Chapter 4 explores the identities of the penal colony’s inhabitants. It first conducts a statistical and a qualitative reading of convict matriculation records that offer a wealth of biographical detail. These records reveal their makers’ worldviews, and the ideological assumptions and political concerns that they brought to bear in enumerating, classifying, and ordering a convict population. A handful of army officers and civilian civil servants ran the colony. Around 100–200 army enlisted men provided the colony’s security forces. A small group of free vendors had permission to reside and conduct commerce on the island. There was also a number of so-called unattached residents. After the prohibition against women was relaxed, members of all these social categories brought their families and dependents with them, and there was no small number of children in the population.