This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.
Bibliography
The primary sources for this study are drawn chiefly from archival research conducted in Leipzig and Berlin in the summers of 1993 and 1995, between January and August 1998, and in the summers of 2001 and 2003.1 consulted the Civic Movement Archive in Leipzig (Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig), affiliated with Leipzig’s municipal archives; the Saxon State Archives in Leipzig (Sächsisches Staatsarchiv Leipzig), where the primary holdings of the municipal and district sed party archives are held; the German Federal Archives and the Archive of the Parties and Mass Organizations of the former German Democratic Republic in Berlin-Lichterfelde; and the New Forum Archive of the Robert Havemann Society (Robert-Havemann-Gesellschaft e.V. Berlin). I have listed the specific files consulted and provided an abbreviation key below. In addition I consulted the “ Final Recommendation and Report of the Special Committee for the Investigation of the Abuse of Office and Power in the sed Government of the Saxon State Parliament,” which includes both the committee’s final report and more than one thousand pages of supporting documents. The report proved an invaluable source, particularly on the developments in the Dresden district.
In addition I made abundant use of the holdings of the GDR Oral History Project housed at the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University. The project includes hundreds of pages of typed transcripts and taped interviews with prominent dissidents and state officials. The list of interviews consulted is provided below. Newspapers proved an invaluable source on the process of transformation in East Germany. Particularly useful was West Die Tageszeitung, a left-wing daily with the most extensive and insightful coverage of dissident politics in the revolution and reunification; it was the paper of choice for East German intellectuals and dissidents in making press statements and granting interviews. The Leipziger Volkszeitung is the standard journalistic source for the city of Leipzig. The sed’s official mouthpiece, Neues Deutschland, was a primary outlet for public statements by the GDR leadership. Finally, the New York Times offered excellent coverage of the East German revolution, the debates surrounding unification, and reports on events elsewhere in Eastern Europe.
Archival Sources
Archiv Bürgerbewegung e.V., Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig (ABL) [Civic Movement Archive of the Municipal Historical Museum of Leipzig]
abl h1:
Events in Leipzig, 1953
–1990
ablh2:
Opposition Groups in Leipzigablh3:
Materials on GDR Oppositionablh4:
Parties and movements in Leipzigabl h8:
Information from mfs Abt. xx (bv-Leipzig)abl h9:
Information from mfs Abt. xx (BV-Leipzigabl hii:
Information on the dissolution of the Mfs abl hi6:
New Forum 1990
abl h17:
New Forum1989
abl h24:
Material on Alliance9o/The Greensabl h46:
Material on Alliance9o/The Greens in the Bundestagabl sh d:
Events in Dresden1989
Bestand Arnold (ABL BA) [Michael Arnold Mdl in Sachsen]
abl ba h nvr o:
Materials of the nvr der DDR,Oct
–Nov
.1989
abl ba h mdi 12:
Materials of the Ministerium des Innern der Deutschen Demo-kratischen Republik, 1984
–1988
abl ba h mdi13:
Materials of the Mdl der DDROct
. 1989
abl ba h mdi 14:
Materials of the Mdl der DDRNov
. 1989
abl ba h mdi15:
Materials of the Mdl der DDR,Nov
. 1989
abl ba h mdi16:
Materials of the Mdl der DDR Dec
. 1989
abl ba h mfs-pb I:
Materials of the mfs der DDR, 1970
–1987
abl ba h mfs-pb II:
Materials of the mfs der DDR, 1988
–1989
Dissident publications
abl Box 2:
Grenzfall
(Berlin
), 1986
–1989
abl Box 4:
Umweltblätter
(Berlin
), 1986
–1989
abl Box 6:
Streiflichter
(Leipzig
), 1982
–1989
Bundesarchiv der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Berlin (BArch) [National Archives of the Federal Republic of Germany]
BArch DO 1. Ministerium des Innern der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik [Ministry of the Interior, GDR]
do 1 2.3/052445:
Information on public safety and security
, October
1989
– May
1990
do 12.3/052449:
Information on public safety and security
, October
1989
– December
1989
do 1 2.3/053613:
Chronik, 1987
–1988
do1 2.3/053614:
Chronik, 1989
BArch DO 1 34. Ministerium des Innern derDDR, Hauptabteilung Innere Angelegenheiten [Ministry of the Interior, Department of Internal Affairs]
do 1 34/29282–29301:
Released emigrants to the FRG
and West Berlin
, 1988
–1989
do 1 34/40845–40847:
Petitions on behalf of New Forum
, 1989
do 1 34/53268:
Persons released from citizenship of the GDR (Special trains to the FRG)
do 1 34/54134:
Emigration, 1954
–1961
do 1 34/54135:
Emigration, 1961
–1988
do 1 34/55243–55248:
Emigration and Special Trains, 1989
do 1 34/55068:
EmigrationBArch DO 4. Staatssekretär für Kirchenfragen. 6. Abteilung II Evangelische Kirche und Religionsgemeinschaften [State Secretary for Church Questions. Division 6/II Protestant Church and Religious Congregations]
do 4753:
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saxony/Synods, 1987
–1988
do 4767:
Hostile Activities, 1987
–1988
do 4 768:
Hostile Activities, 1989
do 4 1488:
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saxony/Synods, 1989
Hoover Institution Archives,
Stanford University
GDR Oral History Project.Printed transcripts of interviews
Bisky
Lothar
.Socialist intellectual and pds leader
Interviewed byBortfeldt
H.
, April
6
,1993
.Brie
Michael
.Professor of social philosophy and pds leader
. Interviewed bySiena
M.
, December
23
,1991
. Eberlein, Werner. Former Politburo member and district chair for Magdeburg. Interviewed by J. Torpey,
February
2
,1992
.Eppelmann
Rainer
.Former pastor in East Berlin.
Interviewed by BanchoffT.
December
5
,1991
.Fischer
Oskar
.Former Politburo member and GDR foreign minister
. Interviewed byMcAdams
J.
March
9
,1993
.Gauck
Joachim
..Pastor in Rostock, New Forum activist.
Interviewed byTorpey,
J.
April
23
,1993
.Gysi
Gregor
..Attorney and pds leader
.Interviewed by Bortfeldt
H.
July
6
,1993
.Hager
Kurt
.Former Politburo member
. Interviewed byMcAdams
J.
and Epstein
C.
and December
3
,1990
; July
11
,1991
; August
6
,1993
.Hilsberg
Stefan
.ifm activist and spd member
. Interviewed by Banchoff
T.
,June
14
, 1991
. Krenz
Egon
.Former Politburo member and state premier
. Interviewed byBortfeldt
H.
Former Politburo member and state premier. Interviewed by May
31
,1990
.Meckel
Markus
.Former pastor in East Berlin
. Interviewed by Banchoff
T.
,June
10
, 1991
.Modrow
Hans
.Former Dresden district chief and GDR state premier
. Interviewed byBortfeldt
H.
,March
17
,1993
.Reich
Jens
. Physicist and New Forum leader
. Interviewed bySiena
M.
,December
28
, 1989
;, December
28
,1991
.Templin
Wolfgang
, and Templin
Regina
“(Lotte)”. Human rights activists. Interviewed by Torpey
J.
,August
29
,1991
; February
3
,1992
.Ullmann
Wolfgang
.Theologian and Democracy Now leader
. Interviewed byBanchoff
T.
November
12
,1991
.Mathias-Domaschk-Archiv, Robert-Havemann-Gesellschaft e.V. Berlin. Bestand Bürgerbeweung [New Forum Archive in the Robert-Havemann-Society]
New Forum Organization
nfo
047
–055
Original Unterschriftenlister der Unterstützungserklärungen zum Neuen Forum
(September
–October
1989
).nfo 135/136
Protokoll der Gründungskonferenz des Neuen Forums
, 27
–28
January
1990
.Sächsischer Landtag (sl). Beschlussempfehlung und Bericht des Sonderausschusses Zur Untersuchung Von amts- und Machtmissbrauch Infolge Der Sed-Herrschaft [Saxon State Parliament. Final Recommendation and Report of the Special Committee for the Investigation of the Abuse of Offices and Power in the sed Government].
