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This chapter focuses on the movement of Bundu dia Kongo in the current post-Mobutu era, highlighting how they use the body in mobilizing large groups of people for concerted action. Bundu dia Kongo, a Kongo politico-religious-nationalist group struggling for the political representation and governance of Kongo people, has the ultimate goal of establishing a separate Kongo nation-state. The chapter examines their ideological beliefs and political goals and then focuses on the ways that Bundu dia Kongo uses the body and the reformation of bodily habits, both in everyday interactions and spiritual worship, as a means of unifying Kongo people around cultural memories of the former Kongo Kingdom. This chapter also considers attempts by the leadership of Bundu dia Kongo to control forms of embodiment that may act as sites from which others may challenge the growing but tenuous authority of the movement.

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References

Primary Sources
MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES (ARCHIVES AFRICAINES), BRUSSELS, BELGIUM (AA)

AIMO 1630/9190

AIMO 1630/9184

AIMO 1634/9191B

AIMO 1878/9981

Rapport Annuel, Territoires des Mayumbe, Manianga, Thysville, Luozi

AMERICAN BAPTIST HISTORICAL SOCIETY ARCHIVE, ATLANTA, GEORGIA (ABHS)

Assorted Missionary Correspondence

Assorted Annual Reports

Box 280

BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE, OXFORD, UK (BMSA)

A/38

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NATIONAL ARCHIVES, KINSHASA, DRC

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N.d. Unnumbered document, mpr carton, “Topo et Synthèse de la nouvelle conception.”

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Alliance Weekly

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INTERVIEWS CITED IN MANUSCRIPT

Ne Nkamu Luyindula, April 28, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, September 20 and 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Father Masamba, June 3, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, interview by author and Alain Nkisi.

Tata George Matadi, July 16, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mbumba, July 21, 2005, Mayidi, DRC.

Tata Tuzolana, July 22, 2005, Mayidi, Bas-Congo, interview by author, Ndundu Kivwila, and Abbe Hippolyte Ngimbi.

Mama Nsafu, September 20, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkuku, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Kimfumu, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Mayazola, October 5, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Ma Ntima, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Mosi, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Tatu, October 10, 2005, and October 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Bangoma, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkolele, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Malanda, October 28, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Yangalala, October 30, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Pastor Kasambi, November 12, 2005, and July 19, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Group Members of Groupe Traditionelle Manianga, December 17, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mukiese, January 30, 2006, and February 18, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Zole, February 7 and February 9, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Dr. Mbala Nkanga, July 19, 2007, Ann Arbor, Michigan (informal interview/conversation).

Tata Kizole, July 20, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Vita, July 21, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Makanda, July 23, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudia, July 25, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudada, July 26, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Luzitu, July 27, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

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Figures & Tables

Contents

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References

References

Primary Sources
MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES (ARCHIVES AFRICAINES), BRUSSELS, BELGIUM (AA)

AIMO 1630/9190

AIMO 1630/9184

AIMO 1634/9191B

AIMO 1878/9981

Rapport Annuel, Territoires des Mayumbe, Manianga, Thysville, Luozi

AMERICAN BAPTIST HISTORICAL SOCIETY ARCHIVE, ATLANTA, GEORGIA (ABHS)

Assorted Missionary Correspondence

Assorted Annual Reports

Box 280

BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE, OXFORD, UK (BMSA)

A/38

A/43

A/102

A/126

A/133

NATIONAL ARCHIVES, KINSHASA, DRC

MPR Documents

1973 Festival d’Animation, November 24, 1973. Répertoire Choc des Chansons et Slogans, Révolutionnaires du Bas-Zaire. Carton mpr, Juillet IV.

N.d. Unnumbered document, mpr carton, “Topo et Synthèse de la nouvelle conception.”

PERIODICALS

Alliance Weekly

Baptist Missionary Magazine

Congo Mission News

Congo News Letter

Courrier d’Afrique

Missionary Herald

Salongo

INTERVIEWS CITED IN MANUSCRIPT

Ne Nkamu Luyindula, April 28, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, September 20 and 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Father Masamba, June 3, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, interview by author and Alain Nkisi.

Tata George Matadi, July 16, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mbumba, July 21, 2005, Mayidi, DRC.

Tata Tuzolana, July 22, 2005, Mayidi, Bas-Congo, interview by author, Ndundu Kivwila, and Abbe Hippolyte Ngimbi.

Mama Nsafu, September 20, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkuku, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Kimfumu, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Mayazola, October 5, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Ma Ntima, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Mosi, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Tatu, October 10, 2005, and October 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Bangoma, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkolele, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Malanda, October 28, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Yangalala, October 30, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Pastor Kasambi, November 12, 2005, and July 19, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Group Members of Groupe Traditionelle Manianga, December 17, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mukiese, January 30, 2006, and February 18, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Zole, February 7 and February 9, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Dr. Mbala Nkanga, July 19, 2007, Ann Arbor, Michigan (informal interview/conversation).

Tata Kizole, July 20, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Vita, July 21, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Makanda, July 23, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudia, July 25, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudada, July 26, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Luzitu, July 27, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

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