Figure 1. Forms of Chinese picture album: (i) Double-leaf album painting (j) Paired single-leaf album paintings (k) Paired single-leaf album paintings, “butterfly” mounting. From Silbergeld, Chinese Painting Style , fig. 1 . More

Figure 2. The “mountain folds” and “valley folds” of an accordion album. More

Figure 3. Gong Xian (Chinese, 1618–1689), Streams and Mountains Without End , 1682. Handscroll, ink on paper, 27.7 × 726.7 cm. The Palace Museum, Beijing. Photograph: The Palace Museum. More

Figure 3. Gong Xian (Chinese, 1618–1689), Streams and Mountains Without End , 1682. Handscroll, ink on paper, 27.7 × 726.7 cm. The Palace Museum, Beijing. Photograph: The Palace Museum. More

Figure 4. Cloudy Peaks and The Landscape in the Manner of Dong Yuan in their current mounting as handscrolls. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City. Photograph: Tingting Xu. More

Figure 5. Gong Xian, The River-Village , 1682. Handscroll, ink on paper, 31.8 × 904.1 cm. Shanghai Museum. Photograph: Shanghai Museum. More

Figure 5. Gong Xian, The River-Village , 1682. Handscroll, ink on paper, 31.8 × 904.1 cm. Shanghai Museum. Photograph: Shanghai Museum. More

Figure 6. Gong Xian, Untitled Landscape , 1688. Handscroll, ink on paper, 28.8 × 305 cm. The Palace Museum, Beijing. Photograph: The Palace Museum. More

Figure 6. Gong Xian, Untitled Landscape , 1688. Handscroll, ink on paper, 28.8 × 305 cm. The Palace Museum, Beijing. Photograph: The Palace Museum. More

Figure 7. Gong Xian, A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines , 1673. Handscroll, ink on paper, 27.8 × 980 cm. Nanjing Museum, Nanjing. Photograph: Nanjing Museum. More

Figure 7. Gong Xian, A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines , 1673. Handscroll, ink on paper, 27.8 × 980 cm. Nanjing Museum, Nanjing. Photograph: Nanjing Museum. More

Figure 8. Gong Xian, Cloudy Peaks , 1674. Handscroll, ink on paper, 17 × 822 cm. The five thematic sections include: clouds and footpath ( zhen 1–3), cave ( zhen 4–5), lake ( zhen 6–11), waterfall ( zhen 12–13), and clouds and mountains ( zhen 14–17). F1–F4 are the four unlandscaped mountai... More

Figure 8. Gong Xian, Cloudy Peaks , 1674. Handscroll, ink on paper, 17 × 822 cm. The five thematic sections include: clouds and footpath ( zhen 1–3), cave ( zhen 4–5), lake ( zhen 6–11), waterfall ( zhen 12–13), and clouds and mountains ( zhen 14–17). F1–F4 are the four unlandscaped mountai... More

Figure 8. Gong Xian, Cloudy Peaks , 1674. Handscroll, ink on paper, 17 × 822 cm. The five thematic sections include: clouds and footpath ( zhen 1–3), cave ( zhen 4–5), lake ( zhen 6–11), waterfall ( zhen 12–13), and clouds and mountains ( zhen 14–17). F1–F4 are the four unlandscaped mountai... More

Figure 8. Gong Xian, Cloudy Peaks , 1674. Handscroll, ink on paper, 17 × 822 cm. The five thematic sections include: clouds and footpath ( zhen 1–3), cave ( zhen 4–5), lake ( zhen 6–11), waterfall ( zhen 12–13), and clouds and mountains ( zhen 14–17). F1–F4 are the four unlandscaped mountai... More

Figure 9. Details of Cloudy Peaks , showing the unlandscaped mountain folds F1–F4. More