Dresden, July
1994
. Sächsisches Staatsarchiv Leipzig (Stal) [Saxon State Archives at Leipzig]. Bezirksparteiarchiv der sed Leipzig [Leipzig District Party Archive]
Bezirksleitung der SED Leipzig, Büro des Sekretariats [Leipzig District SED Leadership, Office of the Secrateriat]
sed iv f-2/1/013–017:
Protokolle Tagungen der Bezirksleitungsed iv f -2/2/029:
Protokoll der Bezirksaktivtagung zu der politischen-ideologischen Arbeit an der Karl-Marx-Universität und an Hoch- und Fachhochschulen (9.3.89)sed iv f -2/2/ 029
: Protokoll der Bezirksaktivtagung zur Eröffnung des Parteilehrjahres (12.9
.89
)sed iv f -2/2/ 030:
Protokoll der Bezirksaktivtagung zur Auswertung der 10. Tagungdes zk der sed (23.11.89)sed iv f -2/3/116–121:
Protokolle Sitzungen der BezirksleitungStadtleitung der SED [City Leadership of SED]
sed iv f-5/1/08–09:
Protokolle der Tagungen der Stadtleitungsed iv f-5/1/051–052:
Protokolle der Sitzungen des SekretariatsStadtparteikontrolkommission der SED Leipzig [Municipal Party Control Commission of the SED Leipzig]
sed iv f-5/1/057–059:
Berichte und Prüfungen, Apparat und Grundorganisationen sed iv f-5/1/062:
Protokolle Sitzungen, 1989
sed iv f-5/1/063:
Analysen, Information über feindliche Einflüsse, Verletzungen Leninistischen Normensed iv f-5/1/063:
Analysen, Information über feindliche Einflüsse, Verletzungen der Leninistischen Normen, Gesetzverstösse, 1987
–1989
sed iv f-5/1/064–065:
Stadtparteikontrolkommission Untersuchungen in Grundorganisationen, 1987
–1989
sed iv f-5/1/069–070:
Stadtparteikontrolkommission. Eingaben an die leitende Parteiorgane, 1988
–1989
sed iv f-5/1/076:
Information, Stimmungen, Meinungen, ArgumenteSED-Stadtbezirksleitung Leipzig-Mitte [SED Municipal District Leadership-Center]
sed iv f -5/2/039:
Protokolle Sitzungen des Sekretariats. Fortsetzung Oct
– Nov
. 1989
sed iv f -5/2/039:
Stadtbezirksparteikontrolkommission Protokolle Sitzungen
Oct
.– Nov
. 1989
sed iv f -5/2/052–054:
Information über feindliche Einflüsse, 1987
–1989
sed iv F-5/2/052–054:
Stadtbezirksparteikontrolkommission Analysen, Information über feindliche Einflüsse, Verletzung der Leninistischen Normen, Gesetz-verletzung, 1987
–1989
sed iv F-2/2/062:
Information und Berichte der Stadtbezirksleitung über Stimmungen und Argumente der Bevölkerung, 1987
–1988
SED-Stadtbezirksleitung Leipzig-Südwest [SED Municipal District Leadership-Leipzig-Southwest]
sed iv F-5/7/060:
Information über feindliche Einflüsse auf Parteimitglieder, Verletzungen der Leninistischen Normen und Gesetzverletzungen, 1987
–1989
Stiftung Archiv Parteien und Massenorganisationen der Deutschen Demo-kratischen Republik im Bundesarchiv (sapmo-BArch), Berlin [Archive of the Parties and Mass Organizations of the GDR in the German National Archive]
DY30.
Zentralkomitee der SED. Abteilung Sicherheitsfragen des ZK der SED(1981–1989) [Central Committee of the SED. Division for Security Affairs]
dy 30/825:
Sitzungen des Politbüros des zk der sed, 1981
–1989
dy 30/840:
zk der sed. Abt. Sicherheitsfragen. Tatigkeit der Abt. SF. Bd.5,1989
DY30
.Bestand Büro Erich Honecker [Holdings of the Office of Erich Honecker]
dy 30/2175:
Entwicklung der DDR Kreisendy 30/2182:
Berichte über politische Probleme in der DDRDY30/IV/2/2.039
. Bestand Büro Egon Krenz [Holdings of the Office of Egon Krenz]
dy 30/IV/2/2.039/74:
Sitzungen Politbüro des zk der sed. 1989
.06dy 30/IV/2/2.039/76:
Sitzungen Politbüro des zk der Sed. 1989
.08dy 30/IV/2/2.039/77:
Sitzungen Politbüro des zk der sed. 1989
.09dy 30/IV/2/2.039/308
: Ausreisen nach brd, 1984
–1988
dy 30/IV/2/2.039/309
: Übersiedlungen, ständige Ausreisen nach brddy 30/IV/2/2.039/326
: Haltung Bürgerbewegungen, neue Parteien in der DDRdy 30/IV/2/2.039/330
: Information Abt. Parteiorgane des zk der sed an E. Krenz,1989
dy 30/IV/2/2.039/336
: Information Zentralrat der fdj / Abt. Jugend des zk der sed an E. KrenzOther files
j iv/2/3/4350/7
: Protokoll der Sitzung des Sekretariats am
18
.1
.1989
j iv 2/50/30
: Abteilung Parteiorgane der sed beim zk der sedj iv 2/50/30/2040
: Eingaben an die Parteij iv 2/50/30/2935
: Information über Versorgung des VolkesDocumentary Sources
BfG (Bundesministerium für Gesamtdeutschen Fragen). Tätigkeitsbericht der Bundes-regierung: Deutsche Politik 1961
. Bonn.Bundestag der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
.1995
. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission “Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der
sed -Diktatur in Deutschland” 18
vols. Frankfurt am Main
:Suhrkamp
.Büscher
Wolfgang
, Wensierski
Peter
, and Wolschner
Klaus
, eds. 1982
. Friedensbewegung in der DDR:. Texte 1978–1982
. Hattingen
:Edition Transit
.Central Committee of the sed
. 1981
. Successful Path of Developing an Advanced Socialist Society in the GDR: Facts and Figures
. From the report of the Tenth Party Congress of the sed.Daniels
Robert V.
, ed. 1994
. Documentary History of Communism and the World
. Hanover, N.H.
:University Press of New England
.Jarausch
Konrad H.
, and Gransow
Volker
, eds. 1994
. Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates
. Providence, R.I.
:Berghahn Books
.Mitter
Stefan
, and Wolle
Stefan
, eds. 1990
. Ich liebe euch doch alle . . . Befehle und Lageberichte des mfs, Januar–November 1989
. Berlin
:Basis
.Neues Forum Leipzig
. 1990
. Jetzt oder nie – Demokratie: Leipziger Herbst ’89
. Edited byReinhard Bose
Grit Hartmann
, and Huse
Ulla
. Frankfurt am Main
:Bertelsmann
.Neues Forum Leipzig
, ed. 1991
. Von Leipzig nach Deutschland
. Leipzig
:Forum Verlag
. sb [Statistisches Bundesamt]. 1994
. Sonderreihe mit Beitragen fur das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR
. Multiple vols. Wiesbaden
: Federal Statistical Agency
.sjddr (Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik)
. 1980
–1990
. Berlin
:Staatliche Zentralverwaltung für Statistik der DDR
.Stokes
Gale
, ed. 1991
. From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945
. New York
:Oxford University Press
.Tetzinger
Reiner
, ed. 1990
. Leipziger Ring: Aufzeichnen eines Montagsdemonstranten, Oktober 1989 bis 1. Mai 1990
. Frankfurt am Main
:Luchterhand
.Newspapers
Berliner Zeitung
[East Berlin daily]Leipziger Volkszeitung
[Leipzig daily]Neues Deutschland
[GDR daily]New York Times
[New York daily]Sächsisches Tageblatt
[Leipzig district daily]Der Tagesspiegel
[West Berlin daily]Die Tageszeitung
[West Berlin daily]Secondary Sources
Adas
Michael
. 1986
. “From Footdragging to Flight: The Evasive History of Peasant Avoidance in South and South-East Asia
.” Journal of Peasant Studies
13/2
: 64
–86
.Adomeit
Hannes
. 1998
. Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev
. Baden-Baden
: Nomos Verlag
.Agocs
Sandor
. 1993
. “The Collapse of Communist Ideology in Hungary: November 1988 to February 1989
.” East European Quarterly
27/ 2
:187
–210
.Alsmeier
Bernd
. 1994
. Wegbereiter der Wende: Die Rolle der evangelischen Kirchen in der Ausgangsphase der DDR
. Pfaffenweiler
:Centaurus
.Arato
Andrew
. 1994
. “Revolution, Restoration, and Legitimation
.” Imagining Eastern Europe
, edited byKennedy
M.
. Ann Arbor
:University of Michigan Press
.Aron
Raymond
. 1968
. “The Sociologists and the Revolution of 1848
.” In Main Currents in Sociological Thought
. Vol. 1
. Translated byHoward
Richard
and Weaver
Helen
. Garden City, N.Y
:Doubleday
.Atkinson
Anthony
, and Micklewright
John
. 1992
. Economic Transformation and the Distribution of Income
. Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press
.Barry
Brian
. 1974
. “Review Article: Exit, Voice and Loyalty
.” British Journal of Political Science
4/1
: 79
–107
.Baylis
Thomas A.
1999
. “The GDR ‘on the Eve.’
” Communist and Post-Communist Studies
32
: 127
–38
.Bernhard
Michael H.
