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American Birthright Citizenship Rules and the Exclusion of “Outsiders” from the Political Community

In chapter 10, Margaret D. Stock explores the historical and practical application of “birthright citizenship” and its legal foundation in the Fourteenth Amendment. She discusses the potential, unanticipated consequences of changing America’s long-standing constitutional birthright citizenship rule and examines how a change in the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s citizenship clause could retroactively exclude from citizenship many Americans who have lived in the country their entire lives—including popular politicians discussing this issue nationally. Stock discusses potential problems associated with the practical application of changing the interpretation of the law, and explores and refutes the argument that the Fourteenth Amendment was never intended to cover the children of persons who are not legally present in the United States. By focusing on proposed changes to the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, Stock dissects the problems associated with trying to award citizenship based on the “allegiance” held by a child’s parents.

birthright citizenship, allegiance, Fourteenth Amendment, naturalization, immigration

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In chapter 11, Alfred Babo explores the ongoing Ivory Coast political crisis by emphasizing controversies in the development and application of citizenship policy during recent decades. The chapter examines the concept of ivoirité and has particular relevance for the study of the implementation of regulations pertaining to documentation and proof of identity. It discusses the laws of ivoirité and how they challenged the prevailing electoral, nationality, land, and labor acts. As well as looking at how the policy affected Ivorian society, Babo investigates how ordinary citizens navigated laws by focusing on the evidence residents were requested to produce to demonstrate their ivoirité. Identity documents, such as birth certificates, nationality certificates, passports, and national identity cards, were systemically viewed as false or fraudulent for a particular class of citizens. An Ivorian policy of “authenticity” enhanced the political power of particular individuals, and identity challenges were enacted in discrete circumstances and locations.

citizenship, ivoirité, identity, nationality, Ivory Coast

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