This chapter relates Senghor’s constitutional struggle to remake France as a federal republic to its flip side: his vision of African socialism as a way to redeem European socialism and ensure that the postimperial political form he imagined would ensure social justice for Africans. It argues against scholars who, reading Senghor’s postwar initiatives from the perspective of his postcolonial presidency, dismiss his African socialism as superficial or opportunistic. In contrast, this chapter offers a close reading of his engagement with Marx’s writings as a perspective from which to criticize actually existing socialist parties and politics. Senghor focused on Marx’s dialectical...