4

):

1

–

15

.

Stepan

,

Nancy Leys

.

1986

.

Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science

.

Isis

77

(

2

):

261

–

77

.

Stevenson

,

Lisa

.

2014

.

Life beside Itself

.

Berkeley

:

University of California Press

.

Stewart

,

T. D.

1954

.

Sex Determination of the Skeleton by Guess and by Measurement

.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

12

(

3

):

385

–

92

.

Stewart

,

T. D.

1979

.

Essentials of Forensic Anthropology: Especially as Developed in the United States

.

Springfield, IL

:

Charles T. Thomas

.

St. Hoyme

,

Lucile E.

, and

İşcan

Mehmet Yaşar

.

1989

.

Determinations of Sex and Race: Accuracy and Assumptions

. In

İşcan

Mehmet Yaşar

and

Kennedy

Kenneth A. R.

, eds.,

Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton

,

53

–

93

.

New York

:

Alan R. Liss

.

Stone

,

Sandy

. (

1991

)

2006

.

The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader

,

221

–

35

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Stryker

,

Susan

.

1994

.

My Words to Dr. Frankenstein above the Village of Chamounix: Performing Transgender Rage

.

GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies

1

(

3

):

227

–

54

.

Stryker

,

Susan

.

1999

.

Portrait of a Transfag Drag Hag as a Young Man: The Activist Career of Louis G. Sullivan

. In

More

Kate

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

Reclaiming Genders: Transsexual Grammars at the Fin de siècle

,

62

–

82

.

New York

:

Cassell

.

Stryker

,

Susan

.

2008

.

Transgender History

.

Berkeley, CA

:

Seal

.

Stryker

,

Susan

, and

Currah

Paisley

.

2015

.

Introduction

.

Transgender Studies Quarterly

2

(

1

):

1

–

12

.

Stryker

,

Susan

,

Currah

Paisley

, and

Moore

Lisa Jean

.

2008

.

Introduction: Trans-, Trans, or Transgender?

WSG

36

(

3–4

):

11

–

22

.

Stryker

,

Susan

, and

Sullivan

Nicki

.

2009

.

King’s Member, Queen’s Body: Transsexual Surgery, Self-Demand Amputation and the Somatechnics of Sovereign Power

. In

Sullivan

Nicki

and

Murray

Samantha

, eds.,

Somatechnics: Queering the Technologisation of Bodies

,

49

–

64

.

New York

:

Ashgate

.

Sullivan

,

Deborah

.

2001

.

Cosmetic Surgery: The Cutting Edge of Commercial Medicine in America

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2005

.

Integrity, Mayhem, and the Question of Self-Demand Amputation

.

Continuum: Journal of Media and Culture Studies

19

(

3

):

325

–

33

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2006

.

Transmogrification: (Un)Becoming Others

. In

Stryker

Susan

and

Whittle

Stephen

, eds.,

The Transgender Studies Reader

,

552

–

64

.

New York

:

Routledge

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2007

. “

The Price to Pay for Our Common Good”: Genital Modification and the Somatechnologies of Cultural (In)Difference

.

Social Semiotics

17

(

3

):

395

–

409

.

Sullivan

,

Nicki

.

2008

.

The Role of Medicine in the (Trans) Formation of “Wrong” Bodies

.

Body and Society

14

(

1

):

105

–

16

.

Talley

,

Heather Laine

.

2011

.

Facial Feminization Surgery: The Medical Transformation of Elective Intervention to Necessary Repair

. In

Fisher

Jill A.

, ed.,

Gender and the Science of Difference: Cultural Politics of Contemporary Science and Medicine

,

189

–

204

.

New Brunswick, NJ

:

Rutgers University Press

.

Talley

,

Heather Laine

.

2014

.

Saving Face: Disfigurement and the Politics of Appearance

.

New York

:

New York University Press

.

Taylor

,

Charles

.

1994

.

Multiculturalism

.

Princeton

:

Princeton University Press

.

Thieme

,

F. P.

, and

Schull

W. J.

.

1957

.

Sex Determination from the Skeleton

.

Human Biology

29

(

3

):

242

–

73

.

Throsby

,

Karen

.

2008

.

Happy Re-Birthday: Weight Loss Surgery and the “New Me

.”

Body and Society

14

(

1

):

117

–

33

.

Towle

,

Evan B.

, and

Morgan

Lynn M.

.

2002

.

Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the “Third Gender” Concept

.

GLQ

8

(

4

):

469

–

97

.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

.

2014

.

Chapter 1: Coverage Determinations, Part 2, Section 140.3. Transsexual Surgery. Transmittal 169, June 27

. In

Medicare National Coverage Determination (NCD) Manual

.

https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Transmittals/Downloads/R169NCD.pdf

.

U.S. Government

.

2003

.

Medicare Program: Revised Process for Making National Coverage Determinations

.

Federal Register

68

(

107

).

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2003-09-26/pdf/03-24361.pdf

.

Valentine

,

David

.

2007

.

Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category

.

Durham, NC

:

Duke University Press

.

van Anders

,

Siri M.

,

Caverly

N. L.

, and

Johns

M. M.

.

2014

.

Newborn Bio/Logics and US Legal Requirements for Changing Gender/Sex Designations on State Identity Documents

.

Feminism and Psychology

24

(

2

):

172

–

92

.

Vance

,

Stanley R.

Jr.,

Cohen-Kettenis

P. T.

,

Drescher

J.

,

Meyer-Bahlburg

H. F.

,

Pfäfflin

F.

, and

Zucker

K. J.

.

2010

.

Opinions about the DSM Gender Identity Disorder Diagnosis: Results from an International Survey Administered to Organizations Concerned with the Welfare of Transgender People

.

International Journal of Transgenderism

12

(

1

):

1

–

14

.

van de Ven

,

B. F. M. L.

2008

.

Facial Feminization, Why and How?

Sexologies

17

(

4

):

291

–

98

.

Van Wyhe

,

John

.

2004

.

Phrenology and the Origins of Victorian Scientific Naturalism

.

Burlington, VT

:

Ashgate

.

Vázquez

,

I. M.

, and

Vila

P. M.

.

2006

.

La cirugía de reasignación sexual de hombre a mujer

.

Cuadernos de Medicina Psicosomatica y Psiquiatria de Enlace

78

:

30

–

39

.

Whitlock

,

Chuck

.

2001

.

Mediscams

.

New York

:

St. Martin’s

.

Wilchins

,

Rikki

.

1997

.

Read My Lips: Sexual Subversion and the End of Gender

.

Ithaca, NY

:

Firebrand Books

.

Wittgenstein

,

Ludwig

.

(1953) 2010

.

Philosophical Investigations

.

New York

:

John Wiley and Sons

.

Young

,

Iris Marion

.

1990

.

Throwing Like a Girl

.

Bloomington

:

Indiana University Press

.

Young

,

Katharine

.

1997

.

Presence in the Flesh: The Body in Medicine

.

Cambridge, MA

:

Harvard University Press

.

Zucker

,

K. J.

,

Cohen-Kettenis

P. T.

,

Drescher

J.

,

Meyer-Bahlburg

H. F.

,

Pfäfflin

F.

, and

Womack

W. M.

.

2013

.

Memo Outlining Evidence for Change for Gender Identity Disorder in the DSM-5

.

Archives of Sexual Behavior

42

(

5

):

901

–

14

.