Skip to Main Content
Skip Nav Destination

Bundu dia Kongo and Embodied Revolutions: Performing Kongo Pride, Transforming Modern Society

This chapter focuses on the movement of Bundu dia Kongo in the current post-Mobutu era, highlighting how they use the body in mobilizing large groups of people for concerted action. Bundu dia Kongo, a Kongo politico-religious-nationalist group struggling for the political representation and governance of Kongo people, has the ultimate goal of establishing a separate Kongo nation-state. The chapter examines their ideological beliefs and political goals and then focuses on the ways that Bundu dia Kongo uses the body and the reformation of bodily habits, both in everyday interactions and spiritual worship, as a means of unifying Kongo people around cultural memories of the former Kongo Kingdom. This chapter also considers attempts by the leadership of Bundu dia Kongo to control forms of embodiment that may act as sites from which others may challenge the growing but tenuous authority of the movement.

References

Primary Sources
MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES (ARCHIVES AFRICAINES), BRUSSELS, BELGIUM (AA)

AIMO 1630/9190

AIMO 1630/9184

AIMO 1634/9191B

AIMO 1878/9981

Rapport Annuel, Territoires des Mayumbe, Manianga, Thysville, Luozi

AMERICAN BAPTIST HISTORICAL SOCIETY ARCHIVE, ATLANTA, GEORGIA (ABHS)

Assorted Missionary Correspondence

Assorted Annual Reports

Box 280

BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE, OXFORD, UK (BMSA)

A/38

A/43

A/102

A/126

A/133

NATIONAL ARCHIVES, KINSHASA, DRC

MPR Documents

1973 Festival d’Animation, November 24, 1973. Répertoire Choc des Chansons et Slogans, Révolutionnaires du Bas-Zaire. Carton mpr, Juillet IV.

N.d. Unnumbered document, mpr carton, “Topo et Synthèse de la nouvelle conception.”

PERIODICALS

Alliance Weekly

Baptist Missionary Magazine

Congo Mission News

Congo News Letter

Courrier d’Afrique

Missionary Herald

Salongo

INTERVIEWS CITED IN MANUSCRIPT

Ne Nkamu Luyindula, April 28, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, September 20 and 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Father Masamba, June 3, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, interview by author and Alain Nkisi.

Tata George Matadi, July 16, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mbumba, July 21, 2005, Mayidi, DRC.

Tata Tuzolana, July 22, 2005, Mayidi, Bas-Congo, interview by author, Ndundu Kivwila, and Abbe Hippolyte Ngimbi.

Mama Nsafu, September 20, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkuku, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Kimfumu, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Mayazola, October 5, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Ma Ntima, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Mosi, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Tatu, October 10, 2005, and October 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Bangoma, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkolele, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Malanda, October 28, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Yangalala, October 30, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Pastor Kasambi, November 12, 2005, and July 19, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Group Members of Groupe Traditionelle Manianga, December 17, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mukiese, January 30, 2006, and February 18, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Zole, February 7 and February 9, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Dr. Mbala Nkanga, July 19, 2007, Ann Arbor, Michigan (informal interview/conversation).