1993
. The Origins of Democratization in Poland
. New York
:Columbia University Press
.Blair
Irene
, and Tost
John
. 2003
. “Exit, Loyalty, and Collective Action among Workers in a Simulated Business Environment
.” Social Justice Research
16/2
: 95
–108
.Boissevain
Jeremy
. 1971
. “Second Thoughts on Quasi-Groups, Categories and Coalitions
.” Man
6/3
: 468
–72
.Bornstein
Morris
, ed. 1973
. Plan and Market: Economic Reform in Eastern Europe
. New Haven
:Yale University Press
.Bortfeldt
Heinrich
. 1990
. “Die Ostdeutschen und die pds
.” Deutschland Archiv
27/12
: 1283
–87
.Bramstedt
Ernest K.
1945
. Dictatorship and Political Police: The Technique of Control by Fear
. London
:Paul, Trench, and Trubner
.Braun
Norman
. 1994
. “Das Schwellenmodell und die Leipziger Montagsdemonstrationen
.” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie
46/3
: 482
–500
.Braun
Norman
. 1995
. “Individual Thresholds and Social Diffusion
.” Rationality and Society
7/2
:167
–182
.Brewer
Marilynn
, and Schneider
Sherry
. 1990
. “Social identity and Social Dilemmas
.” In Social Identity Theory
, edited byAbrams
D.
and Hogg
M.
. London
:Springer
.Briese
Käthe
, al.
et
, 1970
. Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch
. 11th ed.En-zyklopadie
Leipzig: Verlag
.Brubaker
Rogers
. 1990
. “Frontier Theses: Exit, Voice and Loyalty in East Germany
.” Migration World Magazine
18/3–4
:12
–17
.Brus
Wlodzimierz
. 1986
. The Economic History of Eastern Europe, 1919–1975
. Oxford
:Clarendon Press
.Bruszt
Laszlo
, and Stark
David
. 1992
. “Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From the Politics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition
.” In Eastern Europe in Revolution
, edited byBanac
Ivo
. Ithaca
:Cornell University Press
.Buchholz
Erich
, al.
et
, 1974
. Socialist Criminology
. Translated byOsers
E.
. London
:Saxon House
.Bunce
Valerie
. 1999
. Subversive Institutions: The Design and Destruction of Socialism and the State
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Bunce
Valerie
. 2003
. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lesson from Postcommunist Experience
.” World Politics
55/2
: 167
–92
.Burawoy
Michael
, and Lukács
János
. 1992
. The Radiant Past
. Chicago
:University of Chicago Press
.Caldwell
Peter C.
2003
. Dictatorship, State Planning, and Social Theory in the German Democratic Republic
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Calhoun
Craig
. 1982
. The Question of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution
. Chicago
:University of Chicago Press
.Calhoun
Craig
. 1991
. “The Problem of Identity in Collective Action
.” In Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology
, edited byHuber
J.
, 51
–75
. Newbury Park, Calif
.:Sage
.Calhoun
Craig
. 1994
-Neither Gods nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in China
. Berkeley
:University of California Press
.Muqi
Che
. 1990
. Beijing Turmoil: More Than Meets the Eye
. Beijing
:Beijing Foreign Languages Press
.Chirot
Daniel
. 1991
. “What Happened in Eastern Europe in 1989?
” In The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left
, edited byChirot
D.
, 3
–32
. Seattle
:University of Washington Press
.Chol-Hwan
Kang
, and Rigoulot
Pierre
. 2001
. Aquariums of Pyongyang: Ten Years in the North Korean Gulag
. Translated byReiner
Yair
. New York
:Basic
.Chong
Dennis
. 1991
. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement
. Chicago
:University of Chicago Press
.Chwe
Michael Suk-Young
. 1999
. “Structure and Strategy in Collective Action
.” American Journal of Sociology
105/1
:128
–56
.Cohen
Michael D.
, Riolo
Rick L.
, and Axelrod
Robert
. 2001
. “The Role of Social Structure in the Maintenance of Cooperative Regimes
.” Rationality and Society
13/1
: 5
–32
.Coleman
James S.
1990
. The Foundations of Social Theory
. Cambridge, Mass
.:Harvard University Press
.Collins
Randall
. 1995
. “Prediction in Macrosociology: The Case of the Soviet Collapse
.” American Journal of’Sociology
100/6
:1552
–93
.Coser
Lewis A.
1990
. “The Intellectuals in Soviet Reform: On ‘Pluralistic Ignorance’ and Mass Communications
.” Dissent
(spring): 181
–83
.Csepeli
Gyorgy
, and Orkeny
Antal
. 1992
. “From Unjust Equality to Just Inequality
.” New Hungarian Quarterly
33
:71
–76
.Davies
James C.
1962
. “Toward a Theory of Revolution
.” American Sociological Review
27
(Feb
.): 5
–18
.Deess
E. Pierre
. 1997
a. “Collective Life and Social Change in the GDR
.” Mobilization
2/2
:207
–25
.Deess
E. Pierre
. 1997
b. “The Socialist Ethic and the Spirit of Revolution: Institutional Practices and the Collapse of East Germany in 1989
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of California
, San Diego
.Dennis
Mike
. 1993
. Social and Economic Modernization in Eastern Germany from Honecker to Kohl
. New York
:St. Martin
.Denouex
Guillaume
. 1993
. Urban Unrest in the Middle East
. Albany
:State University of New York Press
.Derbyshire
Ian
. 1991
. Politics in Germany from Division to Reunification
. Edinburgh
:Chambers
.Dietrich
Christian
. 1994
. “Der Protest formiert sich…: Zur Entwicklung der Opposition in der DDR in den 8oer Jahren
.” In F
ür ein offenes Land mit freien Menschen, edited byLindner
B.
. Leipzig
:Forum Verlag
.Dietrich
Christian
, and Schwabe
Uwe
, eds. 1994
. Freunde oder Feinde: Dokumente zu den Friedensgebeten in Leipzig
. Leipzig
:Evangelische Verlagsanstalt
.Dowding
Keith
, John
Peter
, Mergoupis
Thanos
, and Vugt
Mark Van
. 2000
. “Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Analytic and Empirical Developments
.” European Journal of Political Research
37
: 469
–95
.ECE [Economic Commission of Europe 1990
. Economic Survey of Europe in 1989–1990
. New York
:Economic Commission of Europe
.Eckstein
Susan
, ed. 1989
. Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements
. Berkeley
:University of California Press
.Ekiert
Grzegorz
. 1996
. The State against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe
. Princeton
:Princeton University Press
.Ekiert
Grzegorz
. 1997
. “Rebellious Poles: Popular Protest under State Socialism, 1945–1989
.” East European Politics and Societies
. 11/2
: 299
–338
.Ekiert
Grzegorz
, Jan
Kubik. 1999
. Rebellious Civil Society: Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989–1993
. Ann Arbor
:University of Michigan Press
.Eley
Geoff
. Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000
. New York
:Oxford University Press
.Elster
Jon
. 1989
. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Elster
Jon
. 1998
. “A Plea for Mechanisms
.” In Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory
, edited byHedstrom
Peter
and Swedberg
Richard
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Epstein
Barbara
. 1991
. Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 1980s
. Berkeley
:University of California Press
.Fehr
Helmut
. 1992
. “Mobilisierungsprozesse und neue politische Konfliktlinien in Polen
.” In Soziologie in Deutschland und die Transformation grosser gesellschaftlichter Systeme
, edited byMeyer
H.
. Berlin
:Akademie
.Findeis
Hagen
, Pollack
Detlef
, and Schilling
Manuel
. 1994
. Die Entzauberung des Politischen
. Leipzig
:Evangelische Verlagsanstalt
.Flam
Helena
. 1998
. Mosaic of Fear: Poland and East Germany before 1989
. New York
:Columbia University Press
.Fricke
Karl-Wilhelm
. 1984
. Opposition und Widerstand in der DDR
. Cologne
:Deutschland Archiv
.Fricke
Karl-Wilhelm
1993
-“Politische Strafjustiz im sed-Staat
.” Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
4/93
:13
–22
.Friedheim
Daniel V
1997
. “Democratic Transition through Regime Collapse: East Germany in 1989
.” Ph.D. diss.
