The loss of /hw/ in English in words like where and wheat is virtually complete in contemporary North American English, though /hw/ has lingered in Ontario, Canada. For vernacular speech from Almonte and Parry Sound, the authors analyze the decline of /hw/ in apparent time among individuals born from the 1880s to the 1950s. They place these observations within the field of language obsolescence and suggest that Parry Sound and Almonte are examples of intermediate isolation, less profound than is typical in studies of dialect loss. Almonte has retained /hw/ much longer than Parry Sound; this pattern parallels the greater share of /hw/-ful Scots and Irish speakers in Almonte’s early immigration and accords with Parry Sound’s increased outside contact due to a rising tourism industry. Both communities uniformly exhibit more /hw/ in content words than in function words as the feature recedes to total absence for speakers born in the 1950s. This pattern is an example of linguistic order persisting during obsolescence.
Orderly Obsolescence: The Decline of /hw/ in Ontario
jeremy m. needle is a postdoctoral associate in the Department of Linguistics at Cornell University. His work on language change deals with phonetics, phonology, and morphology to explore issues related to the mental lexicon, well-formedness, and word creation. His published research includes analyses of English in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Aotearoa/New Zealand, and of Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Email: [email protected].
sali a. tagliamonte is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Toronto. She is the author of six books, including Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006), Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, Observation, Interpretation (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), Roots of English: Exploring the History of Dialects (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013), and Making Waves: The Story of Variationist Sociolinguistics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016). She has published on African American varieties, British, Irish, and Canadian dialects, and teen language. Her research explores linguistic change in morphosyntactic and discourse-pragmatic features in corpora of spoken vernacular dialects. Email: [email protected].
Jeremy M. Needle, Sali A. Tagliamonte; Orderly Obsolescence: The Decline of /hw/ in Ontario. American Speech 1 August 2024; 99 (3): 300–329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-10104915
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