Tata Kizole, July 20, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Vita, July 21, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Makanda, July 23, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudia, July 25, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudada, July 26, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Luzitu, July 27, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Secondary Sources
Adelman
,
Kenneth Lee
.
1975
. “
The Church-State Conflict in Zaire: 1969–1974
.”
African Studies Review
18
(
1
):
102
16
.
Adelman
,
Kenneth Lee
.
1976
. “
The Zairian Political Party as Religious Surrogate
.”
Africa Today
23
(
4
):
47
58
.
Adler
,
Patricia
, and
Adler
Peter
.
1987
. “
Everyday Life Sociology
.”
Annual Review of Sociology
13
:
217
35
.
Agadjanian
,
Alexander
.
2001
. “
Public Religion and the Quest for National Ideology: Russia’s Media Discourse
.”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
40
(
3
):
351
65
.
Ahman
,
Birgitta
.
[1928] 2003
.
Au pays de palmiers: Récits du Congo écrits par des moniteurs Indigènes
.
Stockholm
:
Èditions Svenska Missionskyrkan
.
Aldén
,
Karl
.
1936
. “
The Prophet Movement in Congo
.”
International Review of Missions
25
:
347
53
.
Allen
,
Jafari
.
2011
.
Venceremos? The Erotics of Black Self-Making in Cuba
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Anderson
,
Benedict
.
1991
.
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
.
London
:
Verso
.
Anderson
,
Scott A.
2008
. “
How Did There Come to Be Two Kinds of Coercion
.”
Amintaphil: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice
2
(
1
):
17
29
.
Andersson
,
Efraim
.
1958
.
Messianic Popular Movements in the Lower Congo
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells Boktryckeri AB
.
Angrosino
,
Michael
.
2002
. “
Civil Religion Redux
.”
Anthropological Quarterly
75
(
2
):
239
67
.
Appadurai
,
Arjun
, ed
1986
.
The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Appiah
,
Kwame Anthony
, and
Gates
Henry Louis
Jr.
1999
.
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
.
New York
:
Basic Civitas Books
.
Arcangeli
,
Alessandro
.
1994
. “
Dance under Trial: The Moral Debate 1200–1600
.”
Dance Research: The Journal for the Society of Dance Research
12
(
2
):
127
55
.
Argenti
,
Nicholas
.
2007
.
The Intestines of the State: Youth, Violence, and Belated Histories in the Cameroon Grassfields
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Arondekar
,
Anjali
.
2005
. “
Without a Trace: Sexuality and the Colonial Archive
.”
Journal of the History of Sexuality
14
(
1/2
):
10
27
.
Arrestation d’une vingtaine de members de ‘Bundu dia Mayala’ l’ex-groupe politico-militaire interdit ‘Bundu dia Kongo
.’”
2012
.
Agence Congolaise de Presse
.
February
20
. .
Asch
,
Susan
.
1983
.
L’eglise du prophète Simon Kimbangu: De ses origines à son rôle actuel au Zaïre, 1921–1981
.
Paris
:
Editions Karthala
.
Askew
,
Kelly M.
2002
.
Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania
.
Chicago
:
Chicago University Press
.
Austin
,
J. L.
1962
.
How to Do Things with Words
.
Oxford
:
Clarendon Press
.
Axelson
,
Sigbert
.
1970
.
Culture Confrontation in the Lower Congo: From the Old Congo Kingdom to the Congo Independent State with Special Reference to the Swedish Missionaries in the 1880’s and 1890’s
.
Sweden
:
Gummessons
.
Bacchi
,
Carol
, and
Beasley
Chris
.
2000a
. “
Citizen Bodies: Embodying Citizens—A Feminist Analysis
.”
International Feminist Journal of Politics
2
(
3
):
337
58
.
Bacchi
,
Carol
, and
Beasley
Chris
.
2002
. “
Citizen Bodies: Is Embodied Citizenship a Contradiction in Terms?
Critical Social Policy
22
(
2
):
324
52
.
Barber
,
Karin
.
1987
. “
Popular Arts in Africa
.”
African Studies Review
30
(
3
):
1
78
.
Batsîkama ba Mampuya ma Ndâwla
,
Raphaël
.
1999
.
L’Ancien Royaume du Congo (Ndona Béatrice and voici les Jagas): Séquences d’histoire populaire
.
Paris
:
L’Harmattan
.
Bauman
,
Richard
.
1989
. “
Performance
.” In
International Encyclopedia of Communication
, edited by
Barnouw
Eric
,
262
66
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Bauman
,
Richard
, and
Briggs
Charles
.
1990
. “
Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
19
:
59
88
.
Bayles
,
Michael
.
[1972] 2009
. “
A Concept of Coercion
.” In
Nomos XIV: Coercion
, edited by
Pennock
J. Roland
and
Chapman
John W.
,
16
29
.
Piscataway, NJ
:
Aldine
.
Begler
,
Elsie B.
1978
. “
Sex, Status, and Authority in Egalitarian Society
.”
American Anthropologist
80
(
3
):
571
88
.
Bellah
,
Robert
.
1967
. “
Civil Religion in America
.”
Daedalus
96
(
1
):
1
21
.
Bernard
,
H. Russell
.
2011
.
Research Methods in Anthropology
. 5th ed.
Lanham, MD
:
Altamira
.
Bernhard
,
Wendy Lee
.
1997
. “
Bundu dia Kongo: A New Non-Christian Religious Movement in Zaire
.”
Master’s thesis
,
Fuller Theological Seminary
.
Berrey
,
Stephen
.
2006
. “
Against the Law: Violence, Crime, State Oppression, and Black Resistance in Jim Crow Mississippi
.”
PhD diss.
,
University of Texas at Austin
.
Bierstedt
,
Robert
.
1950
. “
An Analysis of Social Power
.”
American Sociological Review
15
(
1
):
730
38
.
Bloemraad
,
Irene
,
Korteweg
Anna
, and
Yurdakul
Gokce
.
2008
. “
Citizenship and Immigration: Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Challenges to the Nation-State
.”
Annual Review of Sociology
34
:
153
79
.
Bockie
,
Simon
.
1993
.
Death and the Invisible Powers: The World of Kongo Belief
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Boddy
,
Janice
.
1989
.
Wombs and Alien Spirits
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Bontinck
,
Francois
, trans.
1964
.
Brève relation de la fondation de la mission des frères mineurs Capucins du Séraphique père Saint François au Royaume de Congo, et des particularités, coutumes, et façons de vivre des habitants de ce Royaume
.
Louvain
:
Editions Nauwelaerts
.
Bontinck
,
Francois
.
1969
. “
Le conditionnement historique de l’implantation de l’église Catholique au Congo
.”
Revue de Clerge Africain
24
(
2
):
132
45
.
Bontinck
,
Francois
, trans.
1970
.
Daire congolais de Fra Luca da Caltanisetta (1690–1701)
.
Louvain
:
Editions Nauwelaerts
.
Booth
,
Newell
.
1976
. “
Civil Religion in Traditional Africa
.”
Africa Today
23
(
4
):
59
66
.
Botombele
,
Bokanga Ekanga
.
1976
.
Cultural Policy in the Republic of Zaire
.
Paris
:
UNESCO Press
.
Bourdieu
,
Pierre
.
1977
.
Outline of a Theory of Practice
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Bourdieu
,
Pierre
.
1990
.
The Logic of Practice
.
Cambridge
:
Polity Press
.
Boyle
,
Patrick
.
1995
. “
School Wars: Church, State, and the Death of the Congo
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
33
(
3
):
451
68
.
Braddick
,
Michael J.
, ed
2009
. “
The Politics of Gesture: Historical Perspectives
.”
Special issue, supplement 4, Past and Present
203
.
Bremmer
,
Jan
, and
Roodenburg
Herman
, eds.
1992
.
A Cultural History of Gesture
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Bronner
,
S. J.
1988
. “
Art, Performance, and Praxis: The Rhetoric of Contemporary Folklore Studies
.”
Western Folklore
47
:
75
102
.
Brown
,
Peter
.
1988
.
The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity
.
New York
:
Columbia University Press
.
Brown
,
Ras Michael
.
2012
.
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Low Country
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Burton
,
Richard F.
1876
.
Two Trips to Gorilla Land and the Cataracts of the Congo
. Vol.
2
.
London
:
S. Low and Searle
.
Butler
,
Judith
.
1992
. “
Mbembe’s Extravagant Power
.”
Public Culture
5
(
1
):
67
74
.
Butler
,
Judith
.
2004
. “
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution
.” In
The Performance Studies Reader
, edited by
Bial
Henry
,
154
66
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Callaghy
,
Thomas
.
1984
.
The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective
.
New York
:
Columbia University Press
.
Calme précaire à Luozi: La monuc renforce son dispositif militaire au Bas-Congo
.”
2008
.
Le Potential
,
March
4
. .
Carlson
,
Marvin
.
1996
.
Performance: A Critical Introduction
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Castaldi
,
Francesca
.
2006
.
Choreographies of African Identities: Negritude, Dance, and the National Ballet of Senegal
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
.
Cavazzi
,
Giovanni Antonio
.
1687
.
Istorica Descrizione de Tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola. sitvati nell’Etiopia inferiore occidentale e delle missioni apostoliche esercitateui da religiosi Capuccini
.
Bologna
:
Giacomo Monti
.
Central Intelligence Agency
.
2015
. “
Democratic Republic of the Congo” and “Republic of Congo
.”
The World Factbook
. .
Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-politiques (CRISP)
.
1960
.
Le Kibanguisme
47
:
2
20
.
Courrier Hebdomadaire de CRISP
.
Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-politiques (CRISP)
.
1962
.
A.B.A.K.O. 1950–1960. Documents
.
Brussels
:
L’Imprimerie D. Van Keerberghen & Fils
.
Chomé
,
Jules
.
1959
.
La passion de Simon Kimbangu
.
Brussels
:
Les amis de la Présence Africaine
.
Churchill
,
Awnsham
, and
Churchill
John
.
1704
.
A Collection of Voyages and Travels
.
London
:
Printed by H.C. for A. and J. Churchill
.
Coleman
,
John
.
1970
. “
Civil Religion
.”
Sociological Analysis
31
(
2
):
67
77
.
Comaroff
,
Jean
.
1985
.
Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Comaroff
,
Jean
, and
Comaroff
John
.
1992
.
Ethnography and the Historical Imagination
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview Press
.
Congo Belge, Gouvernement Local
.
1912
.
Recueil bi-Mensuel des ordonnances, circulaires, instructions et ordres de service
, no.
1
(
January
),
circular #14
.
Congo Belge, Gouvernement Local
.
1913
.
Recueil mensuel des ordonnances, circulaires, instructions et ordres de service
, no.
10
(
October
),
circular #139
.
Congo Belge, Gouvernement Local
.
1915
.
Recueil mensuel des ordonnances, circulaires, instructions et ordres de service
, no.
1
(
January
),
circular #2
.
Connerton
,
Paul
.
1989
.
How Societies Remember
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Conrad
,
Joseph
.
1900
. “
The Heart of Darkness
.”
Living Age
,
June
16
August
4
. .
Covington-Ward
,
Yolanda
.
2008
. “
Embodied Histories, Danced Religions, Performed Politics: Kongo Cultural Performance and the Production of History and Authority
.”
PhD diss.
,
University of Michigan
.
Covington-Ward
,
Yolanda
.
2012
. “
Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ABAKO, and Performances of Kongo Nationalism in the Independence of Congo
.”
Journal of Black Studies
43
(
1
):
72
94
.
Covington-Ward
,
Yolanda
.
2014
. “
‘Your Name Is Written in the Sky’: Unearthing the Stories of Kongo Female Prophets in Colonial Belgian Congo, 1921–1960
.”
Journal of Africana Religions
2
(
3
):
317
46
.
Cristi
,
Marcela
.
2001
.
From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion, and Politics
.
Waterloo, Ontario
:
Wilfrid Laurier University Press
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
1993
. “
Somatic Modes of Attention
.”
Cultural Anthropology
8
(
2
):
135
56
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
1999
. “
The Body’s Career in Anthropology
.” In
Anthropological Theory Today
, edited by
Moore
H.
,
172
205
.
Cambridge
:
Polity
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
2008
. “
Intersubjectivity and Intercorporeality
.”
Subjectivity
, no.
22
:
110
21
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
2011
. “
Embodiment: Agency, Sexual Difference, and Illness
.” In
Companion to the Anthropology of the Body/Embodiment
, edited by
Mascia-Lees
Frances E.
,
137
56
.
Chichester, UK
:
Wiley-Blackwell
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
.
1939
. “
Les Missions Catholiques en face des danses des Bakongo
.”
Africanae Fraternae Ephemerides Romanae
17
:
143
70
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, ed. and trans.
1953a
. “
Documents sur une mission Française au KaKongo (1766–1776)
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-mer Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires
30
(
1
):
1
132
.
Brussels
:
Institute Royale Coloniale Belge
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, ed. and trans.
1953b
. “
Relations sur le Congo du Père Laurent du Lucques (1700–1717)
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-mer Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires
32
(
2
):
1
358
.
Brussels
:
Institute Royale Coloniale Belge
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, and
Bouveignes
O. de
.
1951
.
Jérôme de Montesarchio: Apôtre du Vieux Congo
.
Namur
:
Grands Lacs
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, and
Jadin
Louis
, eds. and trans.
1954
. “
L’ancien Congo d’après les Archives Romaines (1518–1640)
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-mer Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires
36
(
2
):
1
600
.
Brussels
:
Institute Royale Coloniale Belge
.
Dapper
,
Olfert
.
1686
.
Description de la Afrique, contenant les noms, les situations … Translation from Flemish
.
Amsterdam
:
Wolfgang, Waesberge, Boom, and Van Someren
.
Das
,
Veena
.
2008
. “
Violence, Gender, and Subjectivity
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
37
:
283
99
.
Daughtry
,
Carla
.
1997
. “
Greenness in the Field
.”
Michigan Today
29
(
3
):
21
22
.
De Boeck
,
Filip
, and
Plissart
Marie-Françoise
.
2004
.
Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City
.
Tervuren, Belgium
:
Royal Museum of Central Africa
.
DeCapmaker
,
P.
.
1938
. “
Danses des BaKongo
.” In
La Mission et les Joies Populaires: Compte Rendu de la XVIe Semaine de Missiologie de Louvain
,
40
.
Brussels
:
L’edition Universelles, S.A
.
DeFrantz
,
Thomas
, and
Gonzalez
Anita
, eds.
2014
.
Black Performance Theory
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
De Jorio
,
Andrea
.
2000
.
Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity
. Translated by
Kendon
Adam
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Denzin
,
Norman K.
2002
. “
Much Ado about Goffman
.”
American Sociologist
33
(
2
):
105
17
.
Derrida
,
Jacques
.
1996
.
Archive Fever
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
De Saint Moulin
,
Léon
, and
Ducreux
M.
.
1969
. “
Le Phénomène Urbain à Kinshasa: Évolution et Perspective
.”
Études Congolaises
12
(
4
):
117
42
.
Desch-Obi
,
T. J.
2002
. “
Combat and the Crossing of Kalunga
.” In
Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora
, edited by
Heywood
Linda
,
353
72
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Desch-Obi
,
T. J.
2008
.
Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Arts Traditions in the Atlantic World
.
Columbia
:
University of South Carolina Press
.
DeVault
,
Marjorie
, and
Gross
Glenda
.
2007
. “
Feminist Interviewing: Experience, Talk, and Knowledge
.” In
Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis
, edited by
Hesse-Biber
Sharlene
,
173
97
.
Thousand Oaks, CA
:
Sage
.
Devisch
,
René
.
1996
. “
‘Pillaging Jesus’: Healing Churches and the Villagisation of Kinshasa
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
66
(
4
):
555
86
.
Drewal
,
Margaret Thompson
.
1991
. “
The State of Research on Performance in Africa
.”
African Studies Review
34
(
3
):
1
64
.
Drewal
,
Margaret Thompson
.
1992
.
Yoruba Ritual
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Dunn
,
Kevin
.
2003
.
Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity
.
New York
:
Palgrave MacMillan
.
Durkheim
,
Emile
.
[1912] 1995
.
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
.
New York
:
Free Press
.
Durkheim
,
Emile
.
[1915] 1964
.
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
.
London
:
George Allen and Unwin
.
Ebron
,
Paulla
.
2007
. “
Constituting Subjects through Performative Acts
.” In
Africa after Gender?
, edited by
Cole
Catherine
,
Manuh
Takyiwaa
, and
Miescher
Stephan
,
171
90
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Edgell
,
Penny
.
2012
. “
A Cultural Sociology of Religion: New Directions
.”
Annual Review of Sociology
38
:
247
65
.
Edmondson
,
Laura
.
2007
.
Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Eglise du Christ au Congo (ECC) 63 ème Communauté du Saint Esprit en Afrique (CSEA)
.
n.d.
Les Grandes Lignes Doctrinale de la Communauté du Saint Esprit en Afrique
.
Nzieta, Luozi
:
DRC
.
Eley
,
Geoff
, and
Suny
Ronald
, eds.
1996
.
Becoming National: A Reader
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Engelke
,
Matthew
.
2007
.
A Problem of Presence
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Erlmann
,
Veit
.
1996
.
Nightsong: Performance, Power, and Practice in South Africa
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Etambala
,
Mathieu Zana
.
2004
. “
L’État colonial et les missions Catholiques face au mouvement Kimbanguiste à la veille de l’indépendance du Congo Belge 1944–1960
.”
Annales Aequatoria
25
:
95
149
.
Ewing
,
Katherine
.
2006
. “
Revealing and Concealing: Interpersonal Dynamics and the Negotiation of Identity in the Interview
.”
Ethos
34
(
1
):
89
122
.
Fabian
,
Johannes
.
1990
.
Power and Performance: Ethnographic Explorations through Proverbial Wisdom and Theater in Shaba, Zaire
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Fabian
,
Johannes
.
1996
.
Remembering the Present: Painting and Popular History in Zaire
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Fanon
,
Frantz
.
1967
.
Black Skin, White Masks
. Translated by
Markmann
Charles Lam
.
New York
:
Grove
.
Farnell
,
Brenda
.
1995
.
Do You See What I Mean? Plains Indians Sign Talk and the Embodiment of Action
.
Austin
:
University of Texas Press
.
Farnell
,
Brenda
.
1999
. “
Moving Bodies, Acting Selves
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
28
(
1
):
341
73
.
Farnell
,
Brenda
.
2000
. “
Getting Out of Habitus: An Alternative Model of Dynamically Embodied Social Action
.”
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
6
(
3
):
397
418
.
Feci
,
Damaso
.
1972
.
Vie cachée et vie publique de Simon Kimbangu selon la littérature colonial et missionnaire belge
.
Brussels
:
CEDAF (Centre d’étude et de documentation africaines)
.
Feeley-Harnik
Gillian
.
1985
. “
Issues in Divine Kingship
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
14
:
273
313
.
Fields
,
Karen E.
1985
.
Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa
.
Portsmouth, NH
:
Heinemann
.
Fields-Black
Edda
.
2008
.
Deep Roots: Rice Farmers in West Africa and the African Diaspora
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
FORCAD
.
1986
.
Glossaire idéologique du mpr
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions FORCAD
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1978
.
The History of Sexuality: An Introduction
. Vol.
1
.
New York
:
Random House
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1980
. “
Two Lectures
.” In
Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977
, edited by
Gordon
Colin
,
78
133
.
New York
:
Pantheon
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1984
. “
Nietzsche, Genealogy, History
.” In
The Foucault Reader