, Yale University
.Friedrich
Michael
. 1994
. Stürmischer Herbst: Chronik der Ereignisse in der Stadt und Bezirk Dresden, September bis November 1989
. Dresden
:Sächischer Landtag
.Friedrich
Walter
, Förster
Peter
, and Starke
Kurt
. 1999
. Das Zentralinstitut für Jugend-forschung Leipzig, 1966–1970: Geschichte, Methoden, Erkenntnisse
. Berlin
:Edition Ost
.Froese
Paul
. 2003
. “The Great Secularization Experiment: Assessing the Communist Attempt to Eliminate Religion
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of Washington, Seattle
.Froese
Paul
, and Pfaff
Steven
. 2001
. “Replete and Desolate Markets: Poland, East Germany, and the New Religious Paradigm
.” Social Forces
80/2
: 481
–507
.Fulbrook
Mary
. 1995
. Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1945–1989
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Fuller
Linda
. 1999
. Where Was the Working Class? Revolution in Eastern Germany
. Urbana
:University of Illinois Press
.Garcelon
Marc
. 1997
a. “The Estate of Change: The Specialist Rebellion and the Democratic Movement in Moscow, 1989–1991
.” Theory and Society
26/1
:39
–85
.Garcelon
Marc
. 1997
b. “The Shadow of the Leviathan: Public and Private in Communist and Post-Communist Society
.” In Public and Private in Thought and Practice
, edited by J. Weintraub and Kumar
K.
. Chicago
:University of Chicago Press
.Garcia
Margarita
. 1983
. “The Last Days in Cuba: Personal Accounts of the Circumstances of Exit
.” Migration Today
11/4
–5
:13–22.Garton Ash
Timothy
. 1990
. The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of ’89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague
. 1st U.S. ed.New York
: Random House
.Garton Ash
Timothy
. 1993
. In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent
. New York
:Random House
.Gedmin
Jeffrey
. 1993
. The Hidden Hand: Gorbachev and the Collapse of East Germany
. Washington
:aie Press
.Geissler
R.
1983
. “Bildungschancen und Statusvererbung in der DDR
.” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 35
: 735
–54
.Glaessner
Gert-Joachim
. 1996
. “Political Culture and the Aftershocks of Revolution: Change in East Germany
.” In Change after Unification
, edited byGlaessner
G.
. Amsterdam
:German Monitor Press
.Glenn
John K.
1999
. “Competing Challengers and Contested Outcomes to State Breakdown: The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia
.” Social Forces
78/1
:187
–212
.Glenn
John K.
2003
. “Parties out of Movements: Party Emergence in Postcommunist Eastern Europe
.” In States, Parties, and Social Movements
, edited byGoldstone
J.
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Goeckel
Robert F.
1990
. The Lutheran Church and the East German State
. Ithaca
:Cornell University Press
.Goffman
Erving
. 1961
. “On the Characteristics of Total Institutions
.” In Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates
, 1
–124
. New York
:Anchor
.Goldfarb
Jeffrey C.
1991
. Beyond Glasnost: The Post-Totalitarian Mind
. 2d ed.Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Goldstone
Jack
. 1994
a. “Is Revolution Individually Rational?
” Rationality and Society
6/1
:139
–66
.Goldstone
Jack
. 1994
b. “Why We Could (and Should) Have Foreseen the Revolutions of 1989–1991 in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe
.” Contention
2/2
:127
–52
.Goldstone
Jack
. 1997
. “Methodological Issues in Comparative Macrosociology
.” Comparative Social Research
16
:107
–20
.Goldstone
Jack
. 2001
. “Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory
.” Annual Review of Political Science
4
:139
–87
.Goldstone
Jack
, and Opp
Karl-Dieter
. 1994
. “Rationality, Revolution and 1989 in Eastern Europe
.” Rationality and Society
6/1 v. 5
–7
.Goldstone
Jack
, and Tilly
Charles
. 2001
. “Threat (and Opportunity): Popular Action and State Response in the Dynamics of Collective Action
.” In Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics
, edited byal
R. Aminzade et
., 179
–94
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Goodwin
Jeff
. 1997
. “State-Centered Approaches to Social Revolutions
.” In Theorizing Revolutions
, edited byForan
J.
. New York
:Routledge
.Goodwin
Jeff
. 2001
. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991
. New York
:Cambridge University Press
.Goodwin
Jeff
, and Pfaif
Steven
. 2001
. “Emotion Work in High-Risk Social Movements
.” In Passionate Politics
, edited byJeff Goodwin
James M. Jasper
, and Polletta
Francesca
, 282
–302
. Chicago
:Chicago University Press
.Gould
Roger
. 1995
. Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune
. Chicago
:University of Chicago Press
.Granovetter
Mark
. 1978
. “Threshhold Models of Collective Behavior
.” American Journal of Sociology
83/6
:1420
–43.Grundmann
Siegfried
. 1998
. Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Ostdeutschland: Demographische Strukturen und räumliche Wandlungsprozesse seit 1945
. Opladen
:Leske und Budrich
.Grundmann
Siegfried
. 2001
. “Der DDR-Alltag im Jahre 1987
.” In Die DDR-Analysen eines aufgegebenen Staates
, edited byTimmermann
H.
. Berlin
:Dunker und Humboldt
.Grundmann
Siegfried
, and. Lötsch,
Manfred
.and. Weidig,
Rudi
.1976
Zur Entwicklung der Arbeiterklasse und ihrer Struktur in der DDR
.Berlin
: Dietz
.Grundmann
Siegfried
, Müller-Hartmann
Irene
, and Schmidt
Ines
. 1992
. “Migration in, aus und nach Ostdeutschland
.” In Soziologie in Deutschland und die Transformation grosser gesellschaftlichter Systeme
, edited byMeyer
Hansgünter
, 1577
–1609
. Berlin
:Akademie
.Guthrie
Douglas J.
1995
. “Political Theater and Student Organizations in the 1989 Chinese Movement: A Multivariate Analysis of Tiananmen
.” Sociological Forum
10
: 419
–54
.Gutmann
Gernot
. 1999
. “In der Wirtschaftsordnung der DDR angelegte Blockaden und Effizienzhindernisse für die Prozesse der Modernisierung, des Strukturwandels und des Wirtschaftswachstum
.” In Die Endzeit der DDR-Wirtschaft: Analysen zur Wirtschafts-, Sozial-und Umweltpolitik
, edited byal
E. Kuhrt et
. Opladen
:Leske und Budrich
.Habermas
Jürgen
. 1990
. “Critique of D-Mark Nationalism
.” In Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates, 1943–1993
, edited by Jarausch
K.
and Gransow
V.
. Providence, R.I.
: Berghahn
.Hall
John A.
1998
. “A View of a Death: On Communism, Ancient and Modern
.” Theory and Society
27
: 509
–34
.Hanisch
Gunter
, Haenisch
Gottfried
, Magirius
Friedrich
, and Richter
Johannes
, eds. 1996
. Dona Nobis Pacem: Herbst ’89 in Leipzig: Friedensgebete, Predigten und Fürbit-ten
. 2 & ed. Leipzig:
Verlags-Anstalt
Evangelische
.Hanson
Stephen E.
1991
. “Gorbachev: The Last True Leninist Believer?
” In The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left
, edited by Chirot
D.
. Seattle
: University of Washington Press
.Hardin
Russell
. 1974
. “Western Approaches to East German History
.” New German Critique
1/2
:115
–23
.Hartmann
Klaus
, and Pollack
Detlef
. 1998
. Gegen den Strom: Kircheneintritte in Ostdeutschland nach der Wende
. Opladen
: Leske und Budrich
.Havel
Vaclav
. 1986
. Vaclav Havel: Living in Truth
. Edited byVladislau
Jan
. Boston
: Faber and Faber
.Havemann
Robert
. 1982
. “Für eine unabhänige Friedensbewegung in der DDR
.” Reprinted in Friedensbewegung in der DDR
, edited by Buescher
W.
, Wesnierksi
P.
, and Wolschner
K.
. Hattingen
: Transit
.Hechter
Michael
. 1987
. Principles of Group Solidarity
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Hechter
Michael
. 1994
. “Theoretical Implications of the Demise of State Socialism
.” Theory and Society
23
: 155
–67
.Heckathorn
Douglas D.
1988
. “Collective Sanctions and Creation of Prisoner’s Dilemma Norms
.” American Journal of Sociology
94/3
: 535
–62
.Heckathorn
Douglas D.
1990
. “Collective Sanctions and Compliance Norms
.” American Sociological Review
55/3
: 366
–84
.Hedström
Peter
, and Swedberg
Richard
, eds. 1998
. Social mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Henkys
Reinhard
. 1982
. “Zwischen Militarismus und Pazifismus: Friedensarbeit der evangelischen Kirchen
.” In Friedensbewegung in der DDR
, edited by W Buescher
P. Wensierski
and Wolschner
K.
, 14
–28
. Hattingen
: Edition Transit
.Herbst
Andreas
, Stephan
Gerd-Rüdiger
, and Winkler
Jürgen
, eds. 1997
. Die sed: Geshichte, Organisation, Politik
. Berlin
: Dietz
.Herbst
Jeffrey
. 1990
. “Migration, the Politics of Protest, and State Consolidation in Africa
.” African Affairs
89
: 183
–203
.Hertle
Hans-Hermann
, and Stephan
Gerd-Rüdiger
, eds. 1997
. Das Ende der sed: Die letzen Tage des Zentralkomitees
. Berlin
: Christoph Links
.Hildebrandt
Rainer
. 1988
. “Das gemeinsame Erlebnis der Ehrlichkeit
.” Der Tagesspiegel
, November
2
.Hirschman
Albert O.
