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This chapter describes the rise of new programs of cash transfers within southern Africa and across the global South and introduces the major themes of the book. It explains how common scholarly and popular narratives about “neoliberalism” have resulted in inadequate attention being paid to the emergence of new kinds of welfare states and introduces the idea of a politics of distribution as an alternative analytical framework. It concludes by elaborating a conception of politics that has less to do with critique and denunciation than with experimentation and assessment and by suggesting that emerging conditions may be opening up new possibilities for new kinds of politics as well as policy.

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