, edited by
Rabinow
Paul
,
76
100
.
New York
:
Pantheon
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1991
. “
Governmentality
.” In
The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality
, edited by
Burchell
Graham
,
Gordon
Colin
, and
Miller
Peter
,
87
104
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
[1977] 1995
.
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
.
West-minster, MD
:
Vintage
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
2000
. “
The Subject and Power
.” In
Michel Foucault, Power
, edited by
Faubion
James
,
326
48
.
New York
:
New Press
.
Franklin
,
John Hope
.
1985
.
George Washington Williams: A Biography
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Frederiksen
,
Bodil Folke
.
1991
. “
Joe, the Sweetest Reading in Africa: Documentation and Discussion of a Popular Magazine in Kenya
.”
African Languages and Cultures
4
(
2
):
135
55
.
Fu-Kiau
,
A. kia Bunseki-Lumanisa
.
1969
.
N’Kongo ye nza yakun’zungidila; nza-Kôngo/Le Mukongo et le monde qui l’entourait. [The MuKongo and the world that surrounds him]
. French translation by
Batukezanga
Zamenga
.
Kinshasa
:
National Office of Research and Development
.
Fu-Kiau
,
A. kia Bunseki-Lumanisa
.
2001
.
African Cosmology of the Bantu-Kongo
.
New York
:
Athelia Henrietta Press
.
Furey
,
Constance
.
2012
. “
Body, Society, and Subjectivity in Religious Studies
.”
Journal of the American Academy of Religion
80
(
1
):
7
33
.
Gast
,
Leon
, and
Hackford
Taylor
, dirs.
1997
.
When We Were Kings
.
94 min. Gramercy Pictures: das Films
.
Geuns
,
Andre
.
1974
. “
Chronologie des Mouvements Religieux Indépendants au Bas-Zaire, particulièrement du Mouvement fondé par le Prophete Simon Kimbangu
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
6
(
3
):
187
222
.
Geurts
,
Kathryn
.
2002
.
Culture and the Senses: Embodiment, Identity, and Well-Being in an African Community
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Gilman
,
Lisa
.
2001
. “
Purchasing Praise: Women, Dancing, and Patronage in Malawi Party Politics
.”
Africa Today
48
(
4
):
43
64
.
Gilman
,
Lisa
.
2004
. “
The Traditionalization of Women’s Dancing, Hegemony, and Politics in Malawi
.”
Journal of Folklore Research
41
(
1
):
33
60
.
Gilman
,
Lisa
.
2009
.
The Dance of Politics: Gender, Performance, and Democratization in Malawi
.
Philadelphia
:
Temple University Press
.
Gilroy
,
Paul
.
1993
.
The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1959
.
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
.
Garden City, NY
:
Doubleday
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1961
.
Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction
.
Indianapolis
:
Bobbs-Merrill
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1967
.
Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-face Behavior
.
Chicago
:
Aldine
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1983
. “
The Interaction Order: American Sociological Assoc., 1982 Presidential Address
.”
American Sociological Review
48
(
1
):
1
17
.
Gondola
,
Ch. Didier
.
2002
.
The History of Congo
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
.
Gordon
,
Edmund
.
1998
.
Disparate Diasporas: Identity and Politics in an Afro-Nicaraguan Community
.
Austin
:
University of Texas Press
.
Gorr
,
Michael
.
1986
. “
Toward a Theory of Coercion
.”
Canadian Journal of Philosophy
16
(
3
):
383
405
.
Gotink
,
Hugo
.
1995
.
Mangembo 1921–1942: Un regard sur l’evangelisation Catholique dans le Territoire de Luozi
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Graham
,
R. H. C.
1921
. “
The Prophets: The Remarkable Movement in Lower Congo
.”
The Missionary Herald
.
Hall
,
David
.
1997
.
Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Harrison
,
Faye
, ed
1991
.
Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further Toward an Anthropology for Liberation
.
Washington, DC
:
Association of Black Anthropologists/American Anthropological Association
.
Haviland
,
John B.
1998
. “
Early Pointing Gestures in Zincantan
.”
Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
8
(
2
):
162
96
.
Haviland
,
John B.
1999
. “
Gesture
.”
Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
9
(
1–2
):
88
91
.
Heywood
,
Linda
, ed
2002
.
Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Hilton
,
Anne
.
1985
.
The Kingdom of Kongo
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Hochschild
,
Adam
.
1998
.
King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
.
Boston
:
Houghton MiӼin
.
Hoskyns
,
Catherine
.
1965
.
The Congo since Independence: January 1960–December 1961
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Huckstep
,
Joan
.
2005
. “
Embodied Nationalism ‘Animation Politique’ (Political Dance) in Zaire: A Case Study of the Dimensionality and Agency of Dance as the Spirit of Individual, Community, and National Identity
.”
PhD diss.
,
Temple University
.
Human Rights Watch
.
2008
.
“We Will Crush You”: The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo
.
New York
:
Human Rights Watch
.
Hunt
,
Nancy Rose
.
1999
.
A Colonial Lexicon of Birth Ritual, Medicalization, and Mobility in the Congo
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Hurston
,
Zora Neale
.
1938
.
Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica
.
Philadelphia
:
J. B. Lippincott
.
Hurston
,
Zora Neale
.
[1942] 1991
.
Dust Tracks on a Road
.
New York
:
Harper Perennial
.
Hymes
,
Dell
.
1975
. “
Breakthrough into Performance
.” In
Folklore: Performance and Communication
, edited by
Ben-Amos
Dan
and
Goldstein
Kenneth
,
11
74
.
The Hague
:
Mouton
.
Institut National de la Statistique
.
1984
.
Résultats provisoires du recensement scientifique de la population du 1er juillet 1984
.
Kinshasa
:
Secrétariat national du recensement
.
Jackson
,
John L.
2001
.
Harlemworld: Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Jackson
,
Michael
.
1989
.
Paths toward a Clearing: Radical Empiricism and Ethnographic Inquiry
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Jacobson-Widding
Anita
.
1979
.
Red—White—Black as a Mode of Thought: A Study of Triadic Classification by Colours in the Ritual Symbolism and Cognitive Thought of the Peoples of the Lower Congo
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksell
.
Jadin
,
Louis
.
1961
. “
Le Congo et la secte des Antoniens. Restauration du royaume sous Pedro IV et la ‘Saint Antoine’ congolaise (1694–1718)
.”
Bulletin de l’Institut Historique Belge de Rome
33
:
411
615
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1971
. “
Kongo Religious Renewal: Iconoclastic and Iconorthostic
.”
Canadian Journal of African Studies
5
(
2
):
135
43
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1972
. “
Laman’s Kongo Ethnography: Observations on Sources, Methodology, and Theory
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
42
(
4
):
316
28
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1977
. “
The Tradition of Renewal in Kongo Religion
.” In
African Religions, A Symposium
, edited by
Booth
Newell S.
Jr.
,
69
115
.
New York
:
Nok
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1978
.
The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1982
.
Lemba, 1650–1930: A Drum of AӼiction in Africa and the New World
.
New York
:
Garland
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1992
.
Ngoma: Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Janzen
,
John
, and
MacGaffey
Wyatt
.
1974
.
An Anthology of Kongo Religion: Primary Texts from Lower Zaire
.
Lawrence
:
University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology
, no.
5
.
Jewsiewicki
,
Bogumil
, and
Mudimbe
V. Y.
.
1993
. “
Africans’ Memories and Contemporary History of Africa
.”
History and Theory
32
(
4
):
1
11
.
Johnson
,
E. Patrick
.
2003
.
Appropriating Blackness: Performance and the Politics of Authenticity
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Jones
,
Donald
, and
Richey
Russell
, eds.
1990
.
American Civil Religion
.
San Francisco
:
Mellen Research University Press
.
Joset
,
Paul-Ernest
.
1968
. “
Quelques mouvements religieux au Bas-Congo et dans l’ex-Afrique Equatoriale Française
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
1
(
2
):
101
28
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1975a
.
African Apostles: Ritual and Conversion in the Church of John Maranke
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1975b
. “
Song and Spirit: The Use of Songs in the Management of Ritual Contexts
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
45
(
2
):
150
66
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1988
. “
Prophetic Performances: Apostolic Prophecy as Social Drama
.”
Theatre Drama Review
32
(
2
):
140
59
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1994
. “
The Future of African Theologies—Situating New Religious Movements in an Epistemological Setting
.”
Social Compass
41
(
1
):
46
95
.
Kabuayi
,
Freddy Mulumba
.
2006
. “
Ne Muanda Nsemi, chef spirituel de Bundu dia Kongo: Il faut absolutment un mini-dialogue avant le 30 juin 2006
.”
Le Potential
,
May
15
. .
Kannyo
,
Edward
.
1979
. “
Post-colonial Politics in Zaire, 1960–79
.” In
Zaire: The Political Economy of Underdevelopment
, edited by
Gran
Guy
,
54
68
.
New York
:
Praeger
.
Kapalanga
,
Gazungil Sang’Amin
.
1989
. “
Les spectacle d’animation politique en République du Zaire: Analyse des mécanismes de reprise, d’actualisation et de politisation des formes culturelles africaines dans les créations spectaculaires modernes
.”
PhD diss., Centre d’Etudes Théâtrales
,
Université de Catholique de Louvain
.
Kaplan
,
Irving
.
1979
.
Zaire: A Country Study
.
Washington, DC
:
American University
.
Kavenadiambuko Ngemba Ntime
.
1999
.
La Methode d’evangelisation des Redemptoristes Belges au Bas-Congo (1899–1919)
.
Rome
:
Editrice Pontificia Universita Gregoriana
.
Kayembe-Buba
.
1970
.
Histoire et signification de Djalelo
.
Kinshasa
:
Impr. de Kinshasa
.
Kendon
,
Adam
.
1997
. “
Gesture
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
26
:
109
28
.
Kendon
,
Adam
.
2004
.
Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Kim
,
Suk-Young
.
2010
.
Illusive Utopia: Theater, Film, and Everyday Performance in North Korea
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
Kodi
,
M. W.
1993
. “
The 1921 Pan-African Congress at Brussels: A Background to Belgian Pressures
.” In
Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora
, 2nd ed., edited by
Harris
Joseph
,
263
88
.
Washington, DC
:
Howard University Press
.
Koren
,
Henry J.
1958
.
The Spiritans: A History of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost
.
Pittsburgh
:
Duquesne University Press
.
Kottak
,
Conrad
.
2006
.
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity
. 11th ed.
New York
:
McGraw-Hill
.
Kratz
,
Michaël
.
1970
.
La Mission des Rédemptoristes Belges au Bas-Congo: La Période des semailles (1899–1920)
.
Brussels
:
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer
.
Kurtz
,
Donald
.
2001
.
Political Anthropology: Paradigms and Power
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
La Fontaine
,
J. S.
1970
.
City Politics: A Study of Leopoldville, 1962–1963
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Lagergren
,
David
.
1970
.
Mission and State in the Congo: A Study of the Relations between Protestant Missions and the Congo Independent State Authorities with Special Reference to the Equator District, 1885–1903
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
1957
.
The Kongo
Vol.
2
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
1962
.
The Kongo
Vol.
3
. Uppsala,
Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
[1936] 1964
.
Dictionnaire KiKongo-Francais
.
Ridgewood, NJ
:
Gregg
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
1968
.
The Kongo
Vol.
4
. Uppsala,
Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Lambek
,
Michael
.
1990
. “
Certain Knowledge, Contestable Authority: Power and Practice on the Islamic Periphery
.”
American Ethnologist
17
(
1
):
23
40
.
Le député national élu de Luozi Ne Muanda Nsemi appelé à raffermir la paix au Bas-Congo
.”
2008
.
Agence Congolaise de Presse
,
February
19
.
Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/49911#
.
Leese
,
Daniel
.
2011
.
Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China’s Cultural Revolution
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Leiser
,
Burton
.
2008
. “
On Coercion
.”
Amintaphil: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice
2
(
1
):
31
43
.
Lemarchand
,
Rene
.
1961
. “
The Bases of Nationalism among the BaKongo
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
31
(
4
):
344
54
.
Lerrigo
,
Peter Hugh James
.
1922
.
Rock-Breakers: Kingdom Building in Kongo Land
.
Philadelphia
:
Judson
.
Lewis
,
M. Paul
,
Simons
Gary F.
, and
Fennig
Charles D.
, eds.
2015
. “
Koongo
.”
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition
.
Dallas
:
SIL International
. .
Lock
,
Margaret
.
1993
. “
The Anthropology of the Body
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
22
:
133
53
.
Lutete
,
Celestin
.
2008
. “
Affaire BDK: La MONUC promet de diligenter une enquête sur les violations des droits de l’homme au Bas-Congo
.”
March
13
. .
Lutunu
,
Diawawana Mfumu
.
1982
. “
Historique et structure de la Communauté du Saint-Esprit en Afrique (1961–1981)
.”
Master’s thesis
,
Protestant Faculty of Theology in Zaire
.
Lyons
,
Maryinez
.
1992
.
The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900–1940
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Mabandu
,
Rachidi
.
2008
. “
Révolte de Bundu dia Kongo: La sang continue à couler a Bas-Congo
.”
Forum des As
,
March
5
. .
MacAloon
,
John
, ed
1984
.
Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals toward a Theory of Cultural Performance
.
Philadelphia
:
Institute for the Study of Human Issues
.
MacGaffey
,
Janet
.
1988
. “
Evading Male Control: Women in the Second Economy in Zaire
.” In
Patriarchy and Class: African Women at Home and in the Workforce
, edited by
Stichter
Sharon
and
Parpart
Jane
,
161
76
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
MacGaffey
,
Janet
.
1991
.
The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1968
. “
Kongo and the King of the Americans
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
6
(
2
):
171
81
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1970
.
Custom and Government in the Lower Congo
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1972
. “
Comparative Analysis of Central African Religions
.”
Africa
(
42
):
21
31
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1977
. “
Cultural Roots of Kongo Prophetism
.”
History of Religions
17
(
2
):
177
93
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1983
.
Modern Kongo Prophets: Religion in a Plural Society
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1986a
. “
Ethnography and the Closing of the Frontier in Lower Congo, 1885–1921
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
56
(
3
):
263
79
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1986b
.
Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1992
. “
Kimbanguism in the Independence Process
.”
Congo 1955–1960: Recueil D’études
, edited by
Beyens
A.
,
329
42
.
Brussels
:
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1998
. “
Am I Myself? Identities in Zaire, Then and Now
.”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
8
:
291
307
.
Mackay
,
D. J.
1987
. “
Simon Kimbangu and the B.M.S. Tradition
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
17
(
2
):
113
71
.
Mackay
,
Donald
, and
Ntoni-Nzinga
Daniel
.
1993
. “
Kimbangu’s Interlocuter: Nyuvudi’s ‘Nsamu Miangunza (The Story of the Prophets)’
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
23
(
3
):
232
65
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1975
. “
The Background of Prophetic Movements in the Belgian Congo: A Study of the Congolese Reaction to the Policies and Methods of Belgian Colonization and to the Evangelization of the Lower Congo by Catholic and Protestant Missionaries, from 1877 to 1921
.”
PhD diss.
,
Temple University
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1982
.
La Maladie et la guérison en milieu Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1988
.
L’Impact du Christianisme au Manianga
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1989
.
Découvrir la zone de Luozi
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1993
. “
The Presence of Black Americans in the Lower Congo from 1878 to 1921
.” In
Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora, Second Edition
, edited by
Harris
Joseph
,
405
20
.
Washington, DC
:
Howard University Press
.
Mahema
,
Pastor Esther Luhunu
.
2005
.
La Femme vertueuse en milieu Africain
.
Luozi, DRC
:
Presses de l’Université Libre de Luozi
.
Markoff
,
John
, and
Regan
Daniel
.
1981
. “
The Rise and Fall of Civil Religion: Comparative Perspectives
.”
Sociological Analysis
42
(
4
):
333
52
.
Markowitz
,
Marvin
.
1973
.
Cross and Sword: The Political Role of Christian Missions in the Belgian Congo, 1908–1960
.
Stanford, CA
:
Hoover Institution Press
.
Marshall
,
Ruth
.
2009
.
Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Martin
,
Marie-Louise
.
1975
.
Kimbangu: An African Prophet and His Church
.
Oxford
:
Basil Blackwell
.
Martin
,
Phyllis
.
1995
.
Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Martinez-Ruiz
Barbaro
.
2009
. “
Kongo Atlantic Body Language
.” In
Performance, art, et anthropologie (les actes)
.
Accessed March 28, 2015. http://actesbranly.revues.org/462
.
Martinez-Ruiz
Barbaro
.
2013
.
Kongo Graphic Writing and Other Narratives of the Sign
.
Philadelphia
:
Temple University Press
.
Masquelier
,
Adeline
.
2001
.
Prayer Has Spoiled Everything
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Mauss
,
Marcel
.
[1934] 1979
. “
The Techniques of the Body
.” In
Sociology and Psychology, Essays
,
97
135
.
London
:
Routledge and Kegan Paul
.
Mbemba
,
Rudy
.
2002
.
Le procès de Kimpa Vita: La Jeanne d’Arc congolaise
.
Paris
:
Harmattan
.
Mbembe
,
Achille
.
1992
. “
The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Post-colony
.”
Public Culture
4
(
2
):
1
30
.
Mbembe
,
Achille
.
2001
.
On the Postcolony
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Mbembe
,
Achille
.
2002
. “
The Power of the Archive and Its Limits
.” In
Refiguring the Archive
, edited by
Hamilton
Carolyn
,
19
27
.
Cape Town
:
David Phillip
.
McCall
,
John C.
2000
.
Dancing Histories: Heuristic Ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
McClintock
,
Anne
.
1991
.
“No Longer in a Future Heaven”: Women and Nationalism in South Africa
.
Transition
51
:
104
23
.
McEwan
,
Cheryl
.
2000
. “
Engendering Citizenship: Gendered Spaces of Democracy in South Africa
.”
Political Geography
19
:
627
51
.
McGreal
,
Chris
.
1997
. “
Women Hope for Dictator’s Demise
.”
Mail and Guardian
. .
McGuire
,
Meredith
.
1990
. “
Religion and the Body: Rematerializing the Human Body in the Social Sciences of Religion
.”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
29
(
3
):
283
96
.
McGuire
,
Meredith
.
2008
.
Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
McLaurin
,
Irma
.
1996
.
Women of Belize: Gender and Change in Central America
.
New Brunswick, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
.
McLaurin
,
Irma
, ed
2001
.
Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poetics
.
New Brunswick, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
.
McNeil
,
David
, ed
2000
.
Language and Gesture
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Meditz
,
Sandra
, and
Merrill
Tim
.
1994
.
Zaire: A Country Study
.
Washington, DC
:
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
.
Melzer
,
Sara
, and
Norberg
Kathryn
, eds.
1998
.
From the Royal to the Republican Body: Incorporating the Political in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century France
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Mendoza
,
Zoila
.
2000
.
Shaping Society through Dance
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Merleau-Ponty
Maurice
.
[1962] 1981
.
The Phenomenology of Perception
. Translated by
Smith
Colin
.
London
:
Routledge
.
Messick
,
Brinkley
.
1993
.
The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Meyer
,
Birgit
.
2004
. “
Christianity in Africa: From African Independent to Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
33
:
447
74
.
Mianda
,
Gertrude
.
1995
. “
Dans l’ombre de la ‘démocratie’ au Zaïre: La Remise en question de l’émancipation Mobutiste de la femme
.”
Canadian Journal of African Studies
29
(
1
):
51
78
.
Mintz
,
Sidney W.
1986
.
Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
.
New York
:
Penguin
.
Mitchell
,
Timothy
.
1988
.
Colonising Egypt
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Mobutu Sese Seko
,
Joseph-Désiré
.
1975
.
Discours, Allocations, et Messages
.
Kinshasa
:
Publié par le Bureau du Président-Fondateur du mpr
, Vol.
2
.
Mobutu Sese Seko
,
Joseph-Désiré
.
1983
.
Discours, Allocations, et Messages
.
Kinshasa
:
Publié par le Bureau du Président-Fondateur du mpr
, Vol.
3
.
Molyneux
,
Gordon
.
1990
. “
The Place and Function of Hymns in the ejcsk (Eglise de Jésus-Christ sur terre par le Prophète Simon Kimbangu)
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
20
(
2
):
153
87
.
Mona
,
Franck
.
2007
. “
La Cei coupe court a la contestation par l’UN de l’election du gouverneur et vice-gouverneur du Bas-Congo
.”
Le Potential
,
February
1
. .
Monteiro
,
Joachim John
.
1875
.
Angola and the River Congo (Volume II)
.
London
:
MacMillan and Co
.
MONUC Human Rights Division
.
2008
.
Special Report: Special Inquiry into the Bas Congo Events of February and March 2008
.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
.
Moon
,
Seungsook
.
2005
.
Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Morel
,
E. D.
1907
.
Red Rubber: The Story of the Rubber Slave Trade Flourishing on the Congo in the Year of Grace 1907
.
London
:
T. F. Unwin
.
MPR (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution)
.
1967
.
Manifeste de la N’sele
.
Zaire
:
Mouvement populaire de la revolution
.
Mudimbe
,
V. Y.
1988
.
The Invention of Africa
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Mudimbe
,
V. Y.
1994
.
The Idea of Africa
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Narayan
,
Kirin
.
1993
. “
How Native Is a Native Anthropologist?
American Anthropologist
95
(
3
):
671
86
.
Ndaywel è Nziem
Isidore
.
1998
.
Histoire gdu Congo
.
Paris
:
De Boeck and Larcier
.
Nicholaï
,
Henri
.
1960
. “
Luozi: géographie régionale d’un pays du Bas-Congo
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, Classe des Sciences Naturelles et Médicales, Mémoires
12
(
5
):
1
104
.
Nkanga
,
Dieudonne Mbala
.
1992
. “
‘Radio Trottoir’ in Central Africa
.”
Passages
4
:
4
5
,
8
.
Noland
,
Carrie
.
2009
.
Agency and Embodiment: Performing Gestures/Producing Culture
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Noland
,
Carrie
, and
Ness
Sally Ann
, eds.
2008
.
Migrations of Gesture
.
Minneapolis
:
University of Minnesota Press
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1994a
.
Le Culte Pan Africain
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1994b
.
L’Espace culturel Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1995
.
L’Union federale du Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1996
.
Connaître le Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
n.d.
Les Enfants de Ne Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nzongola-Ntalaja
Georges
.
2002
.
The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History
.
London
:
Zed
.
Olesky
,
Elzbieta
,
Hearn
Jeff
, and
Golanska
Dorota
, eds.
2011
.
The Limits of Gendered Citizenship: Contexts and Complexities
.
London
:
Routledge
.
Ong
,
Aihwa
.
1987
.
Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline
.
Albany
:
SUNY Press
.
Parsons
,
Talcott
.
1986
. “
Power and the Social System
.” In
Power
, edited by
Lukes
Steven
,
94
143
.
Oxford
:
Basil Blackwell
.
Pemberton
,
Jeremy
.
1993
. “
The History of Simon Kimbangu, Prophet by the Writers Nfinangani and Nzungu 1921: An Introduction and Annotated Translation
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
23
(
3
):
194
231
.
Pierre
,
Jemima
.
2012
.
The Predicament of Blackness: Postcolonial Ghana and the Politics of Race.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Pruden
,
Wesley
.
2009
. “
Obama Bows, the Nation Cringes
.”
Washington Times
,
November
17
:
a4
. .
Pype
,
Katrien
.
2007
. “
Fighting Boys, Strong Men, and Gorillas: Notes on the Imagination of Masculinities in Kinshasa
.”
Africa
77
(
2
):
250
71
.
Ranger
,
Terence
.
1975
.
Dance and Society in East Africa, 1890–1970: The Beni Ngoma
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Ranger
,
Terence
.
1986
. “
Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa
.”
African Studies Review
29
:
1
69
.
Reardon
,
Ruth Slade
.
1968
. “
Catholics and Protestants in the Congo
.” In
Christianity in Tropical Africa
, edited by
Baeta
C. G.
,
83
98
.
London
:
Oxford University Press
.
Reed
,
Susan A.
1998
. “
The Politics and Poetics of Dance
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
, no.
27
:
503
32
.
Remilleux
,
Jean-Louis
, and
Seko
Mobutu Sese
.
1989
.
Dignité pour l’Afrique
.
Paris
:
A. Michel
.
Renne
,
Elisha
.
2004
. “
Dressing in the Stuff of Dreams: Sacred Dress and Religious Authority in Southwestern Nigeria
.”
Dreaming
14
(
2–3
):
120
35
.
Roberts
,
Allen
.
2013
.
A Dance of Assassins: Performing Early Colonial Hegemony in the Congo
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Rose
,
Tricia
.
1994
.
Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America
.
Hanover, NH
:
Wesleyan University Press
.
Royce
,
Anya
.
1977
.
The Anthropology of Dance
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Royce
,
Anya
.
1984
.
Movement and Meaning: Creativity and Interpretation in Ballet and Mime
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Rushforth
,
Scott
.
1994
. “
Political Resistance in a Contemporary Hunter-Gatherer Society: More about Bearlake Atapaskan Knowledge and Authority
.”
American Ethnologist
21
(
2
):
335
52
.
Ryckmans
,
André
.
1970
.
Les mouvements prophétiques Kongo en 1958
.
Kinshasa
:
Bureau Organisation des Programmes Ruraux
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
1978
. “
Fidélité au Guide: The j.m.p.r. in Zairian Schools
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
16
(
3
):
417
31
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
1979
. “
The State and the Economy: The ‘Radicalization of the Revolution’ of Mobutu’s Zaire
.”
Canadian Journal of African Studies
14
(
2
):
239
57
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
1988
.
The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
2001
.
Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Schechner
,
Richard
.
1985
.
Between Theatre and Anthropology
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
Schechner
,
Richard
.
2013
.
Performance Studies: An Introduction
, 3rd edition.
London
:
Routledge
.
Schepler
,
Susan
.
2010
. “
Youth Music and Politics in Post-war Sierra Leone
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
48
(
4
):
627
42
.
Schieffelin
,
Edward
.
1997
. “
Problematizing Performance
.” In
Ritual, Performance, Media
, edited by
Hughes-Freeland
Felicia
,
199
211
.
London
:
Routledge
.
Schoepf
,
Brooke G.
2002
. “
‘Mobutu’s Disease’: A Social History of aids in Kinshasa
.”
Review of African Political Economy
29
(
93/94
):
561
73
.
Scott
,
James
.
1985
.
Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance
.
New Haven, CT
:
Yale University Press
.
Searle
,
John R.
1983
.
Intentionality
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Searle
,
John R.
1992
.
The Rediscovery of the Mind
.
Cambridge, MA
:
MIT Press
.
Shaw
,
Rosalind
.
2002
.
Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Simbandumwe
,
Samuel
.
1992
. “
Understanding the Role of a Modern Prophet in Kimbanguist Hymns
.”
History of Religion
32
(
2
):
165
83
.
Simmons
,
Kimberly
.
2009
.
Reconstructing Racial Identity and the African Past in the Dominican Republic
.
Gainesville
:
University Press of Florida
.
Sinda
,
Martial
.
1972
.
Le Messianisme Congolais
.
Paris
:
Payot
.
Singer
,
Milton
, ed
1959
.
Traditional India: Structure and Change
.
Philadelphia
:
American Folklore Society
.
Slade
,
Ruth
.
1959
.
English-Speaking Missions in the Congo Independent State (1878–1908)
.
Brussels
:
80 A rue de Livourne
.
Slocum
,
Karla
.
2001
. “
Negotiating Identity and Black Feminist Politics in Caribbean Research
.” In
Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poetics
, edited by
McLaurin
Irma
,
126
49
.
New Brunswick, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
.
Smith
,
Anthony
.
1996
. “
The Origin of Nations
.” In
Becoming National: A Reader
, edited by
Ely
Geoff
and
Suny
Ronald
,
107
30
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Smith
,
Anthony D.
2002
. “
When Is a Nation
.”
Geopolitics
7
(
2
):
5
32
.
Smith
,
Anthony
.
2006
. “
Ethnicity and Nationalism
.” In
The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism
, edited by
Delanty
Gerard
and
Kumar
Krishan
,
169
81
.
London
:
Sage
.
Smith
,
Christian
.
2003
.
Moral, Believing Animals
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Stoler
,
Ann
.
2002
. “
Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance
.”
Archival Science
2
:
87
109
.
Stoller
,
Paul
.
1989
.
Fusion of the Worlds: An Ethnography of Possession among the Songhay of Niger.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Stoller
,
Paul
.
1995
.
Embodying Colonial Memories: Spirit Possession, Power, and the Hauka in West Africa
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Stoller
,
Paul
.
1997
.
Sensuous Scholarship
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
Straker
,
Jay
.
2007
. “
Stories of ‘Militant Theater’ in the Guinean Forest: Demystifying the Motives and Moralities of a Revolutionary Nation-State
.”
Journal of African Cultural Studies
19
(
2
):
207
33
.
Straker
,
Jay
.
2009
.
Youth, Nationalism, and the Guinean Revolution
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Strathern
,
Andrew
.
1996
.
Body Thoughts
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
Strine
,
Mary
,
Long
Beverly Whitaker
, and
Hopkins
Mary Frances
.
1990
. “
Research Trends in Interpretation and Performance Studies: Trends, Issues, Priorities
.” In
Speech Communication: Essays to Commemorate the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Speech Communication Association
, edited by
Philips
Gerald
and
Wood
Julia
,
181
204
.
Carbondale
:
Southern Illinois University Press
.
Swartz
,
Marc J.
,
Turner
Victor W.
, and
Tuden
Arthur
, eds
1966
.
Political Anthropology
.
Chicago
:
Aldine
.
Taylor
,
Diana
.
2003
.
The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Terreur à Luozi et à Seke-Banza: Bundu dia Kongo défie l’autorité de l’Etat!
2008
.
Uhuru
,
February
28
. .
Thassinda
,
uba Thassinda
.
1992
.
Zaire, les princes de l’invisible: L’Afrique noire bâillonnée par le parti unique
.
Caen, France
:
Editions C’est-à-dire
.
Thomas
,
Sir Keith
.
1992
.
Introduction to A Cultural History of Gesture
, edited by
Bremmer
Jan
and
Roodenburg
Herman
,
1
14
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
1974
.
African Art in Motion: Icon and Art in the Collection of Katherine Coryton White
.
Los Angeles
:
University of California Press
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
1983
.
Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy
.
New York
:
Random House
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
2002
.
Le Geste Kongo
.
Paris
:
Museum Dapper
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
2005
.
Tango: The Art History of Love
.
New York
:
Pantheon Books
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
, and
Cornet
Joseph
.
1981
.
The Four Moments of the Sun: Kongo Art in Two Worlds
.
Washington, DC
:
National Gallery of Art
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1983
.
The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1984
. “
The Development of an African Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1491–1750
.”
Journal of African History
25
(
2
):
147
67
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1991
. “
African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion
.”
American Historical Review
96
(
4
):
1101
13
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1998
.
The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Thornton
,
John K.
2001
. “
The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1350–1550
.”
International Journal of African Historical Studies
34
(
1
) (
2001
):
1
31
.
Thornton
,
John K.
2004
. “
Origin Traditions and History in Central Africa
.”
African Arts
37
(
1
):
32
37
,
93
94
.
Toso
,
Carlo
.
1984
.
L’anarchia congolese nel sec. XVII: la relazione inedita di Marcellino d’Atri
.
Genova
:
Bozzi
.
Turner
,
Bryan
.
1984
.
The Body and Society
.
Oxford
:
B. Blackwell
.
Turner
,
Victor
.
1987
.
The Anthropology of Performance
.
New York
:
PAJ Publications
.
Ulysse
,
Gina
.
2007
.
Downtown Ladies: Informal Commercial Importers, A Haitian Anthropologist, and Self-Making in Jamaica
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Van Wing
,
Joseph
.
1937
. “
Les Danses Bakongo
.”
Congo: Revue générale de la Colonie Belge
2
(
2
):
121
31
.
Van Wing
,
Joseph
.
1958
. “
Le Kibangisme vu par un temoin
.”
Zaire: Revue Congolaise
12
(
6
):
563
618
.
Van Wolputte
,
Steven
.
2004
. “
Hang On to Your Self: Of Bodies, Embodiment, and Selves
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
33
:
251
69
.
Vansina
Jan
.
1966
.
Kingdoms of the Savanna
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Vansina
Jan
.
1990
.
Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Vansina
,
Jan
,
Craemer
Willy de
, and
Fox
Renee
.
1976
. “
Religious Movements in Central Africa: A Theoretical Study
.”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
18
(
4
):
458
75
.
Vellut
,
Jean-Luc
.
1987
. “
Résistances et espaces de liberté dans l’histoire coloniale du Zaïre: Avant la marche à L’Indépendance (ca. 1876–1945)
.” In
Rébellions-Révolutions au Zaïre, 1963–1965
Vol.
1
, edited by
Coquery-Vidrovitch
Catherine
,
Forest
Alain
, and
Weiss
Herbert
,
55
66
.
Paris
:
L’Harmattan
.
Vellut
,
Jean-Luc
, ed.
2005
.
Simon Kimbangu 1921: De la predication à la deportation; Les Sources. Vol. 1, Fonds missionaries protestants (1), Alliance missionaire suédoise (Svenska Missionsförbundet, smf)
.
Brussels
:
Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outre Mer
.
Vellut
,
Jean-Luc
, ed.
2010
.
Simon Kimbangu 1921: De la predication à la deportation; Les Sources. Vol. 1, Fonds missionaries protestants (2), Missions Baptistes et autres traditions évangéliques
.
Brussels
:
Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outre Mer
.
Verhaegen
,
Benoît
.
1962
.
ABAKO Documents, 1950–1960
.
Brussels
:
Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-politiques (CRISP)
.
Verhaegen
,
Benoît
.
2003
.
L’ABAKO et l’indépendance du congo belge: dix ans de nationalisme kongo, 1950–1960
.
Paris
:
L’Harmattan
.
Wagner
,
Ann
.
1997
.
Adversaries of Dance
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
.
Wamba
,
Philippe
.
1999
.
Kinship: A Family’s Journey in Africa and America
.
New York
:
Dutton/Penguin
.
Wamba-dia-Wamba
Ernest
.
1999
. “
Bundu dia Kongo: A Kongolese Fundamentalist Religious Movement
.” In
East African Expressions of Christianity
, edited by
Spear
Thomas
and
Kimambo
Isaria
,
213
28
.
Athens
:
Ohio University Press
.
Weber
,
Max
.
1968
.
Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology
.
New York
:
Bedminster
.
Wedeen
,
Lisa
.
2008
.
Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Weisenfeld
,
Judith
.
2013
. “
Invisible Women: On Women and Gender in the Study of African American Religious History
.”
Journal of Africana Religions
1
(
1
):
133
49
.
Weiss
,
Gail
.
1999
.
Body Images: Embodiment as Intercorporeality
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Werbner
,
Pnina
, and
Yuval-Davis
Nira
, eds.
1999
.
Women, Citizenship, and Difference
.
London
:
Zed
.
West
,
Ellis
.
1980
. “
Proposed Neutral Definition of Civil Religion
.”
Journal of Church and State
22
(
1
):
23
40
.
White
,
Bob
.
2006
. “
L’Incroyable machine d’authenticité: L’animation politique et l’usage public de la culture dans le Zaire de Mobutu
.”
Anthropologie et Sociétés
30
(
2
):
43
63
.
White
,
Bob
.
2008
.
Rumba Rules: The Politics of Dance Music in Mobutu’s Zaire
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Wild-Wood
Emma
.
2007
. “
‘Se Débrouiller’ or the Art of Serendipity in Historical Research
.”
History in Africa
34
(
1
):
367
81
.
Williams
,
Brackette
.
1996
. “
Skinfolk, Not Kinfolk: Comparative Reflections of the Identity of Participant-Observation in Two Field Situations
.” In
Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork
, edited by
Wolf
Diane
,
72
95
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
Williams
,
Erica
.
2013
.
Sex Tourism in Bahia: Ambiguous Entanglements
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
.
Wolf
,
Diane
, ed
1996
.
Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
World Bank Databank
.
Gender Statistics (Democratic Republic of Congo)
. .
Young
,
Crawford
.
1965
.
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Young
,
Crawford
.
1983
. “
The Northern Republics, 1960–1980
.” In
History of Central Africa
, vol.
2
, edited by
Birmingham
David
and
Martin
Phyllis
,
291
335
.
London
:
Longman
.
Young
,
Crawford
, and
Turner
Thomas
.
1985
.
The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Young
,
Jason
.
2007
.
Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
.
Yuval-Davis
Nira
.
1997
.
Gender and Nation
.
London
:
Sage
.
Zagorin
,
Adam
.
1993
. “
Leaving Fire in His Wake: Mobutu Sese Seko
.”
Time Magazine
,
February
2
. .
Zamenga
,
Batukezanga
.
1979
.
Un Croco a Luozi
.
Kinshasa
:
Zabat
.
Zinnbauer
,
Brian J.
et al
.
1997
. “
Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzying the Fuzzy
.”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
36
(
4
):
549
64
.

