figure 5. The 1892 harvest. In this harvest, roughly twenty thousand harvest hands were recruited from out of state to work in Kansas, and another forty thousand in North and South Dakota and the Red River Valley in Minnesota. Harvest hand travel routes have been inferred from reports More

figure 6. The 1893 harvest. In this harvest, reports indicate few, if any, harvest hands were recruited from out of state in Kansas, and perhaps two to five thousand for the Dakotas and the Red River Valley of Minnesota, though contemporary accounts suggest many more would-be harvest hands More

figure 8. The 1903 harvest. Newspapers indicate in this year, thirty thousand harvest hands were employed in Kansas, perhaps seventeen thousand in the Northwest, and twenty thousand more in Manitoba, Canada. Map by author. More

figure 9. The 1904 harvest. Newspapers indicate in this year, twenty thousand harvest hands were employed in Kansas, perhaps as many as forty thousand in the Northwest, and fifteen thousand more in Manitoba, Canada. Map by author. More

figure 2. Ellsworth Young, “Harvest Hands Are Scarce.” Chickasha (OK) Daily Express , August 16, 1912. More

figure 3. Reports of harvest hands by year, 1870–1920. Chart by author. More

figure 4. Reports of harvest hands by month, 1870–1920. Chart by author. More