1970
. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
. Cambridge, Mass
.: Harvard University Press
.Hirschman
Albert O.
1978
. “Exit, Voice, and the State
.” World Politics
31/1
: 90
–107
.Hirschman
Albert O.
1982
. Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Hirschman
Albert O.
1993
. “Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History
.” World Politics
45/2
: 173
–202
.Hollander
Paul
. 1999
. Political Will and Personal Belief: The Decline and Fall of Soviet Communism
. New Haven
: Yale University Press
.Holzweissig
Gunter
. 1996
. “Die führende Rolle der Partei in sed-Staat
.” In Die sed -Herrschaft und Ihr Zussamenbruch
, edited byKuhrt
E.
. Opladen
: Leske und Budrich
.Honecker
Erich
. 1979
. The German Democratic Republic, Pillar of Peace and Socialism
. New York
: International
.Howard
Marc M.
2003
. The Weaknesses of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Huinink
Johannes
, and Solga
Heike
. 1994
. “Occupational Opportunities in the GDR
.” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie
23/3
: 237
–53
.Huntington
Samuel P.
1968
. Political Order in Changing Societies
. New Haven
: Yale University Press
.Jarausch
Konrad
, 1991
. “The Failure of East German Antifascism: Some Ironies of History as Politics
.” German Studies Review
14
: 85
–96
.Jenkins
J. Craig
. 1983
. “Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements
.” Annual Review of Sociology
9
: 527
–53
.Jessen
Ralph
. 1999
. “Mobility and Blockage during the 1970s
.” In Dictatorship as Experience
, edited by Jarausch
K.
New York
: Berghahn
.Shi
Jian
et al. 1993
. The Truth about the Beijing Turmoil 1989
. Edited by Turmoil
Board of Truth about the Beijing
. Beijing
: Beijing Publishing House
.Johnston
Hank
, and Mueller
Carol
. 2001
. “Unobtrusive Practices of Contention in Leninist Regimes
.” Sociological Perspectives
44/3
: 351
–75
.Johnston
Hank
, and Snow
David A.
1998
. “Subcultures and the Emergence of the Estonian Nationalist Opposition, 1945–1990
.” Sociological Perspectives
41/3
: 473
–97
.Joppke
Christian
. 1995
. East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989
. New York
: New York University Press
.Jowitt
Ken
. 1992
. New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Judt
Tony
. 1992
. “Metamorphosis: The Democratic Revolution in Czechoslovakia
.” In Eastern Europe in Revolution
, edited byBanac
I.
, 96
–116
. Ithaca
: Cornell University Press
.Kaser
M. C.
1986
. The Economic History of Eastern Europe, 1919–1975
. Oxford
: Clarendon Press
.Keck
Margaret E.
, and Sikkink
Kathryn
. 1998
. Activists beyond Borders
. Ithaca
: Cornell University Press
.Kharkhordin
Oleg
. 1997
. “Reveal and Dissimulate: A Genealogy of Private Life in Soviet Russia
.” In Public and Private in Thought and Practice
, edited byWeintraub
J.
and Kumar
K.
Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.Kim
Hyojoung
, and Bearman
Peter S.
1997
. “The Structure and Dynamics of Movement Participation
.” American Sociological Review
62/1
: 70
–93
.King
Gary
, Keohane
Robert O.
, and Verba
Sidney
. 1994
. Designing Social Inquiry
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Kiser
Edgar
. 1999
. “Comparing Varieties of Agency Theory in Economics, Political Science, and Sociology: An Illustration from State Policy Implementation
.” Sociological Theory
17/2
: 146
–70
.Kiser
Edgar
, and Hechter
Michael
. 1991
. “The Role of General Theory in Comparative-Historical Sociology
.” American Journal of Sociology
107/1
: 183
–222
.Klandermans
Bert
. 1984
. “Mobilization and Participation: Social-Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory
.” American Sociological Review
49
: 583
–600
.Klein
Thomas
. 1997
. “Zu Opposition und Widerstand in der sed
.” In Die SED: Ge-schichte, Organisation, Politik
, edited byHerbst
A.
Stephan
G.
, and Winkler
J.
Berlin
: Dietz
.Klessmann
Christoph
. 1988
. Zwei Staaten, eine Nation: Deutsche Geschichte 1955–1970
. Göttingen
: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht
.Klessmann
Christoph
. 1993
. “Zur sozialgeschichte des protestantischen Milieus in der DDR
.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft
19/1
: 29
–53
.Kluegel
James
, and Mason
David
. 1999
. “Political Involvement in Transition: Who Participated in Central and Eastern Europe?
” International Journal of Comparative
Sociology 40/1
: 41
–60
.Knabe
Hubertus
. 1988
. “Neue soziale Bewegungen im Sozialismus: Zur Genesis alter-nativer politischer Orientierungen in der DDR
.” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialspsychologie
40/3
: 551
–69
.Koch
Willy
, and Mathes
Uwe
. 1993
. “Political-Cultural Aspects of the System Transformation
.” In Political Culture in Germany
, edited byBerg-Schlosser
D.
and Rytlewski
R.
New York
: St. Martin
.Kollock
Peter
. 1998
. “Social Dilemmas: The Anatomy of Cooperation
.” Annual Review of Sociology
24
: 183
–214
.Koop
Volker
. 1997
. Armee oder Freizeitclub? Die Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse in der DDR
. Bonn
: Bouvier
.Kopstein
Jeffrey
. 1996
. “Chipping Away at the State: Worker’s Resistance and the Demise of East Germany
.” World Politics
48
: 391
–423
.Kopstein
Jeffrey
. 1997
. The Politics of Economic Decline
. Chapel Hill
: University of North Carolina Press
.Kopstein
Jeffrey
, and Richter
Karl Otto
. 1992
. “Communist Social Structure and Post-Communist Elections: Voting for Unification in East Germany
.” Studies in Comparative Communism
25
: 363
–80
.Kornai
Janos
. 1992
. The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Kotkin
Stephen
. 2001
. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000
. New York
: Oxford University Press
.Kubik
Jan
. 1998
. “Institutionalization of Protest during Democratic Consolidation in Central Europe
.” In The Social Movement Society
, edited by Meyer
D.
and Tarrow
S.
.Lanham, Md.
: Rowman and Littlefield
.Kuhrt
Eberhard
. 1996
. Die sed Herrschaft und ihr Zusammenbruch
. Opladen
: Leske und Budrich
.Kuhrt
Eberhard
, Buck
Hannsjörg
, and Holzweissig
Gunter
, eds. 1999
. Die Endzeit der DDR-Wirtschaft: Analysen zur Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltpolitik
. Opladen
: Leske und Budrich
.Kuran
Timur
. 1991
. “Now out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolutions in 1989
.” World Politics
44/1
: 7
–48
.Kuran
Timur
. 1995
a. “The Inevitability of Future Revolutionary Surprises
.” American Journal of Sociology
100/6
:1528
–51
.Kuran
Timur
. 1995
b. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Harvard University Press
.Kuvacic
Ivan
. 1993
. “The Rise and Fall of the New Class
.” International Journal of Politics Culture, and Society
7/1
: 5
–18
.Lemke
Christiane
. 1991
. Die Ursachen des Umbruchs 1989: Politische Sozialisation in der ehemaligen DDR
. Opladen
: Westdeutscher Verlag
.Lemke
Christiane
and Marks
Gary
, eds. 1992
. The Crisis of Socialism in Europe
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
.Lenski
Gerhard
. 1978
. “Marxist Experiments in Destratification: An Appraisal
.” Social Forces
57/2
: 364
–83
.Leonhard
Wolfgang
. 1955
. Die Revolution entlässt ihre Kinder
. Cologne
: Kiepenheuer und Witsch
.Levi
Margaret
. 1997
. Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Liang
Zhang
, ed. 2001
. The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership’s Decision to Use Force against Their Own People
. New York
: Public Affairs
.Lin
Nan
. 1992
. The Struggle for Tiananmen: Anatomy of the 1989 Mass Movement
. West-port, Conn.