Figures & Tables

Contents

Advertisement

References

References

Primary Sources
MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES (ARCHIVES AFRICAINES), BRUSSELS, BELGIUM (AA)

AIMO 1630/9190

AIMO 1630/9184

AIMO 1634/9191B

AIMO 1878/9981

Rapport Annuel, Territoires des Mayumbe, Manianga, Thysville, Luozi

AMERICAN BAPTIST HISTORICAL SOCIETY ARCHIVE, ATLANTA, GEORGIA (ABHS)

Assorted Missionary Correspondence

Assorted Annual Reports

Box 280

BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE, OXFORD, UK (BMSA)

A/38

A/43

A/102

A/126

A/133

NATIONAL ARCHIVES, KINSHASA, DRC

MPR Documents

1973 Festival d’Animation, November 24, 1973. Répertoire Choc des Chansons et Slogans, Révolutionnaires du Bas-Zaire. Carton mpr, Juillet IV.

N.d. Unnumbered document, mpr carton, “Topo et Synthèse de la nouvelle conception.”

PERIODICALS

Alliance Weekly

Baptist Missionary Magazine

Congo Mission News

Congo News Letter

Courrier d’Afrique

Missionary Herald

Salongo

INTERVIEWS CITED IN MANUSCRIPT

Ne Nkamu Luyindula, April 28, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, September 20 and 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Father Masamba, June 3, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC, interview by author and Alain Nkisi.

Tata George Matadi, July 16, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mbumba, July 21, 2005, Mayidi, DRC.

Tata Tuzolana, July 22, 2005, Mayidi, Bas-Congo, interview by author, Ndundu Kivwila, and Abbe Hippolyte Ngimbi.

Mama Nsafu, September 20, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkuku, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Kimfumu, September 29, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Mayazola, October 5, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Ma Ntima, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Mosi, October 10, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Tatu, October 10, 2005, and October 23, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Bangoma, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Nkolele, October 14, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Malanda, October 28, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Yangalala, October 30, 2005, Luozi, DRC.

Pastor Kasambi, November 12, 2005, and July 19, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Group Members of Groupe Traditionelle Manianga, December 17, 2005, Kinshasa, DRC.

Tata Mukiese, January 30, 2006, and February 18, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Ne Zole, February 7 and February 9, 2006, Luozi, DRC.

Dr. Mbala Nkanga, July 19, 2007, Ann Arbor, Michigan (informal interview/conversation).

Tata Kizole, July 20, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Tata Vita, July 21, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Makanda, July 23, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudia, July 25, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Kudada, July 26, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Ma Luzitu, July 27, 2010, Luozi, DRC.

Secondary Sources
Adelman
,
Kenneth Lee
.
1975
. “
The Church-State Conflict in Zaire: 1969–1974
.”
African Studies Review
18
(
1
):
102
16
.
Adelman
,
Kenneth Lee
.
1976
. “
The Zairian Political Party as Religious Surrogate
.”
Africa Today
23
(
4
):
47
58
.
Adler
,
Patricia
, and
Adler
Peter
.
1987
. “
Everyday Life Sociology
.”
Annual Review of Sociology
13
:
217
35
.
Agadjanian
,
Alexander
.
2001
. “
Public Religion and the Quest for National Ideology: Russia’s Media Discourse
.”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
40
(
3
):
351
65
.
Ahman
,
Birgitta
.
[1928] 2003
.
Au pays de palmiers: Récits du Congo écrits par des moniteurs Indigènes
.
Stockholm
:
Èditions Svenska Missionskyrkan
.
Aldén
,
Karl
.
1936
. “
The Prophet Movement in Congo
.”
International Review of Missions
25
:
347
53
.
Allen
,
Jafari
.
2011
.
Venceremos? The Erotics of Black Self-Making in Cuba
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Anderson
,
Benedict
.
1991
.
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
.
London
:
Verso
.
Anderson
,
Scott A.
2008
. “
How Did There Come to Be Two Kinds of Coercion
.”
Amintaphil: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice
2
(
1
):
17
29
.
Andersson
,
Efraim
.
1958
.
Messianic Popular Movements in the Lower Congo
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells Boktryckeri AB
.
Angrosino
,
Michael
.
2002
. “
Civil Religion Redux
.”
Anthropological Quarterly
75
(
2
):
239
67
.
Appadurai
,
Arjun
, ed
1986
.
The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Appiah
,
Kwame Anthony
, and
Gates
Henry Louis
Jr.
1999
.
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
.
New York
:
Basic Civitas Books
.
Arcangeli
,
Alessandro
.
1994
. “
Dance under Trial: The Moral Debate 1200–1600
.”
Dance Research: The Journal for the Society of Dance Research
12
(
2
):
127
55
.
Argenti
,
Nicholas
.
2007
.
The Intestines of the State: Youth, Violence, and Belated Histories in the Cameroon Grassfields
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Arondekar
,
Anjali
.
2005
. “
Without a Trace: Sexuality and the Colonial Archive
.”
Journal of the History of Sexuality
14
(
1/2
):
10
27
.
Arrestation d’une vingtaine de members de ‘Bundu dia Mayala’ l’ex-groupe politico-militaire interdit ‘Bundu dia Kongo
.’”
2012
.
Agence Congolaise de Presse
.
February
20
. .
Asch
,
Susan
.
1983
.
L’eglise du prophète Simon Kimbangu: De ses origines à son rôle actuel au Zaïre, 1921–1981
.
Paris
:
Editions Karthala
.
Askew
,
Kelly M.
2002
.
Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania
.
Chicago
:
Chicago University Press
.
Austin
,
J. L.
1962
.
How to Do Things with Words
.
Oxford
:
Clarendon Press
.
Axelson
,
Sigbert
.
1970
.
Culture Confrontation in the Lower Congo: From the Old Congo Kingdom to the Congo Independent State with Special Reference to the Swedish Missionaries in the 1880’s and 1890’s
.
Sweden
:
Gummessons
.
Bacchi
,
Carol
, and
Beasley
Chris
.
2000a
. “
Citizen Bodies: Embodying Citizens—A Feminist Analysis
.”
International Feminist Journal of Politics
2
(
3
):
337
58
.
Bacchi
,
Carol
, and
Beasley
Chris
.
2002
. “
Citizen Bodies: Is Embodied Citizenship a Contradiction in Terms?
Critical Social Policy
22
(
2
):
324
52
.
Barber
,
Karin
.
1987
. “
Popular Arts in Africa
.”
African Studies Review
30
(
3
):
1
78
.
Batsîkama ba Mampuya ma Ndâwla
,
Raphaël
.
1999
.
L’Ancien Royaume du Congo (Ndona Béatrice and voici les Jagas): Séquences d’histoire populaire
.
Paris
:
L’Harmattan
.
Bauman
,
Richard
.
1989
. “
Performance
.” In
International Encyclopedia of Communication
, edited by
Barnouw
Eric
,
262
66
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Bauman
,
Richard
, and
Briggs
Charles
.
1990
. “
Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
19
:
59
88
.
Bayles
,
Michael
.
[1972] 2009
. “
A Concept of Coercion
.” In
Nomos XIV: Coercion
, edited by
Pennock
J. Roland
and
Chapman
John W.
,
16
29
.
Piscataway, NJ
:
Aldine
.
Begler
,
Elsie B.
1978
. “
Sex, Status, and Authority in Egalitarian Society
.”
American Anthropologist
80
(
3
):
571
88
.
Bellah
,
Robert
.
1967
. “
Civil Religion in America
.”
Daedalus
96
(
1
):
1
21
.
Bernard
,
H. Russell
.
2011
.
Research Methods in Anthropology
. 5th ed.
Lanham, MD
:
Altamira
.
Bernhard
,
Wendy Lee
.
1997
. “
Bundu dia Kongo: A New Non-Christian Religious Movement in Zaire
.”
Master’s thesis
,
Fuller Theological Seminary
.
Berrey
,
Stephen
.
2006
. “
Against the Law: Violence, Crime, State Oppression, and Black Resistance in Jim Crow Mississippi
.”
PhD diss.
,
University of Texas at Austin
.
Bierstedt
,
Robert
.
1950
. “
An Analysis of Social Power
.”
American Sociological Review
15
(
1
):
730
38
.
Bloemraad
,
Irene
,
Korteweg
Anna
, and
Yurdakul
Gokce
.
2008
. “
Citizenship and Immigration: Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Challenges to the Nation-State
.”
Annual Review of Sociology
34
:
153
79
.
Bockie
,
Simon
.
1993
.
Death and the Invisible Powers: The World of Kongo Belief
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Boddy
,
Janice
.
1989
.
Wombs and Alien Spirits
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Bontinck
,
Francois
, trans.
1964
.
Brève relation de la fondation de la mission des frères mineurs Capucins du Séraphique père Saint François au Royaume de Congo, et des particularités, coutumes, et façons de vivre des habitants de ce Royaume
.
Louvain
:
Editions Nauwelaerts
.
Bontinck
,
Francois
.
1969
. “
Le conditionnement historique de l’implantation de l’église Catholique au Congo
.”
Revue de Clerge Africain
24
(
2
):
132
45
.
Bontinck
,
Francois
, trans.
1970
.
Daire congolais de Fra Luca da Caltanisetta (1690–1701)
.
Louvain
:
Editions Nauwelaerts
.
Booth
,
Newell
.
1976
. “
Civil Religion in Traditional Africa
.”
Africa Today
23
(
4
):
59
66
.
Botombele
,
Bokanga Ekanga
.
1976
.
Cultural Policy in the Republic of Zaire
.
Paris
:
UNESCO Press
.
Bourdieu
,
Pierre
.
1977
.
Outline of a Theory of Practice
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Bourdieu
,
Pierre
.
1990
.
The Logic of Practice
.
Cambridge
:
Polity Press
.
Boyle
,
Patrick
.
1995
. “
School Wars: Church, State, and the Death of the Congo
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
33
(
3
):
451
68
.
Braddick
,
Michael J.
, ed
2009
. “
The Politics of Gesture: Historical Perspectives
.”
Special issue, supplement 4, Past and Present
203
.
Bremmer
,
Jan
, and
Roodenburg
Herman
, eds.
1992
.
A Cultural History of Gesture
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Bronner
,
S. J.
1988
. “
Art, Performance, and Praxis: The Rhetoric of Contemporary Folklore Studies
.”
Western Folklore
47
:
75
102
.
Brown
,
Peter
.
1988
.
The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity
.
New York
:
Columbia University Press
.
Brown
,
Ras Michael
.
2012
.
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Low Country
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Burton
,
Richard F.
1876
.
Two Trips to Gorilla Land and the Cataracts of the Congo
. Vol.
2
.
London
:
S. Low and Searle
.
Butler
,
Judith
.
1992
. “
Mbembe’s Extravagant Power
.”
Public Culture
5
(
1
):
67
74
.
Butler
,
Judith
.
2004
. “
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution
.” In
The Performance Studies Reader
, edited by
Bial
Henry
,
154
66
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Callaghy
,
Thomas
.
1984
.
The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective
.
New York
:
Columbia University Press
.
Calme précaire à Luozi: La monuc renforce son dispositif militaire au Bas-Congo
.”
2008
.
Le Potential
,
March
4
. .
Carlson
,
Marvin
.
1996
.
Performance: A Critical Introduction
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Castaldi
,
Francesca
.
2006
.
Choreographies of African Identities: Negritude, Dance, and the National Ballet of Senegal
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
.
Cavazzi
,
Giovanni Antonio
.
1687
.
Istorica Descrizione de Tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola. sitvati nell’Etiopia inferiore occidentale e delle missioni apostoliche esercitateui da religiosi Capuccini
.
Bologna
:
Giacomo Monti
.
Central Intelligence Agency
.
2015
. “
Democratic Republic of the Congo” and “Republic of Congo
.”
The World Factbook
. .
Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-politiques (CRISP)
.
1960
.
Le Kibanguisme
47
:
2
20
.
Courrier Hebdomadaire de CRISP
.
Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-politiques (CRISP)
.
1962
.
A.B.A.K.O. 1950–1960. Documents
.
Brussels
:
L’Imprimerie D. Van Keerberghen & Fils
.
Chomé
,
Jules
.
1959
.
La passion de Simon Kimbangu
.
Brussels
:
Les amis de la Présence Africaine
.
Churchill
,
Awnsham
, and
Churchill
John
.
1704
.
A Collection of Voyages and Travels
.
London
:
Printed by H.C. for A. and J. Churchill
.
Coleman
,
John
.
1970
. “
Civil Religion
.”
Sociological Analysis
31
(
2
):
67
77
.
Comaroff
,
Jean
.
1985
.
Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Comaroff
,
Jean
, and
Comaroff
John
.
1992
.
Ethnography and the Historical Imagination
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview Press
.
Congo Belge, Gouvernement Local
.
1912
.
Recueil bi-Mensuel des ordonnances, circulaires, instructions et ordres de service
, no.
1
(
January
),
circular #14
.
Congo Belge, Gouvernement Local
.
1913
.
Recueil mensuel des ordonnances, circulaires, instructions et ordres de service
, no.
10
(
October
),
circular #139
.
Congo Belge, Gouvernement Local
.
1915
.
Recueil mensuel des ordonnances, circulaires, instructions et ordres de service
, no.
1
(
January
),
circular #2
.
Connerton
,
Paul
.
1989
.
How Societies Remember
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Conrad
,
Joseph
.
1900
. “
The Heart of Darkness
.”
Living Age
,
June
16
August
4
. .
Covington-Ward
,
Yolanda
.
2008
. “
Embodied Histories, Danced Religions, Performed Politics: Kongo Cultural Performance and the Production of History and Authority
.”
PhD diss.
,
University of Michigan
.
Covington-Ward
,
Yolanda
.
2012
. “
Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ABAKO, and Performances of Kongo Nationalism in the Independence of Congo
.”
Journal of Black Studies
43
(
1
):
72
94
.
Covington-Ward
,
Yolanda
.
2014
. “
‘Your Name Is Written in the Sky’: Unearthing the Stories of Kongo Female Prophets in Colonial Belgian Congo, 1921–1960
.”
Journal of Africana Religions
2
(
3
):
317
46
.
Cristi
,
Marcela
.
2001
.
From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion, and Politics
.
Waterloo, Ontario
:
Wilfrid Laurier University Press
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
1993
. “
Somatic Modes of Attention
.”
Cultural Anthropology
8
(
2
):
135
56
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
1999
. “
The Body’s Career in Anthropology
.” In
Anthropological Theory Today
, edited by
Moore
H.
,
172
205
.
Cambridge
:
Polity
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
2008
. “
Intersubjectivity and Intercorporeality
.”
Subjectivity
, no.
22
:
110
21
.
Csordas
,
Thomas
.
2011
. “
Embodiment: Agency, Sexual Difference, and Illness
.” In
Companion to the Anthropology of the Body/Embodiment
, edited by
Mascia-Lees
Frances E.
,
137
56
.
Chichester, UK
:
Wiley-Blackwell
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
.
1939
. “
Les Missions Catholiques en face des danses des Bakongo
.”
Africanae Fraternae Ephemerides Romanae
17
:
143
70
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, ed. and trans.
1953a
. “
Documents sur une mission Française au KaKongo (1766–1776)
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-mer Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires
30
(
1
):
1
132
.
Brussels
:
Institute Royale Coloniale Belge
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, ed. and trans.
1953b
. “
Relations sur le Congo du Père Laurent du Lucques (1700–1717)
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-mer Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires
32
(
2
):
1
358
.
Brussels
:
Institute Royale Coloniale Belge
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, and
Bouveignes
O. de
.
1951
.
Jérôme de Montesarchio: Apôtre du Vieux Congo
.
Namur
:
Grands Lacs
.
Cuvelier
,
Jean
, and
Jadin
Louis
, eds. and trans.
1954
. “
L’ancien Congo d’après les Archives Romaines (1518–1640)
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-mer Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires
36
(
2
):
1
600
.
Brussels
:
Institute Royale Coloniale Belge
.
Dapper
,
Olfert
.
1686
.
Description de la Afrique, contenant les noms, les situations … Translation from Flemish
.
Amsterdam
:
Wolfgang, Waesberge, Boom, and Van Someren
.
Das
,
Veena
.
2008
. “
Violence, Gender, and Subjectivity
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
37
:
283
99
.
Daughtry
,
Carla
.
1997
. “
Greenness in the Field
.”
Michigan Today
29
(
3
):
21
22
.
De Boeck
,
Filip
, and
Plissart
Marie-Françoise
.
2004
.
Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City
.
Tervuren, Belgium
:
Royal Museum of Central Africa
.
DeCapmaker
,
P.
.
1938
. “
Danses des BaKongo
.” In
La Mission et les Joies Populaires: Compte Rendu de la XVIe Semaine de Missiologie de Louvain
,
40
.
Brussels
:
L’edition Universelles, S.A
.
DeFrantz
,
Thomas
, and
Gonzalez
Anita
, eds.
2014
.
Black Performance Theory
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
De Jorio
,
Andrea
.
2000
.
Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity
. Translated by
Kendon
Adam
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Denzin
,
Norman K.
2002
. “
Much Ado about Goffman
.”
American Sociologist
33
(
2
):
105
17
.
Derrida
,
Jacques
.
1996
.
Archive Fever
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
De Saint Moulin
,
Léon
, and
Ducreux
M.
.
1969
. “
Le Phénomène Urbain à Kinshasa: Évolution et Perspective
.”
Études Congolaises
12
(
4
):
117
42
.
Desch-Obi
,
T. J.
2002
. “
Combat and the Crossing of Kalunga
.” In
Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora
, edited by
Heywood
Linda
,
353
72
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Desch-Obi
,
T. J.
2008
.
Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Arts Traditions in the Atlantic World
.
Columbia
:
University of South Carolina Press
.
DeVault
,
Marjorie
, and
Gross
Glenda
.
2007
. “
Feminist Interviewing: Experience, Talk, and Knowledge
.” In
Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis
, edited by
Hesse-Biber
Sharlene
,
173
97
.
Thousand Oaks, CA
:
Sage
.
Devisch
,
René
.
1996
. “
‘Pillaging Jesus’: Healing Churches and the Villagisation of Kinshasa
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
66
(
4
):
555
86
.
Drewal
,
Margaret Thompson
.
1991
. “
The State of Research on Performance in Africa
.”
African Studies Review
34
(
3
):
1
64
.
Drewal
,
Margaret Thompson
.
1992
.
Yoruba Ritual
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Dunn
,
Kevin
.
2003
.
Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity
.
New York
:
Palgrave MacMillan
.
Durkheim
,
Emile
.
[1912] 1995
.
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
.
New York
:
Free Press
.
Durkheim
,
Emile
.
[1915] 1964
.
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
.
London
:
George Allen and Unwin
.
Ebron
,
Paulla
.
2007
. “
Constituting Subjects through Performative Acts
.” In
Africa after Gender?
, edited by
Cole
Catherine
,
Manuh
Takyiwaa
, and
Miescher
Stephan
,
171
90
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Edgell
,
Penny
.
2012
. “
A Cultural Sociology of Religion: New Directions
.”
Annual Review of Sociology
38
:
247
65
.
Edmondson
,
Laura
.
2007
.
Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Eglise du Christ au Congo (ECC) 63 ème Communauté du Saint Esprit en Afrique (CSEA)
.
n.d.
Les Grandes Lignes Doctrinale de la Communauté du Saint Esprit en Afrique
.
Nzieta, Luozi
:
DRC
.
Eley
,
Geoff
, and
Suny
Ronald
, eds.
1996
.
Becoming National: A Reader
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Engelke
,
Matthew
.
2007
.
A Problem of Presence
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Erlmann
,
Veit
.
1996
.
Nightsong: Performance, Power, and Practice in South Africa
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Etambala
,
Mathieu Zana
.
2004
. “
L’État colonial et les missions Catholiques face au mouvement Kimbanguiste à la veille de l’indépendance du Congo Belge 1944–1960
.”
Annales Aequatoria
25
:
95
149
.
Ewing
,
Katherine
.
2006
. “
Revealing and Concealing: Interpersonal Dynamics and the Negotiation of Identity in the Interview
.”
Ethos
34
(
1
):
89
122
.
Fabian
,
Johannes
.
1990
.
Power and Performance: Ethnographic Explorations through Proverbial Wisdom and Theater in Shaba, Zaire
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Fabian
,
Johannes
.
1996
.
Remembering the Present: Painting and Popular History in Zaire
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Fanon
,
Frantz
.
1967
.
Black Skin, White Masks
. Translated by
Markmann
Charles Lam
.
New York
:
Grove
.
Farnell
,
Brenda
.
1995
.
Do You See What I Mean? Plains Indians Sign Talk and the Embodiment of Action
.
Austin
:
University of Texas Press
.
Farnell
,
Brenda
.
1999
. “
Moving Bodies, Acting Selves
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
28
(
1
):
341
73
.
Farnell
,
Brenda
.
2000
. “
Getting Out of Habitus: An Alternative Model of Dynamically Embodied Social Action
.”
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
6
(
3
):
397
418
.
Feci
,
Damaso
.
1972
.
Vie cachée et vie publique de Simon Kimbangu selon la littérature colonial et missionnaire belge
.
Brussels
:
CEDAF (Centre d’étude et de documentation africaines)
.
Feeley-Harnik
Gillian
.
1985
. “
Issues in Divine Kingship
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
14
:
273
313
.
Fields
,
Karen E.
1985
.
Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa
.
Portsmouth, NH
:
Heinemann
.
Fields-Black
Edda
.
2008
.
Deep Roots: Rice Farmers in West Africa and the African Diaspora
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
FORCAD
.
1986
.
Glossaire idéologique du mpr
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions FORCAD
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1978
.
The History of Sexuality: An Introduction
. Vol.
1
.
New York
:
Random House
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1980
. “
Two Lectures
.” In
Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977
, edited by
Gordon
Colin
,
78
133
.
New York
:
Pantheon
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1984
. “
Nietzsche, Genealogy, History
.” In
The Foucault Reader
, edited by
Rabinow
Paul
,
76
100
.
New York
:
Pantheon
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
1991
. “
Governmentality
.” In
The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality
, edited by
Burchell
Graham
,
Gordon
Colin
, and
Miller
Peter
,
87
104
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
[1977] 1995
.