: Praeger
.Lindenberg
Siegwart
. 1989
. “Social Production Functions, Deficits, and Social Revolutions
.” Rationality and Society
1/1
: 51
–77
.Lindner
Bernd
. 1998
. Die demokratische Revolution in der DDR 1989/90
. Bonn
: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
.Lindner
Bernd
, and Grüneberger
Ralph
, eds. 1992
. Demonteure: Biographien des Leipziger Herbsts
. Bielefeld
: Aisthesis
.Linz
Juan
, and Stepan
Alfred
. 1996
. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation
. Baltimore
: Johns Hopkins University Press
.Lippe
Peter von der
. 1999
. “The Political Role of Official Statistics in the Former GDR
.” Historical Social Research
24/4
: 3
–28
.Lipset
Seymour Martin
, and Bence
Gyorgy
. 1994
. “Anticipations of the Failure of Communism
.” Theory and Society
23/2
: 169
–210
.Lohmann
Susanne
. 1994
. “The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, 1989–1991
.” World Politics
47
: 42
–101
.Long
J. Scott
. 1997
. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables
. Thousand Oaks, Calif
: Sage
.Ludes
Peter
. 1993
. “Journalismus als Klassenkampf
.” In Von der Nachricht zur News Show
. Munich
: Wilhelm Fink
.Luxemburg
Rosa
. 1961
[1919
]. The Russian Revolution and Leninism or Marxism?
Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan Press
.MacDonald
J. S.
1963
. “Agricultural Organization, Migration and Labour Militancy in Rural Italy
.” Economic History Review
16
: 61
–75
.Macy
Michael
. 1991
. “Chains of Cooperation: Threshold Effects in Collective Action
.” American Sociological Review
56/6
: 730
–47
.Mahoney
James
, and Rueschemeyer
Dietrich
, eds. 2003
. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Maier
Charles
. 1997
. Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Marcuse
Peter
. 1991
. Missing Marx: A Personal and Political Journal of a Year in East Germany, 1989–1990
. New York
: Monthly Review Press
.Markovits
Andrei S.
, and Gorski
Philip T.
1993
. The German Left: Red, Green and Beyond
. New York
: Oxford University Press
.Marwell
Gerald
, and Oliver
Pamela
. 1993
. The Critical Mass in Collective Action
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Marx
Karl
. 1972
. “Debatten über die Pressfreiheit
.” In Marx
K.
and Engels
F.
, Werke
, vol. 1
. Dietz
: Berlin
.Maser
Peter
. 1999
. “Kirchen
.” In Handbuch zur deutschen Einheit
, edited by Weidenfeld
Werner
and Korte
Karl-Rudloif
. Bonn
: Bundeszentrale fur politische Bildung
.Mayer
Adrian C.
1966
. “The Significance of Quasi-Groups in the Study of Complex Societies
.” In The Social Anthropology of Complex Societies
, edited by Banton
Michael
. London
: Tavistock
.McAdam
Doug
. 1982
. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970
. Chicago
: Chicago University Press
.McAdam
Doug
. 1986
. “Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer
.” American Journal of Sociology
92
: 64
–90
.McAdam
Doug
. 1996
. “Conceptual Origins, Current Problems, Future Directions
.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements
, edited by D. McAdam
J. McCarthy
, and Zald
M.
New York
: Cambridge University Press
.McAdam
Doug
, McCarthy
John
, and Zald
Mayer
, eds. 1996
. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.McAdam
Doug
, and Paulsen
Ronnelle
. 1993
. “Specifying the Relationship between Social Ties and Activism
.” American Journal of Sociology 99
: 640
–67
.McAdam
Doug
, Tarrow
Sidney
, and Tilly
Charles
, eds. 2001
. Dynamics of Contention
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.McAdams
A. James
. 1993
. Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.McCarthy
John
, and Zald
Mayer
. 1977
. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements
.” American Journal of’Sociology
82/6
:1112–41
.McPherson
Miller
, Smith-Lovin
Lynn
, and Cook
James M.
2001
. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks
.” Annual Review of Sociology
27
: 415
–44
.Meuschel
Sigrid
. 1992
. Legitimation und Parteiherrschaft in der DDR
. Frankfurt am Main
: Suhrkamp
.Moses
John A.
1993
. “The Collapse of the GDR 1989/1990: A Protestant Revolution?
” European Studies Journal
10/1–2
: 147
–60
.Mueller
Carol
. 1999
. “Escape from the GDR, 1961–1989: Hybrid Exit Repertoires in a Disintegrating Leninist Regime
.” American Journal of Sociology
105/3
: 697
–735
.Mühler
Kurt
, and Wilsdorf
Stefan
. 1991
. “Die Leipziger Montagsdemonstrationen 1989/90
.” Berliner Journal für Soziologie
1/5
: 37
–45
.Müller
Birgit
. 1995
. “The Wall in the Heads: East-West German Stereotypes and the Problem of Transition in Three Enterprises in East Berlin
.” In Europe: Central and East
, edited by Mendell
M.
and Nielsen
K.
Montreal
: Black Rose Press
.Müller
Klaus-Dieter
. 1997
. “Haftbedingungen für politische Häftlinge in der sbz und der DDR und ihre Veranderungen von 1945–1989
.” In Die Verangenheit lässt uns nicht los
, edited by Stephan
A.
and Mueller
K.-D.
Berlin
: Oktoberdruck Berlin
.Müller-Engbergs
Helmut
. 1996
. Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit
. Berlin
: Links
.Munck
Gerardo
, and Leif
Carol Skalnick
. 1999
. “Modes of Transition and Democratization: South America and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective
.” In Transitions to Democracy
, edited byAnderson
L.
New York
: Columbia University Press
.Naimark
Norman
. 1992
. “‘Ich will hier raus’: Emmigration and the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic
.” In Eastern Europe in Revolution
, edited by Banac
I.
Ithaca
: Cornell University Press
.Naimark
Norman
. 1995
. The Russians in Germany
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Harvard University Press
.Neugebauer
Gero
. 1997
. “Von der sed zur pds 1989–1990
.” In Die SED: Geschichte, Organisation, Politik
, edited by Herbst
A.
, Stephan
G.
, and Winkler
J.
Berlin
: Dietz
.Niethammer
Lutz
. 1995
. “Zeroing in on Change: In Search of Popular Experience in the Industrial Province in the German Democratic Republic
. The History of Everyday Life
, edited by Lüdtke
A.
Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Nissen
Sylke
. 1992
. Modernisierung nach dem Sozialismus: Ökologische und ökonomische Probleme der Transformation
. Marburg
: Metropolis
.Noelle-Neumann
Elisabeth
. 1984
. The Spiral of Silence
. Chicago
: University of Chicago Press
.North
Douglass
. 1981
. Structure and Change in Economic History
. New York
: Norton. Nove, Alec
.Nowak
Kurt
. 1996
. “Historische Wurzeln der Entkirchlichung in der DDR
.” Gesell-schaften im Umbruch
27
: 665
–69
.Oberschall
Anthony
. 1996
. “Opportunities and Framing in the East European Revolts of 1989
.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements
, edited by McAdam
D.
, McCarthy
J.
, and Zald
M.
Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.O’Donnell
Guillermo
, and Schmitter
Philippe
. 1986
. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Uncertain Conclusions regarding Unstable Democracies
. Baltimore
: Johns Hopkins University Press
.O’Donnell
Guillermo
, Schmitter
Philippe
, and Whitehead
Lawrence
, eds. 1991
. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives
. Baltimore
: Johns Hopkins University Press
.Offe
Claus
. 1997
. Varieties of Transition: The East European and the East German Experience
. Cambridge, Mass.
: mit Press
.O’Gorman
Hubert J.
1986
. “The Discovery of Pluralistic Ignorance: An Ironic Lesson
.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
22
: 333
–47
.Oliver
Pamela
. 1984
. “If You Don’t Do It, Nobody Else Will: Active and Token Contributors to Collective Action
.” American Sociological Review
49/5
: 601
–10
.Oliver
Pamela E.
, and Marwell
Gerald
. 2001
. “Whatever Happened to Critical Mass Theory? A Retrospective and Assessment
.” Sociological Theory
19/3
: 292
–311
.Olson
Mancur
. 1965
. The Logic of Collective Action
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Harvard University Press
.Olson
Mancur
. 1990
. “The Logic of Collective Action in Soviet-Type Societies
.” Journal of Soviet Nationalities
1
: 8
–27
.Opp
Karl-Dieter
. 1994
. “Repression and Revolutionary Action: East Germany in 1989
.” Rationality and Society
6/1
: 101
–38
.Opp
Karl-Dieter
1997
. Die enttäuschten Revolutionäre: Politisches Engagement vor und nach der Wende
. Opladen
: Leske und Budrich
.Opp
Karl-Dieter
. 2001
. “Social Networks and the Emergence of Protest Norms
.” In Social Norms
, edited by Hechter
M.
and Opps
K.-D.
, 234
–66
. New York
: Russell Sage
.Opp
Karl-Dieter
, and Gern
Christiane
. 1993
. “Dissident Groups, Personal Networks, and Spontaneous Cooperation: The East German Revolution of 1989
.” American Sociological Review
58/5
: 659
–80
.Opp
Karl-Dieter
, Voss
Peter
, and Gern
Christiane
. 1995
. Origins of a Spontaneous Revolution: East Germany in 1989
. Ann Arbor
: University of Michigan Press
.Osa
Maryjane
. 2003
. Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Ost
David
. 1990
. Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics
. Philadelphia
: Temple University Press
.Otto
Wilfried
. 1995
. “Widerspruch und abweichendes Verhalten der sed
.” In Materialen der Enquete-Kommission “Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der sed-Diktatur in Deutschland
,” edited by Ammer
T.
Frankfurt am Main
: Suhrkamp
.Pedraza
Silvia
. 1985
. Political and Economic Migration to the Americas: Cubans and Mexicans
. Austin
: University of Texas Press
.Petschow
Ulrich
, Meyerhoif
Jürgen
, and Thomasberger
Claus
, eds. 1990
. Umweltreport DDR: Bilanz der Zerstörung, Kosten der Sanierung, Stratagien für den ökologischen Umbau
. Frankfurt am Main
: Fischer
.Pfaff
Steven
. 1996
. “Collective Identity and Informal Groups in Revolutionary Mobilization: East Germany in 1989
.” Social Forces
75/1
: 91
–118
.Pfaff
Steven
, and Kim
Hyojoung
. 2003
. “Exit-Voice Dynamics in Collective Action: An Analysis of Emigration and Protest in the East German Revolution
.” American Journal of Sociology
109/2
: 401
–44
.Pfaff
Steven
, and Yang
Guobin
. 2001
. “Double-Edged Rituals and the Symbolic Resources of Collective Action: Political Commemorations and the Mobilization of Protest in 1989
.” Theory and Society
30
: 539
–589
.Pflugbeil
Sebastian
. 1999
. “Das Neue Forum
.” In Opposition in der DDR von den 7oer bis zum Zusammenbruch der sed Herrschaft
, edited by Kuhrt
E.
et al. Opladen
: Leske und Budrich
.Philipsen
Dirk
. 1993
. We Were the People: Voices from East Germany’s Revolutionary Autumn of1989
. Durham
: Duke University Press
.Plato
Alexander von
. 1993
. “An Unfamiliar Germany: Some Remarks on the Past and Present Relationships between East and West Germans
.” Oral History
21/1
: 35
–42
.Pollack
Detlef
. 1990
. “Aussenseiter oder Repräsentanten? Zur Rolle der politisch alter-nativen Gruppen
.” Deutschland Archiv
23/8
: 1216
–23
.Pollack
Detlef
. 1994
. Kirche in der Organisationsgesellschaft
. Stuttgart
: W. Kohlhammer
.Pollack
Detlef
. 1997
. Politischer Protest: Politisch alternative Gruppen in der DDR
. Leske und Budrich
.Pollack
Detlef
, and Rink
Dieter
, eds. 1997
. Zwischen Verweigerung und Opposition: Politischer Protest in der DDR, 1970–1989
. Frankfurt am Main
: Campus
.Pond
Elisabeth
. 1993
. Beyond the Wall: Germany’s Road to Unification
. Washington
: Brookings
.Poumet
Jacques
. 1996
. “Die Leipziger Untergrundzeitschriften aus der Sicht der Staats-sicherheit
.” Deutschland Archiv
29/1
: 67
–85
.Przeworski
Adam
. 1991
. Democracy and the Market
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Peter
Przybylski
. 1992
. Tatort Politbüro
. Vol. 2
: Honecker, Mittag, und Schalck-Godlowski
. Berlin
: Rowohlt
.Quint
Peter
. 1997
. The Imperfect Union: Constitutional Structures of German Unification
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Ramet
Sabrina P.
1995
. Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Meaning of the Great Transformation
. Durham
: Duke University Press
.Ramet
Sabrina P.
1998
. Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia
. Durham
: Duke University Press
.Raschka
Johannes
. 1997
. “Staatsverbrechen werden nicht genannt: Zur Zahl politischer Häftlinge während der Amtszeit Honeckers
.” Deutschland Archiv
30/2
:196
–208
.Rasler
Karen
. 1996
. “Concession, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution
.” American Sociological Review
61/1
:132
–52
.Reich
Jens
. 2002
. “Das Schneckenhaus: Freiheit nach innen. Anpassung nach aussen
.” Berliner Zeitung
15/16
June
:4
–5
Reissig
Rolf
, and Glaessner
Gert-Joachim
, eds. 1991
. Das Ende eines Experiments: Umbruch in der DDR und die deutsche Einheit
. Berlin
: Dietz
.Richter
Karl-Otto
. 1991
. “Regionale Disproportionen: Soziologische Anmerkungen zu den Volkskammer und Kommunalwahlen 1990 in der DDR
.” Politologie und Soziologie
1
:16.Rink
Dieter
, and Hofmann
Michael
. 1991
. “Oppositionelle Gruppen und alternative Milieus in Leipzig im Prozess der Umgestaltung in Ostdeutschland
.” Deutschland Archiv
24/9
: 940
–49
.Roski
Günter
, and Forster
Peter
. 1990
. “Leipziger Demoskopie
.” In Leipziger Demontagebuch
, edited by Schneider
W.
Leipzig
: Kiepenheuer
.Rucht
Dieter
. 1996
. “German Unification, Democratization, and the Role of Social Movements: A Missed Opportunity?
” Mobilization
1/1
:35
–62
.Rusbult
Caryl E.
, and Zembrodt
Isabella
. 1983
. “Responses to Dissatisfaction in Romantic Involvement
.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
19/3
: 274
–93
.Rusbult
Caryl E.
, Zembrodt
Isabella
, and Gunn
Lawanna
. 1982
. “Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect: Responses to Dissatisfaction in Romantic Involvements
.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
43/6
:1230
–42
.Saxonberg
Steven
. 2001
. The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland
. London
: Harwood
.Schelling
Thomas C.
1960
. The Strategy of Conflict
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Harvard University Press
.Schlegelmilch
Cordia
. 1996
. “Für das Volk oder mit dem Volk? Uber Schwierigkeiten mit der Demokratie in der sächsichen Kleinstadt Wurzen
.” Deutschland Archiv
29/4
: 535
–42
.Schneider
Wolfgang
. 1990
. Leipziger Demontagebuch
. Leipzig
: Kiepenheuer. Schoepflin, Georg
.Schreiber
Helmut
, ed. 1989
. Umweltprobleme in Mittel- und Osteuropa
. Frankfurt am Main
: Campus
.Schuessler
Rudolf
. 1989
. “Exit Threats and Cooperation under Anonymity
.” Journal of Conflict Resolution
33/4
: 728
–49
.Schürer
Gerhard
. 1999
. “Planung und Lenkung der Volkswirtschaft in der DDR: Ein Zeitzeugenbericht aus dem Zentrum der DDR-Wirtschaftslenkung
.” In Die Endzeitder DDR-Wirtschaft: Analysen zur Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltpolitik
, edited by Kuhrt
E.
et al. Opladen
: Leske und Budrich
.Schwabe
Uwe
. 1997
. “Wir waren das Volk!
” Unpublished manuscript. Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Projektgruppe Leipzig
.Schwabe
Uwe
. 1998
. “Friedensgebete in Leipzig: Symbol der Befreiung
.” In Am Ende des realen Sozialismus
, edited by Kuhrt
E.
and Holzweissig
G.
Opladen
: Laske und Budrich
.Scott
James C.
1990
. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
. New Haven
: Yale University Press
.Shi
Jian
, ed. 1993
. The Truth about the Beijing Turmoil 1989
. Beijing
: Beijing Publishing House
.Shlapentokh
Valdimir
. 1989
. Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing Values in Post-Stalin Russia
. New York
: Oxford University Press
.Siebenmorgen
Peter
. 1993
. “Staatsicherheit” der DDR: Der Westen im fadenkreuz der Stasi
. Bonn
: Bouvier
.Šik
Ota
. 1981
. The Communist Power System
. Translated by Freidberg
M. G.
New York
: Praeger
.Skocpol
Theda
. 1979
. States and Social Revolutions
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Smith
Roland
. 1985
. “The Church in the GDR
.” In Honecker’s Germany
, edited by Childs
David
. London
: Allen and Unwin
.Solga
Heike
. 1994
. “Systemloyalität als Bedingung sozialer Mobilität im Staatsozialismus am Beispiel der DDR
.” Berliner Journal für Soziologie
4/4
: 523
–42
.Solnick
Steven L.
1998
. Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Harvard University Press
.Staritz
Dietrich
. 1996
. Geschichte der DDR
. Frankfurt am Main
: Suhrkamp. Stark, David, and Laszlo Bruszt
.Stepan
Alfred
. 1986
. “Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations
.” In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule
, edited by O’Donnell
G.
, Schmitter
P.
and Whitehead
L.
Baltimore
: Johns Hopkins University Press
.Stephan
Annegret
, and Muller
Klaus-Dieter
, eds. 1997
. Haftbedingungen politischer Gefangener in der SBZ/DDR und deren gesundheitlichen Folgen
. Berlin
: Oktober
.Stoever
Bernd
. 1997
. “Leben im Deutschen Diktaturen: Historiographische und methodologische Aspekte der Erforschung von Widerstand und Opposition im Dritten Reich und in der DDR
.” In Zwischen Verweigerung und Opposition: Politischer Protest in der DDR, 1970–1989
, edited by Pollack
D.
and Rink
D.
, 3
–53
. Frankfurt am Main
: Campus
.Süss
Walter
. 1991
. “Mit Unwillen zur Macht: Der Runde Tisch in der DDR der Übergangszeit
.” Deutschland Archiv
, 24/5
: 470
–79
.Swedberg
Richard
. 1990
. Economics and Sociology: Refining their Boundaries: Conversations with Economists and Sociologists
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Szabo
Mate
. 1994
. “Greens, Cabbies, and Anti-Communists: Collective Action during Regime Transition in Hungary
.” In New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity
, edited by Larana
E.
, Johnston
H.
, and Gusfield
J.
Philadelphia
: Temple University Press
.Szelenyi
Ivan
, and Szelenyi
Balasz
. 1994
. “Why Socialism Failed: Toward a Theory of System Breakdown
.” Theory and Society
23/2
: 211
–31
.Szelenyi
Szonja
. 1987
. “Social Inequality and Party Mobility
.” American Sociological Review
52/5
: 559
–73
Tarrow
Sidney
. 1991
. Struggle, Politics, and Reform: Collective Identity, Social Movements, and Cycles of Protest
. Ithaca
: Cornell Studies in International Affairs Western Societies Paper
.Tarrow
Sidney
. 1996
. “States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements
.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements
, edited by McAdam
D.
, McCarthy
J.
, and Zald
M.
New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Taylor
Michael
. 1987
. The Possibility of Cooperation
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Tietzel
Manfred
, and Welser
Marion
. 1994
. “The Economics of the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall
.” Rationality and Society
6/1
: 58
–78
.Tilly
Charles
. 2000
. “Processes and Mechanisms of Democratization
.” Sociological Theory
18/1
: 1
–16
.Titarenko
Larissa
, McCarthy
John D.
, McPhail
Clark
, and Augustyn
Boguslaw
. 2001
. “The Interaction of State Repression, Protest Form and Protest Sponsor Strength during the Transition from Communism in Minsk, Belarus, 1990–1995
.” Mobilization
6/2
: 129
–150
.Tocqueville
Alexis de
. 1955
[1856
]. The Old Regime and the French Revolution
. Translated by Gilbert
Stuart
. New York
: Doubleday
.Tocqueville
Alexis de
. 1987
. Recollections: The French Revolution of 1848
. Edited by Taylor
J. P.
and Kerr
A.P.
New Brunswick, N.J.
: Transaction
.Tolnay
Stewart E.
, and Beck
E. M.
1992
. “Racial Violence and Black Migration in the American South, 1910–1930
.” American Sociological Review
57/1
:103
–16
.Torpey
John C.
1995
. Intellectuals, Socialism, and Dissent: The East German Opposition and Its Legacy
. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota Press
.Touraine
Alain
, Dubet
François
, and Wieviorka
Michel
, Jan
Strzelecki. 1983
. Solidarity: Poland, 1980–1981
. Translated by Denby
David
.Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Trotsky
Leon
. 1936
[1933
]. The History of the Russian Revolution
. Translated by Eastman
Max
. New York
: Simon and Schuster
.Tullock
Gordon
. 1971
. “The Paradox of Revolution
.” Public Choice
11
(fall): 89
–99
.United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
. 1984
. World Military Expenditares tures
. Washington
: Bureau of Economic Affairs, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
.Useem
Bert
. 1998
. “Breakdown Theories of Collective Action
.” Annual Review of Sociology
24
: 215
–38
.Valente
Thomas W.
1995
. Network Models of the Diffusion of Innovations
. Cresskill, N.J.
: Hampton
.Vanberg
Viktor J.
, and Congleton
Roger D.
. 1992
. “Rationality, Morality, and Exit
.” American Political Science Review
86/2
: 418
–31
.Van Lange
P. A. M.
1994
. “Toward More Locomotion in Experimental Games
.” In Social Dilemmas and Cooperation
, edited by Schulz
U.
, Albers
W.
, and Mueller
U.
Berlin
: Springer
.Verdery
Katherine
. 1996
. What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next?
Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Vobruba
Georg
. 1997
. “Legitimationsprobleme des Sozialismus: Das Scheitern des intentionalistischen Gesellschaftsprojekts und das Erbe des Sozialismus
.” In Autono-miegewinne
. Vienna
: Passagen
.Völker
Beate
, and Flap
Henk
. 2001
. “Weak Ties as a Liability: The Case of East Germany
.” Rationality and Society
13/4
: 397
–428
.Walder
Andrew
. 1994
. “The Decline of Communist Power: Elements of a Theory of Institutional Change
.” Theory and Society
23/2
: 297
–323
.Walter
Franz
, Dürr
Tobias
, and Schmidtke
Klaus
. 1993
. Die SPD in Sachsen und Thür-ingen zwischen Hochburg und Diaspora
. Berlin
: Dietz
.Watts
Duncan J.
, 1999
. “Networks, Dynamics, and the Small-World Phenomenon
”. American Journal of Sociology
105 /2
: 493
–527
.Weber
Max
. 1978
. Economy and Society
. Translated by Roth
Gunther
and Wittich
Claus
. Berkeley
: University of California Press
.Wedeen
Lisa
. 1998
. “Acting ‘As If ’: Symbolic Politics and Social Control in Syria
.” Comparative Studies in Society and History
40/3
: 503
–23
.Weiss
Konrad
. 1990
. “Die Bürgerbewegung als Erinnerungsvereine an den deutschen Herbst
.” Demokratie Jetzt: Wochenzeitung der Basisgruppen von ifm und Demokratie Jetzt
(October
): 3
.Weissgerber
Günter
. 1995
. “Zwischen Montagsdemonstration und Deutscher Einheit: Mein erstes Jahr in der Politik
.” Unpublished manuscript. Leipzig
: Citizen
.Wheaton
Bernard
, and Kavan
Zdenek
. 1992
. The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988–1991
. Boulder, Colo.
: Westview
, 1992
.Wickham-Crowley
Thomas
. 1992
. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America
. Princeton
: Princeton University Press
.Wolfe
Nancy T.
1992
. Policing a Socialist Society: The German Democratic Republic
. New York
: Greenwood Press
.Wonneberger
Christoph
. 1994
. “Ich habe immer tun müssen, was ich für richtig hielt
.” In Für ein offenes Land mit freien Menschen
, edited by Lindner
Bernd
. Leipzig
: Forum
.Yamagishi
Toshio
. 1988
. “Exit from the Group as an Individualistic Solution to the Free-Rider Problem in the United States and Japan
.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
24
: 530
–42
.Yurchak
Alexei
. 1997
. “The Cynical Reason of Late Socialism: Power, Pretense and the Anekdot
.” Public Culture
. 9/2
: 161
–88
.Zapf
Wolfgang
. 1993
. “Die DDR 1989/1990: Zusammenbruch einer Sozialstruktur?
” In Der Zusammenbruch der DDR
, edited by Joas
Hans
and Kohli
Martin
, 29
–48
. Frank-urt am Main
: Suhrkamp
.Zdravomyslova
Elena
. 1996
. “Opportunities and Framing in the Transition to Democracy: The Case of Russia
.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements
, edited by McAdam
D.
, McCarthy
J.
, and Zald
M.
, 122
–37
. New York
: Cambridge University Press
.Zelikow
Philip
, and Rice
Condoleezza
. 1995
. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Harvard
.Zhang Liang
comp
. 2001
. The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership’s Decision to Use Force against Their Own People
. Edited by Nathan
Andrew J.
and Linx
Perry
. New York
: Public Affairs
.Zhao
Dingxin
. 1996
. “Foreign Study as a Safety Valve: The Experience of China’s University Students Going Abroad in the Eighties
.” Higher Education
31/2
: 145
–63
.Zhao
Dingxin
. 1997
. “Decline of Political Control in Chinese Universities and the Rise of the 1989 Chinese Student Movement
.” Sociological Perspectives
40/2
:159
–82
.Zhao
Dingxin
. 2001
. The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement
. Chicago
: Chicago University Press
.Zhou
Xueguang
. 1993
. “Unorganized Interests and Collective Action in Communist China
.” American Sociological Review
58/1
: 54
–73
.Zwahr
Hartmut
. 1993
. Ende einer Selbstzerstörung: Leipzig und die Revolution in der DDR
. Göttingen
: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
.Zweigler
Reinhard
. 1998
. “Ein bürgerbewegter Trauerabend um das Erbe und die alten Träume
.” Leipziger Volkszeitung
, January
19
, p. 3
.