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
.
West-minster, MD
:
Vintage
.
Foucault
,
Michel
.
2000
. “
The Subject and Power
.” In
Michel Foucault, Power
, edited by
Faubion
James
,
326
48
.
New York
:
New Press
.
Franklin
,
John Hope
.
1985
.
George Washington Williams: A Biography
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Frederiksen
,
Bodil Folke
.
1991
. “
Joe, the Sweetest Reading in Africa: Documentation and Discussion of a Popular Magazine in Kenya
.”
African Languages and Cultures
4
(
2
):
135
55
.
Fu-Kiau
,
A. kia Bunseki-Lumanisa
.
1969
.
N’Kongo ye nza yakun’zungidila; nza-Kôngo/Le Mukongo et le monde qui l’entourait. [The MuKongo and the world that surrounds him]
. French translation by
Batukezanga
Zamenga
.
Kinshasa
:
National Office of Research and Development
.
Fu-Kiau
,
A. kia Bunseki-Lumanisa
.
2001
.
African Cosmology of the Bantu-Kongo
.
New York
:
Athelia Henrietta Press
.
Furey
,
Constance
.
2012
. “
Body, Society, and Subjectivity in Religious Studies
.”
Journal of the American Academy of Religion
80
(
1
):
7
33
.
Gast
,
Leon
, and
Hackford
Taylor
, dirs.
1997
.
When We Were Kings
.
94 min. Gramercy Pictures: das Films
.
Geuns
,
Andre
.
1974
. “
Chronologie des Mouvements Religieux Indépendants au Bas-Zaire, particulièrement du Mouvement fondé par le Prophete Simon Kimbangu
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
6
(
3
):
187
222
.
Geurts
,
Kathryn
.
2002
.
Culture and the Senses: Embodiment, Identity, and Well-Being in an African Community
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Gilman
,
Lisa
.
2001
. “
Purchasing Praise: Women, Dancing, and Patronage in Malawi Party Politics
.”
Africa Today
48
(
4
):
43
64
.
Gilman
,
Lisa
.
2004
. “
The Traditionalization of Women’s Dancing, Hegemony, and Politics in Malawi
.”
Journal of Folklore Research
41
(
1
):
33
60
.
Gilman
,
Lisa
.
2009
.
The Dance of Politics: Gender, Performance, and Democratization in Malawi
.
Philadelphia
:
Temple University Press
.
Gilroy
,
Paul
.
1993
.
The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1959
.
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
.
Garden City, NY
:
Doubleday
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1961
.
Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction
.
Indianapolis
:
Bobbs-Merrill
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1967
.
Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-face Behavior
.
Chicago
:
Aldine
.
Goffman
,
Erving
.
1983
. “
The Interaction Order: American Sociological Assoc., 1982 Presidential Address
.”
American Sociological Review
48
(
1
):
1
17
.
Gondola
,
Ch. Didier
.
2002
.
The History of Congo
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood
.
Gordon
,
Edmund
.
1998
.
Disparate Diasporas: Identity and Politics in an Afro-Nicaraguan Community
.
Austin
:
University of Texas Press
.
Gorr
,
Michael
.
1986
. “
Toward a Theory of Coercion
.”
Canadian Journal of Philosophy
16
(
3
):
383
405
.
Gotink
,
Hugo
.
1995
.
Mangembo 1921–1942: Un regard sur l’evangelisation Catholique dans le Territoire de Luozi
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Graham
,
R. H. C.
1921
. “
The Prophets: The Remarkable Movement in Lower Congo
.”
The Missionary Herald
.
Hall
,
David
.
1997
.
Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Harrison
,
Faye
, ed
1991
.
Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further Toward an Anthropology for Liberation
.
Washington, DC
:
Association of Black Anthropologists/American Anthropological Association
.
Haviland
,
John B.
1998
. “
Early Pointing Gestures in Zincantan
.”
Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
8
(
2
):
162
96
.
Haviland
,
John B.
1999
. “
Gesture
.”
Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
9
(
1–2
):
88
91
.
Heywood
,
Linda
, ed
2002
.
Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Hilton
,
Anne
.
1985
.
The Kingdom of Kongo
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Hochschild
,
Adam
.
1998
.
King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
.
Boston
:
Houghton MiӼin
.
Hoskyns
,
Catherine
.
1965
.
The Congo since Independence: January 1960–December 1961
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Huckstep
,
Joan
.
2005
. “
Embodied Nationalism ‘Animation Politique’ (Political Dance) in Zaire: A Case Study of the Dimensionality and Agency of Dance as the Spirit of Individual, Community, and National Identity
.”
PhD diss.
,
Temple University
.
Human Rights Watch
.
2008
.
“We Will Crush You”: The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo
.
New York
:
Human Rights Watch
.
Hunt
,
Nancy Rose
.
1999
.
A Colonial Lexicon of Birth Ritual, Medicalization, and Mobility in the Congo
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Hurston
,
Zora Neale
.
1938
.
Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica
.
Philadelphia
:
J. B. Lippincott
.
Hurston
,
Zora Neale
.
[1942] 1991
.
Dust Tracks on a Road
.
New York
:
Harper Perennial
.
Hymes
,
Dell
.
1975
. “
Breakthrough into Performance
.” In
Folklore: Performance and Communication
, edited by
Ben-Amos
Dan
and
Goldstein
Kenneth
,
11
74
.
The Hague
:
Mouton
.
Institut National de la Statistique
.
1984
.
Résultats provisoires du recensement scientifique de la population du 1er juillet 1984
.
Kinshasa
:
Secrétariat national du recensement
.
Jackson
,
John L.
2001
.
Harlemworld: Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Jackson
,
Michael
.
1989
.
Paths toward a Clearing: Radical Empiricism and Ethnographic Inquiry
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Jacobson-Widding
Anita
.
1979
.
Red—White—Black as a Mode of Thought: A Study of Triadic Classification by Colours in the Ritual Symbolism and Cognitive Thought of the Peoples of the Lower Congo
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksell
.
Jadin
,
Louis
.
1961
. “
Le Congo et la secte des Antoniens. Restauration du royaume sous Pedro IV et la ‘Saint Antoine’ congolaise (1694–1718)
.”
Bulletin de l’Institut Historique Belge de Rome
33
:
411
615
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1971
. “
Kongo Religious Renewal: Iconoclastic and Iconorthostic
.”
Canadian Journal of African Studies
5
(
2
):
135
43
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1972
. “
Laman’s Kongo Ethnography: Observations on Sources, Methodology, and Theory
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
42
(
4
):
316
28
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1977
. “
The Tradition of Renewal in Kongo Religion
.” In
African Religions, A Symposium
, edited by
Booth
Newell S.
Jr.
,
69
115
.
New York
:
Nok
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1978
.
The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1982
.
Lemba, 1650–1930: A Drum of AӼiction in Africa and the New World
.
New York
:
Garland
.
Janzen
,
John
.
1992
.
Ngoma: Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Janzen
,
John
, and
MacGaffey
Wyatt
.
1974
.
An Anthology of Kongo Religion: Primary Texts from Lower Zaire
.
Lawrence
:
University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology
, no.
5
.
Jewsiewicki
,
Bogumil
, and
Mudimbe
V. Y.
.
1993
. “
Africans’ Memories and Contemporary History of Africa
.”
History and Theory
32
(
4
):
1
11
.
Johnson
,
E. Patrick
.
2003
.
Appropriating Blackness: Performance and the Politics of Authenticity
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Jones
,
Donald
, and
Richey
Russell
, eds.
1990
.
American Civil Religion
.
San Francisco
:
Mellen Research University Press
.
Joset
,
Paul-Ernest
.
1968
. “
Quelques mouvements religieux au Bas-Congo et dans l’ex-Afrique Equatoriale Française
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
1
(
2
):
101
28
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1975a
.
African Apostles: Ritual and Conversion in the Church of John Maranke
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1975b
. “
Song and Spirit: The Use of Songs in the Management of Ritual Contexts
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
45
(
2
):
150
66
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1988
. “
Prophetic Performances: Apostolic Prophecy as Social Drama
.”
Theatre Drama Review
32
(
2
):
140
59
.
Jules-Rosette
Bennetta
.
1994
. “
The Future of African Theologies—Situating New Religious Movements in an Epistemological Setting
.”
Social Compass
41
(
1
):
46
95
.
Kabuayi
,
Freddy Mulumba
.
2006
. “
Ne Muanda Nsemi, chef spirituel de Bundu dia Kongo: Il faut absolutment un mini-dialogue avant le 30 juin 2006
.”
Le Potential
,
May
15
. .
Kannyo
,
Edward
.
1979
. “
Post-colonial Politics in Zaire, 1960–79
.” In
Zaire: The Political Economy of Underdevelopment
, edited by
Gran
Guy
,
54
68
.
New York
:
Praeger
.
Kapalanga
,
Gazungil Sang’Amin
.
1989
. “
Les spectacle d’animation politique en République du Zaire: Analyse des mécanismes de reprise, d’actualisation et de politisation des formes culturelles africaines dans les créations spectaculaires modernes
.”
PhD diss., Centre d’Etudes Théâtrales
,
Université de Catholique de Louvain
.
Kaplan
,
Irving
.
1979
.
Zaire: A Country Study
.
Washington, DC
:
American University
.
Kavenadiambuko Ngemba Ntime
.
1999
.
La Methode d’evangelisation des Redemptoristes Belges au Bas-Congo (1899–1919)
.
Rome
:
Editrice Pontificia Universita Gregoriana
.
Kayembe-Buba
.
1970
.
Histoire et signification de Djalelo
.
Kinshasa
:
Impr. de Kinshasa
.
Kendon
,
Adam
.
1997
. “
Gesture
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
26
:
109
28
.
Kendon
,
Adam
.
2004
.
Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Kim
,
Suk-Young
.
2010
.
Illusive Utopia: Theater, Film, and Everyday Performance in North Korea
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
Kodi
,
M. W.
1993
. “
The 1921 Pan-African Congress at Brussels: A Background to Belgian Pressures
.” In
Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora
, 2nd ed., edited by
Harris
Joseph
,
263
88
.
Washington, DC
:
Howard University Press
.
Koren
,
Henry J.
1958
.
The Spiritans: A History of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost
.
Pittsburgh
:
Duquesne University Press
.
Kottak
,
Conrad
.
2006
.
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity
. 11th ed.
New York
:
McGraw-Hill
.
Kratz
,
Michaël
.
1970
.
La Mission des Rédemptoristes Belges au Bas-Congo: La Période des semailles (1899–1920)
.
Brussels
:
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer
.
Kurtz
,
Donald
.
2001
.
Political Anthropology: Paradigms and Power
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
La Fontaine
,
J. S.
1970
.
City Politics: A Study of Leopoldville, 1962–1963
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Lagergren
,
David
.
1970
.
Mission and State in the Congo: A Study of the Relations between Protestant Missions and the Congo Independent State Authorities with Special Reference to the Equator District, 1885–1903
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
1957
.
The Kongo
Vol.
2
.
Uppsala, Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
1962
.
The Kongo
Vol.
3
. Uppsala,
Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
[1936] 1964
.
Dictionnaire KiKongo-Francais
.
Ridgewood, NJ
:
Gregg
.
Laman
,
Karl
.
1968
.
The Kongo
Vol.
4
. Uppsala,
Sweden
:
Almqvist and Wiksells
.
Lambek
,
Michael
.
1990
. “
Certain Knowledge, Contestable Authority: Power and Practice on the Islamic Periphery
.”
American Ethnologist
17
(
1
):
23
40
.
Le député national élu de Luozi Ne Muanda Nsemi appelé à raffermir la paix au Bas-Congo
.”
2008
.
Agence Congolaise de Presse
,
February
19
.
Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/49911#
.
Leese
,
Daniel
.
2011
.
Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China’s Cultural Revolution
.
New York
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Leiser
,
Burton
.
2008
. “
On Coercion
.”
Amintaphil: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice
2
(
1
):
31
43
.
Lemarchand
,
Rene
.
1961
. “
The Bases of Nationalism among the BaKongo
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
31
(
4
):
344
54
.
Lerrigo
,
Peter Hugh James
.
1922
.
Rock-Breakers: Kingdom Building in Kongo Land
.
Philadelphia
:
Judson
.
Lewis
,
M. Paul
,
Simons
Gary F.
, and
Fennig
Charles D.
, eds.
2015
. “
Koongo
.”
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition
.
Dallas
:
SIL International
. .
Lock
,
Margaret
.
1993
. “
The Anthropology of the Body
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
22
:
133
53
.
Lutete
,
Celestin
.
2008
. “
Affaire BDK: La MONUC promet de diligenter une enquête sur les violations des droits de l’homme au Bas-Congo
.”
March
13
. .
Lutunu
,
Diawawana Mfumu
.
1982
. “
Historique et structure de la Communauté du Saint-Esprit en Afrique (1961–1981)
.”
Master’s thesis
,
Protestant Faculty of Theology in Zaire
.
Lyons
,
Maryinez
.
1992
.
The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900–1940
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Mabandu
,
Rachidi
.
2008
. “
Révolte de Bundu dia Kongo: La sang continue à couler a Bas-Congo
.”
Forum des As
,
March
5
. .
MacAloon
,
John
, ed
1984
.
Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals toward a Theory of Cultural Performance
.
Philadelphia
:
Institute for the Study of Human Issues
.
MacGaffey
,
Janet
.
1988
. “
Evading Male Control: Women in the Second Economy in Zaire
.” In
Patriarchy and Class: African Women at Home and in the Workforce
, edited by
Stichter
Sharon
and
Parpart
Jane
,
161
76
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
MacGaffey
,
Janet
.
1991
.
The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1968
. “
Kongo and the King of the Americans
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
6
(
2
):
171
81
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1970
.
Custom and Government in the Lower Congo
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1972
. “
Comparative Analysis of Central African Religions
.”
Africa
(
42
):
21
31
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1977
. “
Cultural Roots of Kongo Prophetism
.”
History of Religions
17
(
2
):
177
93
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1983
.
Modern Kongo Prophets: Religion in a Plural Society
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1986a
. “
Ethnography and the Closing of the Frontier in Lower Congo, 1885–1921
.”
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
56
(
3
):
263
79
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1986b
.
Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1992
. “
Kimbanguism in the Independence Process
.”
Congo 1955–1960: Recueil D’études
, edited by
Beyens
A.
,
329
42
.
Brussels
:
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer
.
MacGaffey
,
Wyatt
.
1998
. “
Am I Myself? Identities in Zaire, Then and Now
.”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
8
:
291
307
.
Mackay
,
D. J.
1987
. “
Simon Kimbangu and the B.M.S. Tradition
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
17
(
2
):
113
71
.
Mackay
,
Donald
, and
Ntoni-Nzinga
Daniel
.
1993
. “
Kimbangu’s Interlocuter: Nyuvudi’s ‘Nsamu Miangunza (The Story of the Prophets)’
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
23
(
3
):
232
65
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1975
. “
The Background of Prophetic Movements in the Belgian Congo: A Study of the Congolese Reaction to the Policies and Methods of Belgian Colonization and to the Evangelization of the Lower Congo by Catholic and Protestant Missionaries, from 1877 to 1921
.”
PhD diss.
,
Temple University
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1982
.
La Maladie et la guérison en milieu Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1988
.
L’Impact du Christianisme au Manianga
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1989
.
Découvrir la zone de Luozi
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Centre de Vulgarisation Agricole
.
Mahaniah
,
Kimpianga
.
1993
. “
The Presence of Black Americans in the Lower Congo from 1878 to 1921
.” In
Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora, Second Edition
, edited by
Harris
Joseph
,
405
20
.
Washington, DC
:
Howard University Press
.
Mahema
,
Pastor Esther Luhunu
.
2005
.
La Femme vertueuse en milieu Africain
.
Luozi, DRC
:
Presses de l’Université Libre de Luozi
.
Markoff
,
John
, and
Regan
Daniel
.
1981
. “
The Rise and Fall of Civil Religion: Comparative Perspectives
.”
Sociological Analysis
42
(
4
):
333
52
.
Markowitz
,
Marvin
.
1973
.
Cross and Sword: The Political Role of Christian Missions in the Belgian Congo, 1908–1960
.
Stanford, CA
:
Hoover Institution Press
.
Marshall
,
Ruth
.
2009
.
Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Martin
,
Marie-Louise
.
1975
.
Kimbangu: An African Prophet and His Church
.
Oxford
:
Basil Blackwell
.
Martin
,
Phyllis
.
1995
.
Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Martinez-Ruiz
Barbaro
.
2009
. “
Kongo Atlantic Body Language
.” In
Performance, art, et anthropologie (les actes)
.
Accessed March 28, 2015. http://actesbranly.revues.org/462
.
Martinez-Ruiz
Barbaro
.
2013
.
Kongo Graphic Writing and Other Narratives of the Sign
.
Philadelphia
:
Temple University Press
.
Masquelier
,
Adeline
.
2001
.
Prayer Has Spoiled Everything
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Mauss
,
Marcel
.
[1934] 1979
. “
The Techniques of the Body
.” In
Sociology and Psychology, Essays
,
97
135
.
London
:
Routledge and Kegan Paul
.
Mbemba
,
Rudy
.
2002
.
Le procès de Kimpa Vita: La Jeanne d’Arc congolaise
.
Paris
:
Harmattan
.
Mbembe
,
Achille
.
1992
. “
The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Post-colony
.”
Public Culture
4
(
2
):
1
30
.
Mbembe
,
Achille
.
2001
.
On the Postcolony
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Mbembe
,
Achille
.
2002
. “
The Power of the Archive and Its Limits
.” In
Refiguring the Archive
, edited by
Hamilton
Carolyn
,
19
27
.
Cape Town
:
David Phillip
.
McCall
,
John C.
2000
.
Dancing Histories: Heuristic Ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
McClintock
,
Anne
.
1991
.
“No Longer in a Future Heaven”: Women and Nationalism in South Africa
.
Transition
51
:
104
23
.
McEwan
,
Cheryl
.
2000
. “
Engendering Citizenship: Gendered Spaces of Democracy in South Africa
.”
Political Geography
19
:
627
51
.
McGreal
,
Chris
.
1997
. “
Women Hope for Dictator’s Demise
.”
Mail and Guardian
. .
McGuire
,
Meredith
.
1990
. “
Religion and the Body: Rematerializing the Human Body in the Social Sciences of Religion
.”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
29
(
3
):
283
96
.
McGuire
,
Meredith
.
2008
.
Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
McLaurin
,
Irma
.
1996
.
Women of Belize: Gender and Change in Central America
.
New Brunswick, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
.
McLaurin
,
Irma
, ed
2001
.
Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poetics
.
New Brunswick, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
.
McNeil
,
David
, ed
2000
.
Language and Gesture
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Meditz
,
Sandra
, and
Merrill
Tim
.
1994
.
Zaire: A Country Study
.
Washington, DC
:
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
.
Melzer
,
Sara
, and
Norberg
Kathryn
, eds.
1998
.
From the Royal to the Republican Body: Incorporating the Political in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century France
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Mendoza
,
Zoila
.
2000
.
Shaping Society through Dance
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Merleau-Ponty
Maurice
.
[1962] 1981
.
The Phenomenology of Perception
. Translated by
Smith
Colin
.
London
:
Routledge
.
Messick
,
Brinkley
.
1993
.
The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Meyer
,
Birgit
.
2004
. “
Christianity in Africa: From African Independent to Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
33
:
447
74
.
Mianda
,
Gertrude
.
1995
. “
Dans l’ombre de la ‘démocratie’ au Zaïre: La Remise en question de l’émancipation Mobutiste de la femme
.”
Canadian Journal of African Studies
29
(
1
):
51
78
.
Mintz
,
Sidney W.
1986
.
Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
.
New York
:
Penguin
.
Mitchell
,
Timothy
.
1988
.
Colonising Egypt
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Mobutu Sese Seko
,
Joseph-Désiré
.
1975
.
Discours, Allocations, et Messages
.
Kinshasa
:
Publié par le Bureau du Président-Fondateur du mpr
, Vol.
2
.
Mobutu Sese Seko
,
Joseph-Désiré
.
1983
.
Discours, Allocations, et Messages
.
Kinshasa
:
Publié par le Bureau du Président-Fondateur du mpr
, Vol.
3
.
Molyneux
,
Gordon
.
1990
. “
The Place and Function of Hymns in the ejcsk (Eglise de Jésus-Christ sur terre par le Prophète Simon Kimbangu)
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
20
(
2
):
153
87
.
Mona
,
Franck
.
2007
. “
La Cei coupe court a la contestation par l’UN de l’election du gouverneur et vice-gouverneur du Bas-Congo
.”
Le Potential
,
February
1
. .
Monteiro
,
Joachim John
.
1875
.
Angola and the River Congo (Volume II)
.
London
:
MacMillan and Co
.
MONUC Human Rights Division
.
2008
.
Special Report: Special Inquiry into the Bas Congo Events of February and March 2008
.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
.
Moon
,
Seungsook
.
2005
.
Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Morel
,
E. D.
1907
.
Red Rubber: The Story of the Rubber Slave Trade Flourishing on the Congo in the Year of Grace 1907
.
London
:
T. F. Unwin
.
MPR (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution)
.
1967
.
Manifeste de la N’sele
.
Zaire
:
Mouvement populaire de la revolution
.
Mudimbe
,
V. Y.
1988
.
The Invention of Africa
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Mudimbe
,
V. Y.
1994
.
The Idea of Africa
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Narayan
,
Kirin
.
1993
. “
How Native Is a Native Anthropologist?
American Anthropologist
95
(
3
):
671
86
.
Ndaywel è Nziem
Isidore
.
1998
.
Histoire gdu Congo
.
Paris
:
De Boeck and Larcier
.
Nicholaï
,
Henri
.
1960
. “
Luozi: géographie régionale d’un pays du Bas-Congo
.”
Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, Classe des Sciences Naturelles et Médicales, Mémoires
12
(
5
):
1
104
.
Nkanga
,
Dieudonne Mbala
.
1992
. “
‘Radio Trottoir’ in Central Africa
.”
Passages
4
:
4
5
,
8
.
Noland
,
Carrie
.
2009
.
Agency and Embodiment: Performing Gestures/Producing Culture
.
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
.
Noland
,
Carrie
, and
Ness
Sally Ann
, eds.
2008
.
Migrations of Gesture
.
Minneapolis
:
University of Minnesota Press
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1994a
.
Le Culte Pan Africain
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1994b
.
L’Espace culturel Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1995
.
L’Union federale du Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
1996
.
Connaître le Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nsemi
,
Ne Muanda
.
n.d.
Les Enfants de Ne Kongo
.
Kinshasa
:
Editions Mpolo Ngimbi
.
Nzongola-Ntalaja
Georges
.
2002
.
The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History
.
London
:
Zed
.
Olesky
,
Elzbieta
,
Hearn
Jeff
, and
Golanska
Dorota
, eds.
2011
.
The Limits of Gendered Citizenship: Contexts and Complexities
.
London
:
Routledge
.
Ong
,
Aihwa
.
1987
.
Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline
.
Albany
:
SUNY Press
.
Parsons
,
Talcott
.
1986
. “
Power and the Social System
.” In
Power
, edited by
Lukes
Steven
,
94
143
.
Oxford
:
Basil Blackwell
.
Pemberton
,
Jeremy
.
1993
. “
The History of Simon Kimbangu, Prophet by the Writers Nfinangani and Nzungu 1921: An Introduction and Annotated Translation
.”
Journal of Religion in Africa
23
(
3
):
194
231
.
Pierre
,
Jemima
.
2012
.
The Predicament of Blackness: Postcolonial Ghana and the Politics of Race.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Pruden
,
Wesley
.
2009
. “
Obama Bows, the Nation Cringes
.”
Washington Times
,
November
17
:
a4
. .
Pype
,
Katrien
.
2007
. “
Fighting Boys, Strong Men, and Gorillas: Notes on the Imagination of Masculinities in Kinshasa
.”
Africa
77
(
2
):
250
71
.
Ranger
,
Terence
.
1975
.
Dance and Society in East Africa, 1890–1970: The Beni Ngoma
.
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
.
Ranger
,
Terence
.
1986
. “
Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa
.”
African Studies Review
29
:
1
69
.
Reardon
,
Ruth Slade
.
1968
. “
Catholics and Protestants in the Congo
.” In
Christianity in Tropical Africa
, edited by
Baeta
C. G.
,
83
98
.
London
:
Oxford University Press
.
Reed
,
Susan A.
1998
. “
The Politics and Poetics of Dance
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
, no.
27
:
503
32
.
Remilleux
,
Jean-Louis
, and
Seko
Mobutu Sese
.
1989
.
Dignité pour l’Afrique
.
Paris
:
A. Michel
.
Renne
,
Elisha
.
2004
. “
Dressing in the Stuff of Dreams: Sacred Dress and Religious Authority in Southwestern Nigeria
.”
Dreaming
14
(
2–3
):
120
35
.
Roberts
,
Allen
.
2013
.
A Dance of Assassins: Performing Early Colonial Hegemony in the Congo
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Rose
,
Tricia
.
1994
.
Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America
.
Hanover, NH
:
Wesleyan University Press
.
Royce
,
Anya
.
1977
.
The Anthropology of Dance
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Royce
,
Anya
.
1984
.
Movement and Meaning: Creativity and Interpretation in Ballet and Mime
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Rushforth
,
Scott
.
1994
. “
Political Resistance in a Contemporary Hunter-Gatherer Society: More about Bearlake Atapaskan Knowledge and Authority
.”
American Ethnologist
21
(
2
):
335
52
.
Ryckmans
,
André
.
1970
.
Les mouvements prophétiques Kongo en 1958
.
Kinshasa
:
Bureau Organisation des Programmes Ruraux
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
1978
. “
Fidélité au Guide: The j.m.p.r. in Zairian Schools
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
16
(
3
):
417
31
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
1979
. “
The State and the Economy: The ‘Radicalization of the Revolution’ of Mobutu’s Zaire
.”
Canadian Journal of African Studies
14
(
2
):
239
57
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
1988
.
The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Schatzberg
,
Michael
.
2001
.
Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Schechner
,
Richard
.
1985
.
Between Theatre and Anthropology
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
Schechner
,
Richard
.
2013
.
Performance Studies: An Introduction
, 3rd edition.
London
:
Routledge
.
Schepler
,
Susan
.
2010
. “
Youth Music and Politics in Post-war Sierra Leone
.”
Journal of Modern African Studies
48
(
4
):
627
42
.
Schieffelin
,
Edward
.
1997
. “
Problematizing Performance
.” In
Ritual, Performance, Media
, edited by
Hughes-Freeland
Felicia
,
199
211
.
London
:
Routledge
.
Schoepf
,
Brooke G.
2002
. “
‘Mobutu’s Disease’: A Social History of aids in Kinshasa
.”
Review of African Political Economy
29
(
93/94
):
561
73
.
Scott
,
James
.
1985
.
Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance
.
New Haven, CT
:
Yale University Press
.
Searle
,
John R.
1983
.
Intentionality
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Searle
,
John R.
1992
.
The Rediscovery of the Mind
.
Cambridge, MA
:
MIT Press
.
Shaw
,
Rosalind
.
2002
.
Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Simbandumwe
,
Samuel
.
1992
. “
Understanding the Role of a Modern Prophet in Kimbanguist Hymns
.”
History of Religion
32
(
2
):
165
83
.
Simmons
,
Kimberly
.
2009
.
Reconstructing Racial Identity and the African Past in the Dominican Republic
.
Gainesville
:
University Press of Florida
.
Sinda
,
Martial
.
1972
.
Le Messianisme Congolais
.
Paris
:
Payot
.
Singer
,
Milton
, ed
1959
.
Traditional India: Structure and Change
.
Philadelphia
:
American Folklore Society
.
Slade
,
Ruth
.
1959
.
English-Speaking Missions in the Congo Independent State (1878–1908)
.
Brussels
:
80 A rue de Livourne
.
Slocum
,
Karla
.
2001
. “
Negotiating Identity and Black Feminist Politics in Caribbean Research
.” In
Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poetics
, edited by
McLaurin
Irma
,
126
49
.
New Brunswick, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
.
Smith
,
Anthony
.
1996
. “
The Origin of Nations
.” In
Becoming National: A Reader
, edited by
Ely
Geoff
and
Suny
Ronald
,
107
30
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Smith
,
Anthony D.
2002
. “
When Is a Nation
.”
Geopolitics
7
(
2
):
5
32
.
Smith
,
Anthony
.
2006
. “
Ethnicity and Nationalism
.” In
The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism
, edited by
Delanty
Gerard
and
Kumar
Krishan
,
169
81
.
London
:
Sage
.
Smith
,
Christian
.
2003
.
Moral, Believing Animals
.
New York
:
Oxford University Press
.
Stoler
,
Ann
.
2002
. “
Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance
.”
Archival Science
2
:
87
109
.
Stoller
,
Paul
.
1989
.
Fusion of the Worlds: An Ethnography of Possession among the Songhay of Niger.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Stoller
,
Paul
.
1995
.
Embodying Colonial Memories: Spirit Possession, Power, and the Hauka in West Africa
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Stoller
,
Paul
.
1997
.
Sensuous Scholarship
.
Philadelphia
:
University of Pennsylvania Press
.
Straker
,
Jay
.
2007
. “
Stories of ‘Militant Theater’ in the Guinean Forest: Demystifying the Motives and Moralities of a Revolutionary Nation-State
.”
Journal of African Cultural Studies
19
(
2
):
207
33
.
Straker
,
Jay
.
2009
.
Youth, Nationalism, and the Guinean Revolution
.
Bloomington
:
Indiana University Press
.
Strathern
,
Andrew
.
1996
.
Body Thoughts
.
Ann Arbor
:
University of Michigan Press
.
Strine
,
Mary
,
Long
Beverly Whitaker
, and
Hopkins
Mary Frances
.
1990
. “
Research Trends in Interpretation and Performance Studies: Trends, Issues, Priorities
.” In
Speech Communication: Essays to Commemorate the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Speech Communication Association
, edited by
Philips
Gerald
and
Wood
Julia
,
181
204
.
Carbondale
:
Southern Illinois University Press
.
Swartz
,
Marc J.
,
Turner
Victor W.
, and
Tuden
Arthur
, eds
1966
.
Political Anthropology
.
Chicago
:
Aldine
.
Taylor
,
Diana
.
2003
.
The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Terreur à Luozi et à Seke-Banza: Bundu dia Kongo défie l’autorité de l’Etat!
2008
.
Uhuru
,
February
28
. .
Thassinda
,
uba Thassinda
.
1992
.
Zaire, les princes de l’invisible: L’Afrique noire bâillonnée par le parti unique
.
Caen, France
:
Editions C’est-à-dire
.
Thomas
,
Sir Keith
.
1992
.
Introduction to A Cultural History of Gesture
, edited by
Bremmer
Jan
and
Roodenburg
Herman
,
1
14
.
Ithaca, NY
:
Cornell University Press
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
1974
.
African Art in Motion: Icon and Art in the Collection of Katherine Coryton White
.
Los Angeles
:
University of California Press
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
1983
.
Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy
.
New York
:
Random House
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
2002
.
Le Geste Kongo
.
Paris
:
Museum Dapper
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
.
2005
.
Tango: The Art History of Love
.
New York
:
Pantheon Books
.
Thompson
,
Robert Farris
, and
Cornet
Joseph
.
1981
.
The Four Moments of the Sun: Kongo Art in Two Worlds
.
Washington, DC
:
National Gallery of Art
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1983
.
The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1984
. “
The Development of an African Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1491–1750
.”
Journal of African History
25
(
2
):
147
67
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1991
. “
African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion
.”
American Historical Review
96
(
4
):
1101
13
.
Thornton
,
John K.
1998
.
The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706
.
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
.
Thornton
,
John K.
2001
. “
The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1350–1550
.”
International Journal of African Historical Studies
34
(
1
) (
2001
):
1
31
.
Thornton
,
John K.
2004
. “
Origin Traditions and History in Central Africa
.”
African Arts
37
(
1
):
32
37
,
93
94
.
Toso
,
Carlo
.
1984
.
L’anarchia congolese nel sec. XVII: la relazione inedita di Marcellino d’Atri
.
Genova
:
Bozzi
.
Turner
,
Bryan
.
1984
.
The Body and Society
.
Oxford
:
B. Blackwell
.
Turner
,
Victor
.
1987
.
The Anthropology of Performance
.
New York
:
PAJ Publications
.
Ulysse
,
Gina
.
2007
.
Downtown Ladies: Informal Commercial Importers, A Haitian Anthropologist, and Self-Making in Jamaica
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Van Wing
,
Joseph
.
1937
. “
Les Danses Bakongo
.”
Congo: Revue générale de la Colonie Belge
2
(
2
):
121
31
.
Van Wing
,
Joseph
.
1958
. “
Le Kibangisme vu par un temoin
.”
Zaire: Revue Congolaise
12
(
6
):
563
618
.
Van Wolputte
,
Steven
.
2004
. “
Hang On to Your Self: Of Bodies, Embodiment, and Selves
.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
33
:
251
69
.
Vansina
Jan
.
1966
.
Kingdoms of the Savanna
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Vansina
Jan
.
1990
.
Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Vansina
,
Jan
,
Craemer
Willy de
, and
Fox
Renee
.
1976
. “
Religious Movements in Central Africa: A Theoretical Study
.”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
18
(
4
):
458
75
.
Vellut
,
Jean-Luc
.
1987
. “
Résistances et espaces de liberté dans l’histoire coloniale du Zaïre: Avant la marche à L’Indépendance (ca. 1876–1945)
.” In
Rébellions-Révolutions au Zaïre, 1963–1965
Vol.
1
, edited by
Coquery-Vidrovitch
Catherine
,
Forest
Alain
, and
Weiss
Herbert
,
55
66
.
Paris
:
L’Harmattan
.
Vellut
,
Jean-Luc
, ed.
2005
.
Simon Kimbangu 1921: De la predication à la deportation; Les Sources. Vol. 1, Fonds missionaries protestants (1), Alliance missionaire suédoise (Svenska Missionsförbundet, smf)
.
Brussels
:
Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outre Mer
.
Vellut
,
Jean-Luc
, ed.
2010
.
Simon Kimbangu 1921: De la predication à la deportation; Les Sources. Vol. 1, Fonds missionaries protestants (2), Missions Baptistes et autres traditions évangéliques
.
Brussels
:
Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outre Mer
.
Verhaegen
,
Benoît
.
1962
.
ABAKO Documents, 1950–1960
.
Brussels
:
Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-politiques (CRISP)
.
Verhaegen
,
Benoît
.
2003
.
L’ABAKO et l’indépendance du congo belge: dix ans de nationalisme kongo, 1950–1960
.
Paris
:
L’Harmattan
.
Wagner
,
Ann
.
1997
.
Adversaries of Dance
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
.
Wamba
,
Philippe
.
1999
.
Kinship: A Family’s Journey in Africa and America
.
New York
:
Dutton/Penguin
.
Wamba-dia-Wamba
Ernest
.
1999
. “
Bundu dia Kongo: A Kongolese Fundamentalist Religious Movement
.” In
East African Expressions of Christianity
, edited by
Spear
Thomas
and
Kimambo
Isaria
,
213
28
.
Athens
:
Ohio University Press
.
Weber
,
Max
.
1968
.
Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology
.
New York
:
Bedminster
.
Wedeen
,
Lisa
.
2008
.
Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen
.
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Weisenfeld
,
Judith
.
2013
. “
Invisible Women: On Women and Gender in the Study of African American Religious History
.”
Journal of Africana Religions
1
(
1
):
133
49
.
Weiss
,
Gail
.
1999
.
Body Images: Embodiment as Intercorporeality
.
New York
:
Routledge
.
Werbner
,
Pnina
, and
Yuval-Davis
Nira
, eds.
1999
.
Women, Citizenship, and Difference
.
London
:
Zed
.
West
,
Ellis
.
1980
. “
Proposed Neutral Definition of Civil Religion
.”
Journal of Church and State
22
(
1
):
23
40
.
White
,
Bob
.
2006
. “
L’Incroyable machine d’authenticité: L’animation politique et l’usage public de la culture dans le Zaire de Mobutu
.”
Anthropologie et Sociétés
30
(
2
):
43
63
.
White
,
Bob
.
2008
.
Rumba Rules: The Politics of Dance Music in Mobutu’s Zaire
.
Durham, NC
:
Duke University Press
.
Wild-Wood
Emma
.
2007
. “
‘Se Débrouiller’ or the Art of Serendipity in Historical Research
.”
History in Africa
34
(
1
):
367
81
.
Williams
,
Brackette
.
1996
. “
Skinfolk, Not Kinfolk: Comparative Reflections of the Identity of Participant-Observation in Two Field Situations
.” In
Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork
, edited by
Wolf
Diane
,
72
95
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
Williams
,
Erica
.
2013
.
Sex Tourism in Bahia: Ambiguous Entanglements
.
Urbana
:
University of Illinois Press
.
Wolf
,
Diane
, ed
1996
.
Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork
.
Boulder, CO
:
Westview
.
World Bank Databank
.
Gender Statistics (Democratic Republic of Congo)
. .
Young
,
Crawford
.
1965
.
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
.
Young
,
Crawford
.
1983
. “
The Northern Republics, 1960–1980
.” In
History of Central Africa
, vol.
2
, edited by
Birmingham
David
and
Martin
Phyllis
,
291
335
.
London
:
Longman
.
Young
,
Crawford
, and
Turner
Thomas
.
1985
.
The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
.
Madison
:
University of Wisconsin Press
.
Young
,
Jason
.
2007
.
Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
.
Baton Rouge
:
Louisiana State University Press
.
Yuval-Davis
Nira
.
1997
.
Gender and Nation
.
London
:
Sage
.
Zagorin
,
Adam
.
1993
. “
Leaving Fire in His Wake: Mobutu Sese Seko
.”
Time Magazine
,
February
2
. .
Zamenga
,
Batukezanga
.
1979
.
Un Croco a Luozi
.
Kinshasa
:
Zabat
.
Zinnbauer
,
Brian J.
et al
.
1997
. “
Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzying the Fuzzy
.”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
36
(
4
):
549
64
.
Close Modal

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal